The Proterozoic Part 1 - University of South Alabama
... • The culprit was Australia seen here fleeing the scene of the accident about 500 MA after the incident ...
... • The culprit was Australia seen here fleeing the scene of the accident about 500 MA after the incident ...
letters - Noble Gas Geochemistry Lab
... respectively). The trace elements and isotopes together strongly indicate that the component causing the Dupal-like characteristics is also the source of Spitsbergen alkaline basalts. Insight into the mineral assemblage of the Spitsbergen magma source can be gleaned from the comparison of elements m ...
... respectively). The trace elements and isotopes together strongly indicate that the component causing the Dupal-like characteristics is also the source of Spitsbergen alkaline basalts. Insight into the mineral assemblage of the Spitsbergen magma source can be gleaned from the comparison of elements m ...
The Role of the Sun in Climate Change - United Diversity
... connection, particularly on the 11-year time scale. We define what climate is and how sensitive climate would be to changes in the sun's radiative output. We examine how difficult it is to make consistent weather observations over many years; even with good climatic measurements, the weather proves ...
... connection, particularly on the 11-year time scale. We define what climate is and how sensitive climate would be to changes in the sun's radiative output. We examine how difficult it is to make consistent weather observations over many years; even with good climatic measurements, the weather proves ...
“Fakery 2: Fake science, fakexperts, funny finances
... relationships and obscured money flows. Readers unused to studying financial reports should avoid those sections, especially §A, §H, §K.1, as their eyes will glaze quickly. It is very hard to make those simple. Skim Front Matter for background, mostly to see the Topics for later reference. Readers ...
... relationships and obscured money flows. Readers unused to studying financial reports should avoid those sections, especially §A, §H, §K.1, as their eyes will glaze quickly. It is very hard to make those simple. Skim Front Matter for background, mostly to see the Topics for later reference. Readers ...
Climate change detection in natural systems by
... for the change point position. Change point probability distributions exhibit the change point probabilities as a function of time for a temperature or a phenological time series. Since the change point probability distribution is extended over several years, it does not make sense to select the max ...
... for the change point position. Change point probability distributions exhibit the change point probabilities as a function of time for a temperature or a phenological time series. Since the change point probability distribution is extended over several years, it does not make sense to select the max ...
Global Monsoon Dynamics and Climate Change
... The paleoclimate community has also synthesized global monsoon variability from a geological perspective (An 2000, Wang 2009, Clemens et al. 2010, Ziegler et al. 2010b, Caley et al. 2011a, Cheng et al. 2012). Modeling and geological evidence suggest that a megamonsoon likely occurred during the Phan ...
... The paleoclimate community has also synthesized global monsoon variability from a geological perspective (An 2000, Wang 2009, Clemens et al. 2010, Ziegler et al. 2010b, Caley et al. 2011a, Cheng et al. 2012). Modeling and geological evidence suggest that a megamonsoon likely occurred during the Phan ...
PDF (Chapter 3. The Crust and Upper Mantle)
... profiles give evidence for a deeper layer in the lithosphere having a velocity of 8.6 km/s. The seismic lithosphere, or LID, appears to contain at least two layers. Long refraction profiles on continents have been interpreted in terms of a laminated model of the upper 100 km with high-velocity layer ...
... profiles give evidence for a deeper layer in the lithosphere having a velocity of 8.6 km/s. The seismic lithosphere, or LID, appears to contain at least two layers. Long refraction profiles on continents have been interpreted in terms of a laminated model of the upper 100 km with high-velocity layer ...
An improved dust emission model – Part 2
... value of u0∗t depends on air density, soil properties, and the presence of nonerodible roughness elements (Marticorena and Bergametti, 1995; Shao and Lu, 2000; Kok et al., 2014). However, CLM4 does not account for the effect of nonerodible roughness elements on dust emissions, and the effect of air ...
... value of u0∗t depends on air density, soil properties, and the presence of nonerodible roughness elements (Marticorena and Bergametti, 1995; Shao and Lu, 2000; Kok et al., 2014). However, CLM4 does not account for the effect of nonerodible roughness elements on dust emissions, and the effect of air ...
Morphotectonic features on Titan and their possible origin
... planet, with respect to its atmosphere and to its surface morphology. Titan’s dense atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen ( 97%), methane (1.4%) and hydrogen ( 0.2%) with traces of hydrocarbons, nitriles, oxygen compounds and argon (see table 6.4 in Coustenis and Taylor, 2008). This complex atm ...
... planet, with respect to its atmosphere and to its surface morphology. Titan’s dense atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen ( 97%), methane (1.4%) and hydrogen ( 0.2%) with traces of hydrocarbons, nitriles, oxygen compounds and argon (see table 6.4 in Coustenis and Taylor, 2008). This complex atm ...
