MR Imaging–Detectable Metabolic Alterations in Attention Deficit
... MR spectroscopy represents one of the most suitable in vivo tool to assess neurochemical dysfunction in several brain disorders, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence, which persists into adulthood (in approx ...
... MR spectroscopy represents one of the most suitable in vivo tool to assess neurochemical dysfunction in several brain disorders, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence, which persists into adulthood (in approx ...
Subregions of the human superior frontal gyrus and their connections
... correlated with the cognitive control network and the DMN; the SFGdl was correlated with the cognitive execution network and the DMN; and the SFGp was correlated with the sensorimotor-related brain regions. The SFGam and SFGdl were further parcellated into three and two subclusters that are well cor ...
... correlated with the cognitive control network and the DMN; the SFGdl was correlated with the cognitive execution network and the DMN; and the SFGp was correlated with the sensorimotor-related brain regions. The SFGam and SFGdl were further parcellated into three and two subclusters that are well cor ...
Escape behavior and neuronal responses to looming stimuli in the
... Looming images can provide animals with information about the speed and direction of approach of objects, when both these objects and the animals themselves move. The ability to detect and react to looming objects is present in most visual animals from insects to mammals, even though their visual sy ...
... Looming images can provide animals with information about the speed and direction of approach of objects, when both these objects and the animals themselves move. The ability to detect and react to looming objects is present in most visual animals from insects to mammals, even though their visual sy ...
Age-related changes in processing speed: unique contributions of
... A large number of cognitive processes are involved in processing speed tasks. Processing speed was operationally defined in this study as (1) perceptual and motor processing speed using tasks that place limited demands on working memory and inhibition of responses, as well as (2) executive processin ...
... A large number of cognitive processes are involved in processing speed tasks. Processing speed was operationally defined in this study as (1) perceptual and motor processing speed using tasks that place limited demands on working memory and inhibition of responses, as well as (2) executive processin ...
primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... rather than hard-wired. Perhaps the information represented in V1 is necessary only for certain types of awareness (such as figure–ground segmentation, perception during focal attention, perception of low-level features and so on). Some theories consider consciousness in terms of a dynamic, global n ...
... rather than hard-wired. Perhaps the information represented in V1 is necessary only for certain types of awareness (such as figure–ground segmentation, perception during focal attention, perception of low-level features and so on). Some theories consider consciousness in terms of a dynamic, global n ...
The impact of continuity editing in narrative film on event segmentation
... An alternative reason that cuts are not perceptually salient stems from the nature of continuity editing. The purpose of continuity editing is to tell a story by creating a spatially and temporally coherent sequence of events and actions (Bordwell, 1985; Bordwell & Thompson, 2006) with the end resul ...
... An alternative reason that cuts are not perceptually salient stems from the nature of continuity editing. The purpose of continuity editing is to tell a story by creating a spatially and temporally coherent sequence of events and actions (Bordwell, 1985; Bordwell & Thompson, 2006) with the end resul ...
Role of the basal ganglia in conditional associative learning
... In the typical course of daily events, we make a variety of body movements on the basis of what we sense in our environment. Often, we gaze at an object present in our peripersonnal space (e.g. a cup of coffee), attend to its features and place, reach toward it, and grasp it. Such movements were ter ...
... In the typical course of daily events, we make a variety of body movements on the basis of what we sense in our environment. Often, we gaze at an object present in our peripersonnal space (e.g. a cup of coffee), attend to its features and place, reach toward it, and grasp it. Such movements were ter ...
The Effects of Short-term and Long-term Learning on the Responses
... The monkeys were trained on three tasks, run consecutively in each session (Figure 2). The first two tasks were mainly used for stimulus and unit selection. We will briefly report some results from these tasks, but our focus here will be on the main task, an active shape–saccade association task (se ...
... The monkeys were trained on three tasks, run consecutively in each session (Figure 2). The first two tasks were mainly used for stimulus and unit selection. We will briefly report some results from these tasks, but our focus here will be on the main task, an active shape–saccade association task (se ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... Comparison of these distribution patterns with those produced by an antiserum directed against dopamine-&hydroxylase (DBH), a specific marker of neocortical noradrenergic axons, revealed marked differences. DBH-immunoreactive fibers were observed in some cortical locations where few or no TH-labeled ...
