Mantle Meltıng Beneath Mıd-Ocean rıdges
... Putting these considerations together, the first-order prediction is that hotter mantle leads to lower sodium content, thicker crust, and shallow water depths, and colder mantle to higher sodium contents, thinner crust, and greater depths. Observations are in agreement with this prediction, as Figur ...
... Putting these considerations together, the first-order prediction is that hotter mantle leads to lower sodium content, thicker crust, and shallow water depths, and colder mantle to higher sodium contents, thinner crust, and greater depths. Observations are in agreement with this prediction, as Figur ...
Is the rate of supercontinent assembly changing with time?
... In previous papers we have discussed the compilation of orogen characteristics and uncertainties, and this will not be repeated (Condie, 2013, 2014). One of the main sources of uncertainty in counting orogens is that of what to count as a single orogen. Collisional orogens of short strike length cou ...
... In previous papers we have discussed the compilation of orogen characteristics and uncertainties, and this will not be repeated (Condie, 2013, 2014). One of the main sources of uncertainty in counting orogens is that of what to count as a single orogen. Collisional orogens of short strike length cou ...
Organic Compounds in Unsaturated Soil - Engineering
... Goring et al., [1974] report that the optimum water content for microorganism growth is 50-75 percent of field capacity. Therefore as the water content changes, so does the number of microorganisms. A neutral pH is also favourable for most microorganisms, but some have been found to exist at a pH of ...
... Goring et al., [1974] report that the optimum water content for microorganism growth is 50-75 percent of field capacity. Therefore as the water content changes, so does the number of microorganisms. A neutral pH is also favourable for most microorganisms, but some have been found to exist at a pH of ...
︎PDF - Fabio Crameri
... emerging mobile surface plates in mantle convection simulations, is a long-standing challenge. The majority of mantle convection models featuring a mobile lid thus impose some aspect such as plate velocity, trench velocity, or weak zones [see Bercovici et al., 2000; Lowman, 2011, and references ther ...
... emerging mobile surface plates in mantle convection simulations, is a long-standing challenge. The majority of mantle convection models featuring a mobile lid thus impose some aspect such as plate velocity, trench velocity, or weak zones [see Bercovici et al., 2000; Lowman, 2011, and references ther ...
The role of local atmospheric forcing on the
... flux corrections vary at each grid and month of year but are state independent and remain the ...
... flux corrections vary at each grid and month of year but are state independent and remain the ...
Mantle plumes and dynamics of the Earth interior — towards a new
... A b s t r a c t . Seismic tomography provides reconstructions of thermal-density structure of the Earth’s mantle as deep as the mantle/core boundary (CMB). For the first time, a direct image of dynamic processes, occurring inside the globe, was obtained. Existing plate-tectonic models of modern geod ...
... A b s t r a c t . Seismic tomography provides reconstructions of thermal-density structure of the Earth’s mantle as deep as the mantle/core boundary (CMB). For the first time, a direct image of dynamic processes, occurring inside the globe, was obtained. Existing plate-tectonic models of modern geod ...
Climatology, Variability, and Trends in the US Vapor Pressure Deficit
... In these relations we see the basic problem with RH. For any given RH, the VPD varies exponentially because of the Clausius–Clapeyron dependency of es (Ta ) on Ta . That is, at very low temperatures a given RH will correspond to a very small VPD while at high temperatures the same RH will correspond ...
... In these relations we see the basic problem with RH. For any given RH, the VPD varies exponentially because of the Clausius–Clapeyron dependency of es (Ta ) on Ta . That is, at very low temperatures a given RH will correspond to a very small VPD while at high temperatures the same RH will correspond ...
IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific Seventh Session
... IOC, ICSU and WMO have supported and are still supporting the World Climate Research ...
... IOC, ICSU and WMO have supported and are still supporting the World Climate Research ...
Subsidence in intracontinental basins due to dynamic topography
... hence perfectly correlated. The upper 220 km have been excluded from the model as seismic velocity anomalies might be to a large part due to compositional rather than thermal variations within the lithosphere. As dynamic topography is very sensitive to density variations at lithospheric depths, the ...
... hence perfectly correlated. The upper 220 km have been excluded from the model as seismic velocity anomalies might be to a large part due to compositional rather than thermal variations within the lithosphere. As dynamic topography is very sensitive to density variations at lithospheric depths, the ...
The Second National Communication of the Republic of Malawi
... Genetic studies of Chambo over the past 10 years Macroeconomic medium-term indicators for Malawi Estimated basic food demand for Malawi using SRES A1 and B1 Scenarios Indicator variables and adaptation strategies for the Livestock sub-Sector Adaptability of improved pasture and legume species in cen ...
... Genetic studies of Chambo over the past 10 years Macroeconomic medium-term indicators for Malawi Estimated basic food demand for Malawi using SRES A1 and B1 Scenarios Indicator variables and adaptation strategies for the Livestock sub-Sector Adaptability of improved pasture and legume species in cen ...
