Personality and Conditioning
... responses. In instances in which the correct responses are ini- ...
... responses. In instances in which the correct responses are ini- ...
Counterconditioning of an Overshadowed Cue Attenuates
... overshadowing. Overshadowing is a phenomenon, discovered by Pavlov (1927), in which an overshadowed stimulus elicits less vigorous conditioned responding after being paired with a US in compound with another (usually more salient) overshadowing stimulus, than after being paired with the US in the ab ...
... overshadowing. Overshadowing is a phenomenon, discovered by Pavlov (1927), in which an overshadowed stimulus elicits less vigorous conditioned responding after being paired with a US in compound with another (usually more salient) overshadowing stimulus, than after being paired with the US in the ab ...
Who Needs Cream and Sugar When There Is "Eco-Friendly" Coffee
... classified as ‘high sustainability’ consumers (N = 23) or ‘low sustainability’ consumers (N = 21) respectively. This study was approved by the Uppsala regional ethical review board (Dnr 2013/132). As the data was treated confidentially, and no apparent ethical research complication with participatio ...
... classified as ‘high sustainability’ consumers (N = 23) or ‘low sustainability’ consumers (N = 21) respectively. This study was approved by the Uppsala regional ethical review board (Dnr 2013/132). As the data was treated confidentially, and no apparent ethical research complication with participatio ...
Spontaneous recovery after reversal and partial
... This experiment is a systematic replication of Experiment 1 except that the matching of response level to the two stimuli followed an initial discrimination and a complete reversal learning. The result is that both stimuli had experienced some amount of both acquisition and extinction prior to the t ...
... This experiment is a systematic replication of Experiment 1 except that the matching of response level to the two stimuli followed an initial discrimination and a complete reversal learning. The result is that both stimuli had experienced some amount of both acquisition and extinction prior to the t ...
Context-US Learning in Aplysia californica
... reduce any disruptive effects of recent handling on the siohon withdrawal both rats (Brown et al., 1951) and Aplysia (Walters et al., 1981). reflex, the test was administered no sooner than 2 min after the subjects The second assessmentprocedure exploited another finding had been placed in the conte ...
... reduce any disruptive effects of recent handling on the siohon withdrawal both rats (Brown et al., 1951) and Aplysia (Walters et al., 1981). reflex, the test was administered no sooner than 2 min after the subjects The second assessmentprocedure exploited another finding had been placed in the conte ...
On the propositional nature of cognitive consistency
... state of cognitive consistency, people change their personal attitudes, their behaviors, or the personal importance of an attitude object (Festinger, 1957). For example, in their seminal work on cognitive dissonance, Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) found that participants reported a more positive att ...
... state of cognitive consistency, people change their personal attitudes, their behaviors, or the personal importance of an attitude object (Festinger, 1957). For example, in their seminal work on cognitive dissonance, Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) found that participants reported a more positive att ...
Within-subjects Extinction and Renewal in Predictive Judgments
... subjects had received 6 trials of each kind. -Extinction: After a screen with the sentence «Third set of files», 12 trials were run where A was never followed by illness. Medicines B and C were not presented during this phase. A screen with the sentence «Fourth set of files» was presented for 500-ms ...
... subjects had received 6 trials of each kind. -Extinction: After a screen with the sentence «Third set of files», 12 trials were run where A was never followed by illness. Medicines B and C were not presented during this phase. A screen with the sentence «Fourth set of files» was presented for 500-ms ...
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University
... actions in such a way that even arbitrary S–R links can lead to activation of the co-actor’s response? Findings by Atmaca et al. (2008) indicate that co-representation effects can be generalized to a task where spatial S–R links are more indirect. In a joint SNARC paradigm, one participant responded ...
... actions in such a way that even arbitrary S–R links can lead to activation of the co-actor’s response? Findings by Atmaca et al. (2008) indicate that co-representation effects can be generalized to a task where spatial S–R links are more indirect. In a joint SNARC paradigm, one participant responded ...
Easier Done Than Undone
... malleable as being true in some contexts, but false in others— each time in potentially illuminating ways. The ultimate resolution of the paradox must await the development of an integrative theory, one that specifies the chief boundary conditions under which automatic and self-reported attitudes ex ...
... malleable as being true in some contexts, but false in others— each time in potentially illuminating ways. The ultimate resolution of the paradox must await the development of an integrative theory, one that specifies the chief boundary conditions under which automatic and self-reported attitudes ex ...
