L18Selection
... population - an unavoidable consequence of variation in fitness, efficiency of reproduction. Fitness depends on viability, mating success (with sex), fecundity, and longevity. Usually, fitness of an individual can be characterized by a single number, the number of successful offspring. Thus, fitness ...
... population - an unavoidable consequence of variation in fitness, efficiency of reproduction. Fitness depends on viability, mating success (with sex), fecundity, and longevity. Usually, fitness of an individual can be characterized by a single number, the number of successful offspring. Thus, fitness ...
Viral encephalitis: a clinician`s guide
... morbillivirus (in the same family as measles) that was recognised for the first time in 1998 when it caused encephalitis in humans in Malaysia.8 This virus has also caused disease in Bangladesh and appears to be spreading. Encephalitis caused by vaccine preventable viruses such as measles and mumps ...
... morbillivirus (in the same family as measles) that was recognised for the first time in 1998 when it caused encephalitis in humans in Malaysia.8 This virus has also caused disease in Bangladesh and appears to be spreading. Encephalitis caused by vaccine preventable viruses such as measles and mumps ...
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Viral Myocarditis
... there are differences in the predominant viruses of different regions and in different years within the same region. Virological examinations have not been widely used, with the result that there are few representative, high-value epidemiological reports, while the exact incidence and prevalence of ...
... there are differences in the predominant viruses of different regions and in different years within the same region. Virological examinations have not been widely used, with the result that there are few representative, high-value epidemiological reports, while the exact incidence and prevalence of ...
Characteristics, causes and evolutionary consequences of male
... Mutations constitute the ultimate source of genetic novelty required for evolution by natural selection. Mutational events are likely to arise in all cells of an organism but only those originating in germ cells are transmitted to subsequent generations, and thus are relevant to evolution. However, ...
... Mutations constitute the ultimate source of genetic novelty required for evolution by natural selection. Mutational events are likely to arise in all cells of an organism but only those originating in germ cells are transmitted to subsequent generations, and thus are relevant to evolution. However, ...
Pneumonia
... pneumonias. 2. Mononuclear interstitial infiltrates in viral and other atypical pneumonias 3. Granulomas and cavitation seen in chronic pneumonias ...
... pneumonias. 2. Mononuclear interstitial infiltrates in viral and other atypical pneumonias 3. Granulomas and cavitation seen in chronic pneumonias ...
Diploid versus Haploid Organisms
... where H(N) is the number of haploids with N “1”’s into their bit string. Already knowing the value of x, we test each individual i of the population, to keep it alive according to the probability xNi +1 , killing it otherwise. All this represent one time step, where all individuals reproduce first a ...
... where H(N) is the number of haploids with N “1”’s into their bit string. Already knowing the value of x, we test each individual i of the population, to keep it alive according to the probability xNi +1 , killing it otherwise. All this represent one time step, where all individuals reproduce first a ...
Why flu vaccination is important for health care workers (HCWs)
... between 3 and 5 million cases of severe disease each year and 250,000 to 500,000 deaths. It is estimated that influenza associated deaths and complications, in addition to work absenteeism and reduced productivity contribute to an economic burden of €6-14 billion per year in the EU.(6) Is it a cold ...
... between 3 and 5 million cases of severe disease each year and 250,000 to 500,000 deaths. It is estimated that influenza associated deaths and complications, in addition to work absenteeism and reduced productivity contribute to an economic burden of €6-14 billion per year in the EU.(6) Is it a cold ...
The Effects of Deleterious Mutations on Evolution at
... that putatively neutral silent DNA restriction site variability in Drosophila populations was lowest in regions of the genome with little or no genetic recombination (Aguadé et al. 1989; Stephan and Langley 1989). Across the Drosophila melanogaster genome as a whole, there was soon found to be a pos ...
... that putatively neutral silent DNA restriction site variability in Drosophila populations was lowest in regions of the genome with little or no genetic recombination (Aguadé et al. 1989; Stephan and Langley 1989). Across the Drosophila melanogaster genome as a whole, there was soon found to be a pos ...