Synthesis report
... Mountain permafrost is one of many aspects to be considered in natural hazards and risk management in the Alps. The assessment of natural hazards and the elaboration of hazard zone maps in permafrost affected areas is a rather complex task as the degradation of permafrost is influencing the triggeri ...
... Mountain permafrost is one of many aspects to be considered in natural hazards and risk management in the Alps. The assessment of natural hazards and the elaboration of hazard zone maps in permafrost affected areas is a rather complex task as the degradation of permafrost is influencing the triggeri ...
Burov, E., Lithosphere, mechanical properties, in
... lithosphere required for lifetime stability of geological structures, subduction or transmission of tectonic stresses, and forces over large spatial scales, including horizontal pressure gradients caused by lateral variations in lithospheric density structure and topography (gravity potential energy ...
... lithosphere required for lifetime stability of geological structures, subduction or transmission of tectonic stresses, and forces over large spatial scales, including horizontal pressure gradients caused by lateral variations in lithospheric density structure and topography (gravity potential energy ...
science china - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
... faults and the SWIR traversing the study area. The SWIR formed initially around 150 Ma ago [19], migrating rapidly from 80 Ma. Since 80 Ma, the ridge axis had migrated about 2500 km from DII to the Rodriguez Triple Junction (RTJ, 70°E) and sequentially formed GA, AII and MEL FZs (Fracture Zones) and ...
... faults and the SWIR traversing the study area. The SWIR formed initially around 150 Ma ago [19], migrating rapidly from 80 Ma. Since 80 Ma, the ridge axis had migrated about 2500 km from DII to the Rodriguez Triple Junction (RTJ, 70°E) and sequentially formed GA, AII and MEL FZs (Fracture Zones) and ...
ON THE SCALE OF MANTLE CONVECTION The relative motion of
... accommodated by (Mg,Fe)O alone even if stishovite was much more resistant to flow. The effect of changes to denser phases at greater depths is not known; a denser phase may have a larger activation energy owing to its mure closely packed atomic structure. On the other hand the activation volume may ...
... accommodated by (Mg,Fe)O alone even if stishovite was much more resistant to flow. The effect of changes to denser phases at greater depths is not known; a denser phase may have a larger activation energy owing to its mure closely packed atomic structure. On the other hand the activation volume may ...
Punctuated tectonic evolution of the earth
... would produce surface swells rivalling the mid-ocean ridge system in extent and amplitude [24,25]. Neither the observed hotspot swells nor the low-amplitude deviations from the square-root-of-age seafloor subsidence, predicted by the cooling boundary layer model of plates, are large enough to repres ...
... would produce surface swells rivalling the mid-ocean ridge system in extent and amplitude [24,25]. Neither the observed hotspot swells nor the low-amplitude deviations from the square-root-of-age seafloor subsidence, predicted by the cooling boundary layer model of plates, are large enough to repres ...
Post glacial rebounds measure the viscosity of the lithosphere
... The uncertainty of the calculated viscosity is 0.21x1021 Pas. This relatively small uncertainty indicates that a homogeneous model can fully explain the observed uplift for the postglacial period from 7944 to 87 BP years and that the possible contribution of a low viscosity layer to the uplift can b ...
... The uncertainty of the calculated viscosity is 0.21x1021 Pas. This relatively small uncertainty indicates that a homogeneous model can fully explain the observed uplift for the postglacial period from 7944 to 87 BP years and that the possible contribution of a low viscosity layer to the uplift can b ...
Dynamics, Stratospheric Ozone, and Climate Change
... et al., 2006). However, they are of limited spatial extent and, for the most part, there is no longer any dynamical distinction between polar and mid-latitude regions in summer. This is reflected in the long-term ozone trends which differ between polar and middle latitudes during the winter and spri ...
... et al., 2006). However, they are of limited spatial extent and, for the most part, there is no longer any dynamical distinction between polar and mid-latitude regions in summer. This is reflected in the long-term ozone trends which differ between polar and middle latitudes during the winter and spri ...
Deep-mantle contributions to the surface dynamics of the North
... that the flow calculations presented below are obtained on the basis of a gravitationally consistent, compressible-flow theory in which rigid tectonic plates are coupled to the buoyancy-driven mantle flow (Forte and Peltier, 1991, 1994). Alternative treatments of plate coupling have been proposed (Rica ...
... that the flow calculations presented below are obtained on the basis of a gravitationally consistent, compressible-flow theory in which rigid tectonic plates are coupled to the buoyancy-driven mantle flow (Forte and Peltier, 1991, 1994). Alternative treatments of plate coupling have been proposed (Rica ...