Self-Presentational Analysis of the Effects of Incentives on Attitude
... greater magnitude as both the undesirability rewards for achievement, in most situations of the predicament-creating event increases that arouse a predicament they are perceived and as the actor appears to be more respon- as: (a) environmental variables that affect sible for causing the event. The m ...
... greater magnitude as both the undesirability rewards for achievement, in most situations of the predicament-creating event increases that arouse a predicament they are perceived and as the actor appears to be more respon- as: (a) environmental variables that affect sible for causing the event. The m ...
SR associations, their extinction, and recovery in an animal model of
... experiences in phobic patients is expected because conditioning is not thought to be critical in acquiring fears (e.g., Poulton & Menzies, 2002) According to this account, fears are mostly innate and phobic reactions are caused by a failure in habituating these fears during development. All of the a ...
... experiences in phobic patients is expected because conditioning is not thought to be critical in acquiring fears (e.g., Poulton & Menzies, 2002) According to this account, fears are mostly innate and phobic reactions are caused by a failure in habituating these fears during development. All of the a ...
Interactive Effects of Characteristics of Defendant and Mock Juror on
... One of the most widely studied extralegal variables is the defendant’s physical attractiveness. A fairly consistent literature suggests that physically unattractive defendants are generally at a disadvantage, with respect to both the likelihood of being found guilty and the severity of the recommend ...
... One of the most widely studied extralegal variables is the defendant’s physical attractiveness. A fairly consistent literature suggests that physically unattractive defendants are generally at a disadvantage, with respect to both the likelihood of being found guilty and the severity of the recommend ...
The power of moral arguments
... After they had answered, pairs were formed comprising one child who favored each answer. Most of these pairs (49 out of 60) agreed on the correct answer that David was naughtier (see also, Blatt & Kohlberg, 1975). ...
... After they had answered, pairs were formed comprising one child who favored each answer. Most of these pairs (49 out of 60) agreed on the correct answer that David was naughtier (see also, Blatt & Kohlberg, 1975). ...
EFFECTS OF EPISTEMIC AND TELEOLOGIC ATTITUDE CHANGE
... not as pleasant as banal flattery, is far more valuable to me; without it, I would not have grown or improved to the extent I have. To Dr. David Cross, one specific day in your statistics class remains in my memory because you assigned what, at the time, felt like a herculean labor. Fortunately, I w ...
... not as pleasant as banal flattery, is far more valuable to me; without it, I would not have grown or improved to the extent I have. To Dr. David Cross, one specific day in your statistics class remains in my memory because you assigned what, at the time, felt like a herculean labor. Fortunately, I w ...
Practical Investigations in the Psychology Laboratory
... Their data can be stored in a science lab book — typically a hard backed lined jotter — and it may form part of their course assessment. They can test how robust some famous results are. The hope is that learners will enjoy becoming a social scientist in the lab — perhaps wearing a lab coat and deve ...
... Their data can be stored in a science lab book — typically a hard backed lined jotter — and it may form part of their course assessment. They can test how robust some famous results are. The hope is that learners will enjoy becoming a social scientist in the lab — perhaps wearing a lab coat and deve ...
Protection from extinction
... nonreinforcement in the presence of an inhibitor can protect a stimulus from extinction. Moreover, they suggest that the inhibitor is more successful at providing this protection than is another stimulus which has been arranged to be irrelevant to reinforcement. EXPERIMENT 3 Experiment 2 provided on ...
... nonreinforcement in the presence of an inhibitor can protect a stimulus from extinction. Moreover, they suggest that the inhibitor is more successful at providing this protection than is another stimulus which has been arranged to be irrelevant to reinforcement. EXPERIMENT 3 Experiment 2 provided on ...
Avoidance
... avoidance (in this case, Sidman avoidance) does not confirm Bolles’ assertion that this type of avoidance is difficult for rats to acquire. In Sidman avoidance, the frequent shocks programmed under the S-S interval tend to break up freezing, increasing the chances that the subject will depress the l ...
... avoidance (in this case, Sidman avoidance) does not confirm Bolles’ assertion that this type of avoidance is difficult for rats to acquire. In Sidman avoidance, the frequent shocks programmed under the S-S interval tend to break up freezing, increasing the chances that the subject will depress the l ...