... Comparison of these distribution patterns with those produced by an antiserum directed against dopamine-&hydroxylase (DBH), a specific marker of neocortical noradrenergic axons, revealed marked differences. DBH-immunoreactive fibers were observed in some cortical locations where few or no TH-labeled ...
Neurons in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Multiplex
... Currently available physiological data, however, remain inconclusive regarding the question of whether dACC neurons carry information linking particular actions to reward or, instead, encode abstract reward information independent of specific actions. Here we show that firing rates of a majority of ...
... Currently available physiological data, however, remain inconclusive regarding the question of whether dACC neurons carry information linking particular actions to reward or, instead, encode abstract reward information independent of specific actions. Here we show that firing rates of a majority of ...
Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of
... sessions were tested for the behavioral task described below without any prescreening. All the procedures used in this study were approved by the University of Rochester Committee on Animal Research and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Yale University, and conformed to the Public H ...
... sessions were tested for the behavioral task described below without any prescreening. All the procedures used in this study were approved by the University of Rochester Committee on Animal Research and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Yale University, and conformed to the Public H ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... from agranular to eulaminate, have similar features. In addition, we used multidimensional analyses to see if, and how, prefrontal areas form clusters when multiple features are considered simultaneously. We used quantitative unbiased sampling procedures to estimate the areal and laminar density of ...
... from agranular to eulaminate, have similar features. In addition, we used multidimensional analyses to see if, and how, prefrontal areas form clusters when multiple features are considered simultaneously. We used quantitative unbiased sampling procedures to estimate the areal and laminar density of ...
Connection Patterns Distinguish 3 Regions of Human Parietal Cortex
... is difficult and ‘‘jumping’’ occurs between the adjacent white matter fiber tracts. Using a simple termination zone, such as the one used here, is desirable because of its simplicity, but it might not be appropriate if the superior collicular connections with frontal areas were to be examined. As can ...
... is difficult and ‘‘jumping’’ occurs between the adjacent white matter fiber tracts. Using a simple termination zone, such as the one used here, is desirable because of its simplicity, but it might not be appropriate if the superior collicular connections with frontal areas were to be examined. As can ...
High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex
... activity was considered noise. However, these human studies do not provide any direct information about the correlation of the baseline activity of single neurons and the behavior. Furthermore, it is not clear how the “oscillation” and the “level” of the neural baseline activity are related to each ...
... activity was considered noise. However, these human studies do not provide any direct information about the correlation of the baseline activity of single neurons and the behavior. Furthermore, it is not clear how the “oscillation” and the “level” of the neural baseline activity are related to each ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... epoch (cue onset to 400 ms after cue onset), 58% for the attentional epoch (800 –1200 ms after cue onset), and 75% for the saccade epoch (⫺200 to ⫹200 ms after saccade onset). In the mid-␥ band (␥M: 60 –120 Hz), cue decoding reached 48%, attention decoding 44%, and saccade decoding 50%. For frequenc ...
... epoch (cue onset to 400 ms after cue onset), 58% for the attentional epoch (800 –1200 ms after cue onset), and 75% for the saccade epoch (⫺200 to ⫹200 ms after saccade onset). In the mid-␥ band (␥M: 60 –120 Hz), cue decoding reached 48%, attention decoding 44%, and saccade decoding 50%. For frequenc ...
Human and Rodent Homologies in Action Control - Research
... Recent behavioral studies in both humans and rodents have found evidence that performance in decision-making tasks depends on two different learning processes; one encoding the relationship between actions and their consequences and a second involving the formation of stimulus–response associations. ...
... Recent behavioral studies in both humans and rodents have found evidence that performance in decision-making tasks depends on two different learning processes; one encoding the relationship between actions and their consequences and a second involving the formation of stimulus–response associations. ...
Physiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Beyond
... documented wide distribution in the central nervous system, in particular at the level of the limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala), a region involved in cognitive and sexual behavior, as well as in entorhinal and frontal cortex, subiculum, septum and in spinal cord motor neurons. Although genetic i ...