Weather, climate and tourism: a New Zealand perspective
... particular, short term weather forecasts significantly influence their travel decisions. Hence, destinations that rely on domestic tourists may be more vulnerable to unfavourable weather conditions. While tourism and tourists are dealing to a considerable extent with present-day climate variability, ...
... particular, short term weather forecasts significantly influence their travel decisions. Hence, destinations that rely on domestic tourists may be more vulnerable to unfavourable weather conditions. While tourism and tourists are dealing to a considerable extent with present-day climate variability, ...
CO2-balance in the athmosphere and CO2-utilisation : an
... This study was financed by Tekes, the National Technology Agency of Finland; the Fortum Foundation; the Academy of Finland; Neste Jacobs Ltd; L’Association Franco-Finlandaise pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France. My greatest appreci ...
... This study was financed by Tekes, the National Technology Agency of Finland; the Fortum Foundation; the Academy of Finland; Neste Jacobs Ltd; L’Association Franco-Finlandaise pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France. My greatest appreci ...
A mantle convection perspective on global tectonics
... pushed to its limits. We finish by discussing how the progress of these models could lead to improved descriptions of the tectonics of the Earth. 2. Global tectonics as an expression of mantle convection This first section covers some fundamentals with an emphasis on the modeling studies that inform o ...
... pushed to its limits. We finish by discussing how the progress of these models could lead to improved descriptions of the tectonics of the Earth. 2. Global tectonics as an expression of mantle convection This first section covers some fundamentals with an emphasis on the modeling studies that inform o ...
climate change strategy of ajara
... fields of agricultural sector, due to what Ajara can be considered as the specimen area for the development of both national priorities – tourism and agriculture; it can also be regarded as a strategic polygon, where the newest technologies should be introduced in order to reach the most ambitious t ...
... fields of agricultural sector, due to what Ajara can be considered as the specimen area for the development of both national priorities – tourism and agriculture; it can also be regarded as a strategic polygon, where the newest technologies should be introduced in order to reach the most ambitious t ...
Vulnerability ofPaci c Island agriculture and forestry to climate change
... to the food production systems across the Pacific remain. Of those assessments that do exist, many have often been based on extrapolations from international research undertaken elsewhere. If farmers, scientists and policy makers are to make informed decisions on whether or not response options are ...
... to the food production systems across the Pacific remain. Of those assessments that do exist, many have often been based on extrapolations from international research undertaken elsewhere. If farmers, scientists and policy makers are to make informed decisions on whether or not response options are ...
Environmental Tutorial
... other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. This has led to a large increase in the human population as food became more reliable. Currently there are over 7 billion people on Earth. Some would argue that because of the large number of resources that humans consume, th ...
... other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. This has led to a large increase in the human population as food became more reliable. Currently there are over 7 billion people on Earth. Some would argue that because of the large number of resources that humans consume, th ...
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment
The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) is a research program of the World Climate Research Programme intended to observe, comprehend and model the Earth's water cycle. The experiment also observes how much energy the Earth receives, studies how much of that energy reaches surfaces of the Earth and how that energy is transformed. Sunlight's energy evaporates water to produce clouds and rain, and dries out land masses after rain. Rain that falls on land becomes the water budget which can be used by people for agricultural and other processes.GEWEX is a collaboration of researchers worldwide to find better ways of studying the water cycle and how it transforms energy through the atmosphere. If the Earth's climates were identical from year to year, then people could predict when, where and what crops to plant. However, instability created by solar variation, weather trends, and chaotic events create weather that is unpredictable on seasonal scales. Through weather patterns such as droughts and higher rainfall these cycles impact ecosystems and human activities. GEWEX is designed to collect a much greater amount of data, and see if better models of that data can forecast weather and climate change into the future.GEWEX is organized into several structures. As GEWEX was conceived projects were organized by participating factions, this task is now done by the International GEWEX Project Office (IGPO). IGPO oversees major initiatives and coordinates between national projects in an effort to bring about communication of researchers. IGPO claims to support communication exchange between 2000 scientist and is the instrument for publication of major reports. The Scientific Steering Group organizes the projects and assigns them to panels, which oversee progress and provide critique. The Coordinated Energy and Water Cycle Observations Project (CEOP) the 'Hydrology Project' is a major instrument in GEWEX. This panel includes geographic study areas such as the Climate Prediction Program for the Americas operated by NOAA, but also examines several types of climate zones (e.g. high altitude and semi-arid). Another panel, the GEWEX Radiation Panel oversees the coordinated use of satellites and ground based observation to better estimate energy and water fluxes. One recent result GEWEX's Radiation panel has assessed data on rainfall for the last 25 years and determined that that global rainfall is 2.61 mm/day with a small statistical variation. While the study period is short, after 25 years of measurement regional trends are beginning to appear. The GEWEX Modeling and Prediction Panel takes current models and analyzes the models when climate forcing phenomena occur (global warming as an example of a 'climate forcing' event). GEWEX is now the core project of WCRP.