Second-order conditioning of human causal learning
... connection between causes (CS) and eVects (US), independently of any CR elicitation that could also be inXuenced by other factors, such as context, memory, and emotion. The second and more important objective was to evaluate the associative structure of SOC in causal learning tasks by the subsequent ...
... connection between causes (CS) and eVects (US), independently of any CR elicitation that could also be inXuenced by other factors, such as context, memory, and emotion. The second and more important objective was to evaluate the associative structure of SOC in causal learning tasks by the subsequent ...
Unfixed Resources: Perceived Costs, Consumption, and the
... paying with cash. These results are attributed, at least in part, to the decoupling, with a credit card, of a purchase and its drain on one’s financial resources, thereby making the subjective costs of credit purchases appear to be less “painful” than cash purchases (Gourville and Soman 1998; Soman ...
... paying with cash. These results are attributed, at least in part, to the decoupling, with a credit card, of a purchase and its drain on one’s financial resources, thereby making the subjective costs of credit purchases appear to be less “painful” than cash purchases (Gourville and Soman 1998; Soman ...
Treating thoughts as material objects can increase or decrease their
... Fourth, and most important, a key goal of this experiment was to provide an extension of the previous findings by showing that thought use could be increased when participants physically kept their thoughts safe rather than discarding them. We created a new condition in which participants were asked ...
... Fourth, and most important, a key goal of this experiment was to provide an extension of the previous findings by showing that thought use could be increased when participants physically kept their thoughts safe rather than discarding them. We created a new condition in which participants were asked ...
Ivan Pavlov - BDoughertyAmSchool
... his degree of “Candidate of Natural Sciences” in 1875. Pavlov was highly interested in physiology, which is an important fact that contributed in his experiment that will later be mentioned and explained. He continued studying and decided to attend to the Academy of Medical Surgery to finish his 3rd ...
... his degree of “Candidate of Natural Sciences” in 1875. Pavlov was highly interested in physiology, which is an important fact that contributed in his experiment that will later be mentioned and explained. He continued studying and decided to attend to the Academy of Medical Surgery to finish his 3rd ...
Power Reduces the Press of the Situation: Implications for Creativity
... the attitudes, intentions, and creative expressions of high-power individuals than it will on individuals without power. Our approach demonstrates an interest in power and responsiveness to the situation in general, rather than a specific form of power or situational influence, and we draw on a vari ...
... the attitudes, intentions, and creative expressions of high-power individuals than it will on individuals without power. Our approach demonstrates an interest in power and responsiveness to the situation in general, rather than a specific form of power or situational influence, and we draw on a vari ...
Facial Expression Recognition, Fear Conditioning, and Startle
... happiness, sadness, or surprise (all p ⬎ .1). Confusion matrices showing which emotion labels were selected if the target emotion was misidentified are provided in Table S1A and Table S1B in Supplement 1. The anger and disgust recognition deficits were still significant (both p ⫽ .03; r ⫽ .30 and r ...
... happiness, sadness, or surprise (all p ⬎ .1). Confusion matrices showing which emotion labels were selected if the target emotion was misidentified are provided in Table S1A and Table S1B in Supplement 1. The anger and disgust recognition deficits were still significant (both p ⫽ .03; r ⫽ .30 and r ...
Knowledge Check Answers
... Stanley Milgram recruited 40 male participants through newspaper ads. The ad said he was looking for participants for a memory study. Participants were aged between 20 and 50 years and were given $4.50 for just turning up. A confederate (‘Mr Wallace’) was always the ‘learner’ while the true partic ...
... Stanley Milgram recruited 40 male participants through newspaper ads. The ad said he was looking for participants for a memory study. Participants were aged between 20 and 50 years and were given $4.50 for just turning up. A confederate (‘Mr Wallace’) was always the ‘learner’ while the true partic ...
Milgram experiment
The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram. They measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience. Milgram first described his research in 1963 in an article published in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology and later discussed his findings in greater depth in his 1974 book, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View.The experiments began in July 1961, in the basement of Linsly-Chittenden Hall at Yale University, three months after the start of the trial of German Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. Milgram devised his psychological study to answer the popular question at that particular time: ""Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?"" The experiments have been repeated many times in the following years with consistent results within differing societies, although not with the same percentages around the globe.