Current and Future Exposure of Infrastructure in the United States to
... in this report and the accompanying documentation on underlying data and methods provide an integrated view of infrastructure exposure to a range of potentially high-intensity natural hazards. The analysis in this report describes exposures across multiple infrastructure sectors and multiple hazards ...
... in this report and the accompanying documentation on underlying data and methods provide an integrated view of infrastructure exposure to a range of potentially high-intensity natural hazards. The analysis in this report describes exposures across multiple infrastructure sectors and multiple hazards ...
Name and describe 2 external factors which affect climate change
... Rainforest vegetation is strongly adapted to the climate and has a tight cycle of nutrients. If vegetation is removed the source of nutrients is gone. The soils in the rainforest are poor and with no nutrient cycling they rapidly become infertile and soil erosion occurs. Cutting down the trees can a ...
... Rainforest vegetation is strongly adapted to the climate and has a tight cycle of nutrients. If vegetation is removed the source of nutrients is gone. The soils in the rainforest are poor and with no nutrient cycling they rapidly become infertile and soil erosion occurs. Cutting down the trees can a ...
CHAPTER 8: Needs and Emerging Opportunities
... stress in winter and heat stress in summer and by increasing forage production, both leading to improved animal health and weight gain. Most technical aspects of design and management are well-known as are the financial benefits of adoption. However, more research is needed into social factors of ad ...
... stress in winter and heat stress in summer and by increasing forage production, both leading to improved animal health and weight gain. Most technical aspects of design and management are well-known as are the financial benefits of adoption. However, more research is needed into social factors of ad ...
CatWardellThesis - University of Washington
... underlying axial magma chamber and so the heat lost to the overlying water column is not replenished. This results in this older material becoming more dense and so sinking into the asthenosphere, therefore it is of lower elevation when compared to the newer material. LePichon and Langseth Jr (1970) ...
... underlying axial magma chamber and so the heat lost to the overlying water column is not replenished. This results in this older material becoming more dense and so sinking into the asthenosphere, therefore it is of lower elevation when compared to the newer material. LePichon and Langseth Jr (1970) ...
Large-Scale Thermo-chemical Structure of the Deep Mantle
... The strongest lateral heterogeneities are found at the top (shallower than 400 km) and at the bottom (deeper than about 2400 km) of the mantle. In between these depths, no notable large-scale structure is observed, and the RMS seismic velocity variation is small, 0.5 % or less. Below the surface, an ...
... The strongest lateral heterogeneities are found at the top (shallower than 400 km) and at the bottom (deeper than about 2400 km) of the mantle. In between these depths, no notable large-scale structure is observed, and the RMS seismic velocity variation is small, 0.5 % or less. Below the surface, an ...
CSIRO_PHILCCAP_Report_FNL
... for RCP4.5 (left) and RCP8.5 (right) based upon the six CCAM simulations. ............................................. 18 3-14: Average 90th percentile of maximum air temperature (°C) for 1986-2005 (top left), and 50th (top right), 10th (bottom left) and 90th (bottom right) percentile changes for 2 ...
... for RCP4.5 (left) and RCP8.5 (right) based upon the six CCAM simulations. ............................................. 18 3-14: Average 90th percentile of maximum air temperature (°C) for 1986-2005 (top left), and 50th (top right), 10th (bottom left) and 90th (bottom right) percentile changes for 2 ...
Climate Scientists` Perceptions of Climate
... Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, with 73 out of 240 potential respondents completing the survey. The overall response rate of the survey was approximately 40%, a favourable response rate when compared to response rates of similar surveys. Similar surveys include the following: Stewart et al (1992), ...
... Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, with 73 out of 240 potential respondents completing the survey. The overall response rate of the survey was approximately 40%, a favourable response rate when compared to response rates of similar surveys. Similar surveys include the following: Stewart et al (1992), ...
Colorado Climate Change Vulnerability Study
... • Virtually all water supply entities and their customers are vulnerable to longer and more intense droughts, especially megadroughts. • Water supply entities in areas like the San Luis Valley or South Metro that rely heavily on groundwater to supplement surface water supplies, as well as private ...
... • Virtually all water supply entities and their customers are vulnerable to longer and more intense droughts, especially megadroughts. • Water supply entities in areas like the San Luis Valley or South Metro that rely heavily on groundwater to supplement surface water supplies, as well as private ...
Environmental Chemistry
... Chemical weathering is an important geochemical phenomenon, slow in dry conditions, faster in the presence of water ...
... Chemical weathering is an important geochemical phenomenon, slow in dry conditions, faster in the presence of water ...