... documented wide distribution in the central nervous system, in particular at the level of the limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala), a region involved in cognitive and sexual behavior, as well as in entorhinal and frontal cortex, subiculum, septum and in spinal cord motor neurons. Although genetic i ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... saccade-related events (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). In this task, trials also began with a 100 –500 ms period of initial fixation. A visual target then appeared briefly in the periphery. The target was on for either 50 or 300 ms (this difference in duration was irrelevant for analysis of saccaderelat ...
... saccade-related events (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). In this task, trials also began with a 100 –500 ms period of initial fixation. A visual target then appeared briefly in the periphery. The target was on for either 50 or 300 ms (this difference in duration was irrelevant for analysis of saccaderelat ...
Vigneau et al.
... Working-memory tasks on letters were included at the phonological level since such tasks are known to be based on the silent rehearsal of the different letters to recall (phonological loop). The meta-analysis included 67 studies on semantic processing. Within these studies, 111 contrasts led to 145 ...
... Working-memory tasks on letters were included at the phonological level since such tasks are known to be based on the silent rehearsal of the different letters to recall (phonological loop). The meta-analysis included 67 studies on semantic processing. Within these studies, 111 contrasts led to 145 ...
Resting-State Connectivity Predictors of Response to
... MDD is characterized by impaired cortico-limbic functioning, including dysfunction in (1) the cortical brain regions that mediate attention, reward-based decision making, and monitoring of emotional salience (Ressler and Mayberg, 2007; Seminowicz et al, 2004); (2) the subcortical brain regions that ...
... MDD is characterized by impaired cortico-limbic functioning, including dysfunction in (1) the cortical brain regions that mediate attention, reward-based decision making, and monitoring of emotional salience (Ressler and Mayberg, 2007; Seminowicz et al, 2004); (2) the subcortical brain regions that ...
Midbrain fMRI: Applications, Limitations and Challenges
... the visual cortex for instance, there is a striking absence of noradrenergic fibers in lamina IV, where this lamina receives serotonergic innervation (Foote and Morrison 1987). Also, there is a notable absence of projections to the basal ganglia (apart from the core of the NAcc; Berri ...
... the visual cortex for instance, there is a striking absence of noradrenergic fibers in lamina IV, where this lamina receives serotonergic innervation (Foote and Morrison 1987). Also, there is a notable absence of projections to the basal ganglia (apart from the core of the NAcc; Berri ...
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... different information domains. It can also explain the continuous maps that form within cortical areas. The reason why the cortex is organized according to proximity is not known, but several plausible explanations can be advanced. One is that it is a side effect of the normal developmental process. ...
... different information domains. It can also explain the continuous maps that form within cortical areas. The reason why the cortex is organized according to proximity is not known, but several plausible explanations can be advanced. One is that it is a side effect of the normal developmental process. ...
Basal Ganglia objectives - NBio401
... -Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, exe ...
... -Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, exe ...
A thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness
... [Background]: It is reasonable to consider the thalamus a primary candidate for the location of consciousness, given that the thalamus has been referred to as the gateway of nearly all sensory inputs to the corresponding cortical areas. Interestingly, in an early stage of brain development, communic ...
... [Background]: It is reasonable to consider the thalamus a primary candidate for the location of consciousness, given that the thalamus has been referred to as the gateway of nearly all sensory inputs to the corresponding cortical areas. Interestingly, in an early stage of brain development, communic ...
Ulanovsky et al., 2003
... over time. In all sensory modalities, the dynamics of these sensory inputs influence both our perception of them and how the brain processes them. For instance, neural responses in the visual (Ohzawa et al., 1982), auditory (Ulanovsky et al., 2003), somatosensory (Simons, 1978), and olfactory (Wilso ...
... over time. In all sensory modalities, the dynamics of these sensory inputs influence both our perception of them and how the brain processes them. For instance, neural responses in the visual (Ohzawa et al., 1982), auditory (Ulanovsky et al., 2003), somatosensory (Simons, 1978), and olfactory (Wilso ...
Executive functions
Executive functions (also known as cognitive control and supervisory attentional system) is an umbrella term for the management (regulation, control) of cognitive processes, including working memory, reasoning, task flexibility, and problem solving as well as planning and execution.The executive system is a theorized cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes, such as executive functions. The prefrontal areas of the frontal lobe are necessary but not solely sufficient for carrying out these functions.