Directional selection can drive the evolution of
... promotes changes in only one trait of a module, the other traits within this module will suffer an indirect selection pressure and change as well, even if this response leads to lower fitness (8). This indirect response in other traits is due to their genetic correlation with the selected trait. Und ...
... promotes changes in only one trait of a module, the other traits within this module will suffer an indirect selection pressure and change as well, even if this response leads to lower fitness (8). This indirect response in other traits is due to their genetic correlation with the selected trait. Und ...
Cultural niche construction and human evolution
... that culture frequently does affect the evolutionary process through modifying natural selection pressures. This has lead to the development of mathematical and conceptual models of gene-culture coevolution that involve descriptions not only of how human genetic evolution in¯uences culture but also ...
... that culture frequently does affect the evolutionary process through modifying natural selection pressures. This has lead to the development of mathematical and conceptual models of gene-culture coevolution that involve descriptions not only of how human genetic evolution in¯uences culture but also ...
How Populations Grow
... Growth Rate and Population Size When population size is plotted against time on a graph, the population growth curve resembles a J-shaped curve and is called an exponential (ehks poh NEHN shuhl) growth curve. An exponential growth curve is a curve in which the rate of population growth stays the sam ...
... Growth Rate and Population Size When population size is plotted against time on a graph, the population growth curve resembles a J-shaped curve and is called an exponential (ehks poh NEHN shuhl) growth curve. An exponential growth curve is a curve in which the rate of population growth stays the sam ...
Phenotypic Plasticity in Life-History Traits: Demographic Effects and
... homeostasis. D represents a disturbance process, orig- homeostasis. On the one hand, the possible inating in the external environment. E is a set of advantages of plasticity are obvious. Dar"essential variables"; the fitness of the organism de- win (1881) conjectured that plasticity would pends on t ...
... homeostasis. D represents a disturbance process, orig- homeostasis. On the one hand, the possible inating in the external environment. E is a set of advantages of plasticity are obvious. Dar"essential variables"; the fitness of the organism de- win (1881) conjectured that plasticity would pends on t ...
A Spatial Analysis of West Nile Virus in Texas, 2012
... Figure 30. Final set of variables for each study area .................................................................44 Figure 31. Hot Spot Analysis for Dallas study area ...................................................................47 Figure 32. Hot Spot Analysis for Houston study area ..... ...
... Figure 30. Final set of variables for each study area .................................................................44 Figure 31. Hot Spot Analysis for Dallas study area ...................................................................47 Figure 32. Hot Spot Analysis for Houston study area ..... ...
ADAPTATION AND MALADAPTATION IN SELFING AND
... Nevertheless, the underlying causes of such an evolutionary dead-end are still unclear. On one hand, selfing reduces effective population size, Ne , by two because of nonindependent gamete sampling during reproduction (Pollak 1987; Nordborg 1997), which reduces the efficacy of selection. On the othe ...
... Nevertheless, the underlying causes of such an evolutionary dead-end are still unclear. On one hand, selfing reduces effective population size, Ne , by two because of nonindependent gamete sampling during reproduction (Pollak 1987; Nordborg 1997), which reduces the efficacy of selection. On the othe ...
Local adaptation, evolutionary potential and host - MiVEGEC
... In the present paper, we investigate the robustness of the above result to the effects of, and interaction with, other factors that influence the evolutionary potential of each species, namely mutation rates, population sizes and generation time. Whereas overall the previous result is quite robust, ...
... In the present paper, we investigate the robustness of the above result to the effects of, and interaction with, other factors that influence the evolutionary potential of each species, namely mutation rates, population sizes and generation time. Whereas overall the previous result is quite robust, ...
(2010). Tobacco mild green mosaic virus in Impatiens and
... 11. If the pest needs a vector, is it present in the PRA area? There are no known vectors of TMGMV. As with other tobamoviruses it is readily mechanically transmitted, by crop workers or their tools, and also transmitted by grafting. Evidence of seed transmission in Capsicum chinense has been found ...