Scoping study: Modelling the interaction between mitigation and adaptation
... associated with high levels of temperature rise. On the adaptation side, there are many aspects that are inherently difficult to capture in global scale simulations, for example local scale issues and the organisational and institutional contexts in which adaptation processes occur. Models fail to a ...
... associated with high levels of temperature rise. On the adaptation side, there are many aspects that are inherently difficult to capture in global scale simulations, for example local scale issues and the organisational and institutional contexts in which adaptation processes occur. Models fail to a ...
Viscosity of the asthenosphere from glacial isostatic adjustment and
... The uncertainty on the timing of sea level fall at each locality is estimated to be about ±100 years. [19] The magnitude and timing of the subsequent low stands and recovery to present levels in the mid-Holocene are less well determined. The mid and Late Holocene segments of the sea level curves may ...
... The uncertainty on the timing of sea level fall at each locality is estimated to be about ±100 years. [19] The magnitude and timing of the subsequent low stands and recovery to present levels in the mid-Holocene are less well determined. The mid and Late Holocene segments of the sea level curves may ...
Ultraviolet radiation, toxic chemicals and amphibian population
... Over evolutionary time, UV radiation has been an important stressor on living organisms (Cockell, 2001). Natural events, including impacts from comets and asteroids, volcanic activity, supernova explosions and solar flares, can cause large-scale ozone depletion with accompanying increases in UV radi ...
... Over evolutionary time, UV radiation has been an important stressor on living organisms (Cockell, 2001). Natural events, including impacts from comets and asteroids, volcanic activity, supernova explosions and solar flares, can cause large-scale ozone depletion with accompanying increases in UV radi ...
Our food choices can have positive or negative effects on
... we release greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels (such as coal, oil or gas) for energy. When humans add more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere than the ones that occur naturally there is a general warming effect on the Earth’s surface because these gases trap heat and prevent it from escaping to ...
... we release greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels (such as coal, oil or gas) for energy. When humans add more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere than the ones that occur naturally there is a general warming effect on the Earth’s surface because these gases trap heat and prevent it from escaping to ...
the benefits of using nexrad vertically integrated liquid water as an
... 100 and 200 nm long–range product, can be as much as three Video Integrator and Processor (VIP) levels higher than the ASR–9 precipitation product. This situation has caused some confusion for users of the ITWS system and concern on the part of system safety monitors. The confusion occurs because th ...
... 100 and 200 nm long–range product, can be as much as three Video Integrator and Processor (VIP) levels higher than the ASR–9 precipitation product. This situation has caused some confusion for users of the ITWS system and concern on the part of system safety monitors. The confusion occurs because th ...
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment
The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) is a research program of the World Climate Research Programme intended to observe, comprehend and model the Earth's water cycle. The experiment also observes how much energy the Earth receives, studies how much of that energy reaches surfaces of the Earth and how that energy is transformed. Sunlight's energy evaporates water to produce clouds and rain, and dries out land masses after rain. Rain that falls on land becomes the water budget which can be used by people for agricultural and other processes.GEWEX is a collaboration of researchers worldwide to find better ways of studying the water cycle and how it transforms energy through the atmosphere. If the Earth's climates were identical from year to year, then people could predict when, where and what crops to plant. However, instability created by solar variation, weather trends, and chaotic events create weather that is unpredictable on seasonal scales. Through weather patterns such as droughts and higher rainfall these cycles impact ecosystems and human activities. GEWEX is designed to collect a much greater amount of data, and see if better models of that data can forecast weather and climate change into the future.GEWEX is organized into several structures. As GEWEX was conceived projects were organized by participating factions, this task is now done by the International GEWEX Project Office (IGPO). IGPO oversees major initiatives and coordinates between national projects in an effort to bring about communication of researchers. IGPO claims to support communication exchange between 2000 scientist and is the instrument for publication of major reports. The Scientific Steering Group organizes the projects and assigns them to panels, which oversee progress and provide critique. The Coordinated Energy and Water Cycle Observations Project (CEOP) the 'Hydrology Project' is a major instrument in GEWEX. This panel includes geographic study areas such as the Climate Prediction Program for the Americas operated by NOAA, but also examines several types of climate zones (e.g. high altitude and semi-arid). Another panel, the GEWEX Radiation Panel oversees the coordinated use of satellites and ground based observation to better estimate energy and water fluxes. One recent result GEWEX's Radiation panel has assessed data on rainfall for the last 25 years and determined that that global rainfall is 2.61 mm/day with a small statistical variation. While the study period is short, after 25 years of measurement regional trends are beginning to appear. The GEWEX Modeling and Prediction Panel takes current models and analyzes the models when climate forcing phenomena occur (global warming as an example of a 'climate forcing' event). GEWEX is now the core project of WCRP.