... 11. If the pest needs a vector, is it present in the PRA area? There are no known vectors of TMGMV. As with other tobamoviruses it is readily mechanically transmitted, by crop workers or their tools, and also transmitted by grafting. Evidence of seed transmission in Capsicum chinense has been found ...
Viruses Are Ancient Parasites that Have Influenced the Evolution of
... In the past decades our view of the biosphere has been expanding as our knowledge on viruses has increased. Yet many questions remain. How massive role do viruses play in the life on Earth? Were virus-like organisms already driving the evolution of archaic entities within the primordial hatchery of ...
... In the past decades our view of the biosphere has been expanding as our knowledge on viruses has increased. Yet many questions remain. How massive role do viruses play in the life on Earth? Were virus-like organisms already driving the evolution of archaic entities within the primordial hatchery of ...
Table 1 - BiotaPR
... any offspring that deviated from the proposed model (e.g., an individual with 3 stripe patterns or a striped individual from a U U cross), and frogs with more than 2 different stripe patterns have never been found in the field (O’Neill E, personal observation; Woolbright and Stewart 2008; Peacock ...
... any offspring that deviated from the proposed model (e.g., an individual with 3 stripe patterns or a striped individual from a U U cross), and frogs with more than 2 different stripe patterns have never been found in the field (O’Neill E, personal observation; Woolbright and Stewart 2008; Peacock ...
A Model Plan for Influenza Pandemic Preparedness
... reduced by 10 years. Since then there have been a further three influenza pandemics: 1957 (severe), 1968 (moderate) and 1977 (mild). The fact that the last severe pandemic was in 1957 makes it more likely that the world’s population would have little or no immunity to a new pandemic influenza strain ...
... reduced by 10 years. Since then there have been a further three influenza pandemics: 1957 (severe), 1968 (moderate) and 1977 (mild). The fact that the last severe pandemic was in 1957 makes it more likely that the world’s population would have little or no immunity to a new pandemic influenza strain ...
hiv/aids update - Innovative Educational Services
... HIV infection. The first group of drugs used to treat HIV infection, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, interrupts an early stage of the virus making copies of itself. There are two subgroups included in this category; nucleoside and nonnucleoside. Included in the nucleoside group are AZT (zidovudine ...
... HIV infection. The first group of drugs used to treat HIV infection, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, interrupts an early stage of the virus making copies of itself. There are two subgroups included in this category; nucleoside and nonnucleoside. Included in the nucleoside group are AZT (zidovudine ...
Review on Ebola Virus Disease: Its Outbreak and
... Most outbreaks have been small, but the virus captured the attention of the world due to death rates that can be as high as 90% as well as the visceral manner in which it kills [1- 3]. In March 2014, World Health Organization (WHO) reported a major Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, ...
... Most outbreaks have been small, but the virus captured the attention of the world due to death rates that can be as high as 90% as well as the visceral manner in which it kills [1- 3]. In March 2014, World Health Organization (WHO) reported a major Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, ...
hiv/aids update - Innovative Educational Services
... HIV infection. The first group of drugs used to treat HIV infection, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, interrupts an early stage of the virus making copies of itself. There are two subgroups included in this category; nucleoside and nonnucleoside. Included in the nucleoside group are AZT (zidovudine ...
... HIV infection. The first group of drugs used to treat HIV infection, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, interrupts an early stage of the virus making copies of itself. There are two subgroups included in this category; nucleoside and nonnucleoside. Included in the nucleoside group are AZT (zidovudine ...
hiv/aids update - Innovative Educational Services
... HIV infection. The first group of drugs used to treat HIV infection, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, interrupts an early stage of the virus making copies of itself. There are two subgroups included in this category; nucleoside and nonnucleoside. Included in the nucleoside group are AZT (zidovudine ...
... HIV infection. The first group of drugs used to treat HIV infection, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, interrupts an early stage of the virus making copies of itself. There are two subgroups included in this category; nucleoside and nonnucleoside. Included in the nucleoside group are AZT (zidovudine ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.