An Introduction to the Viruses
... that they have been in existence for billions of years. Virologists are convinced that viruses have been an important factor in the evolution of living things. After all, viruses interact with the genetic material of their host cells and may carry genes from one host to another (transduction). It is ...
... that they have been in existence for billions of years. Virologists are convinced that viruses have been an important factor in the evolution of living things. After all, viruses interact with the genetic material of their host cells and may carry genes from one host to another (transduction). It is ...
Structure and function of the human skin microbiome
... It is still too early to say with confidence what the exact assembly of the complex network of human microbiota looks like. From sequencing information we know that microbial communities are more complex than previously expected from culture-based studies. These findings raise many new and important ...
... It is still too early to say with confidence what the exact assembly of the complex network of human microbiota looks like. From sequencing information we know that microbial communities are more complex than previously expected from culture-based studies. These findings raise many new and important ...
Lessons from sea louse and salmon epidemiology
... It is important to estimate pathogen impacts before taking management actions. Models can provide the quantitative framework with which to evaluate the evidence for the individual and combined impacts of different stressors (fishing, climate, competition, disease, etc.) on host population size and h ...
... It is important to estimate pathogen impacts before taking management actions. Models can provide the quantitative framework with which to evaluate the evidence for the individual and combined impacts of different stressors (fishing, climate, competition, disease, etc.) on host population size and h ...
Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus
... was nearly 90% in a past outbreak [20]. After an incubation period mostly ranging from 2 to 21 days, nonspecific symptoms appear, including sudden onset of fever, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, headache and a sore throat. A fraction of patients may later develop severe internal and external hemorrhag ...
... was nearly 90% in a past outbreak [20]. After an incubation period mostly ranging from 2 to 21 days, nonspecific symptoms appear, including sudden onset of fever, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, headache and a sore throat. A fraction of patients may later develop severe internal and external hemorrhag ...
Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease (EVD): a review
... was nearly 90% in a past outbreak [20]. After an incubation period mostly ranging from 2 to 21 days, nonspecific symptoms appear, including sudden onset of fever, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, headache and a sore throat. A fraction of patients may later develop severe internal and external hemorrhag ...
... was nearly 90% in a past outbreak [20]. After an incubation period mostly ranging from 2 to 21 days, nonspecific symptoms appear, including sudden onset of fever, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, headache and a sore throat. A fraction of patients may later develop severe internal and external hemorrhag ...
Evidence-based model for hand transmission during
... Acinetobacter baumannii, strains from patients, healthcare workers’ hands, and the environment were identical.71 The outbreak was terminated when remedial measures were taken. Serratia marcescens was transmitted from contaminated soap to patients via health-care wokers’ hands.72 Another study showed ...
... Acinetobacter baumannii, strains from patients, healthcare workers’ hands, and the environment were identical.71 The outbreak was terminated when remedial measures were taken. Serratia marcescens was transmitted from contaminated soap to patients via health-care wokers’ hands.72 Another study showed ...
Parasites in food webs: the ultimate missing links
... future, perhaps researchers will add parasites while they construct food webs. Less clear is how food-web theory can accommodate parasites. This is a deep and central problem in theoretical biology and applied mathematics. For instance, is representing parasites with complex life cycles as a single ...
... future, perhaps researchers will add parasites while they construct food webs. Less clear is how food-web theory can accommodate parasites. This is a deep and central problem in theoretical biology and applied mathematics. For instance, is representing parasites with complex life cycles as a single ...
avian influenza shedding patterns in waterfowl
... (from virus inoculation to the last day virus was shed) and nonlinear models to evaluate temporal patterns in virus shedding. We found higher mean virus titer and longer median infectious period for LPAI-infected ducks (10–11.5 days in oral and cloacal swabs) than HPAI-infected ducks (5 days) and ge ...
... (from virus inoculation to the last day virus was shed) and nonlinear models to evaluate temporal patterns in virus shedding. We found higher mean virus titer and longer median infectious period for LPAI-infected ducks (10–11.5 days in oral and cloacal swabs) than HPAI-infected ducks (5 days) and ge ...
Detection of Norwalk-like Virus in Shellfish Implicated in Illness
... mended sample processing procedure is to separate, process, and analyze environmental samples independently from clinical samples. Facilities and equipment designated for an environmental laboratory should not be used with clinical samples at any time; rather, clinical specimens, which often harbor ...
... mended sample processing procedure is to separate, process, and analyze environmental samples independently from clinical samples. Facilities and equipment designated for an environmental laboratory should not be used with clinical samples at any time; rather, clinical specimens, which often harbor ...
infectious disease
... • results from single common contaminated source such as food – propagated epidemic • results from the introduction of a single infected individual into a susceptible population which is propagated to others ...
... • results from single common contaminated source such as food – propagated epidemic • results from the introduction of a single infected individual into a susceptible population which is propagated to others ...
Efficacy, Selection and Use of Disinfectants and Detergents in
... Frequent environmental contamination Microbial persistence in the environment HCW hand contamination with the environment Prior room occupant with MRSA, VRE, CDI is a significant risk for acquisition of these pathogens. Improved surface disinfection removes pathogens and reduce ...
... Frequent environmental contamination Microbial persistence in the environment HCW hand contamination with the environment Prior room occupant with MRSA, VRE, CDI is a significant risk for acquisition of these pathogens. Improved surface disinfection removes pathogens and reduce ...
Zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed in
... based on objective criteria. This link is gaining more importance because food safety regulations are increasingly outcome based rather than rigidly describing the technology to be applied. This offers industry a greater degree of flexibility but requires from governments that they are more explicit ...
... based on objective criteria. This link is gaining more importance because food safety regulations are increasingly outcome based rather than rigidly describing the technology to be applied. This offers industry a greater degree of flexibility but requires from governments that they are more explicit ...
Bloodborne Pathogens Exposure Control Plan
... employees and volunteers who have occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) enacted the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard in 1991. Its purpose is to promote safe work practices, and to ensure that all workers are protected from exposure to th ...
... employees and volunteers who have occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) enacted the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard in 1991. Its purpose is to promote safe work practices, and to ensure that all workers are protected from exposure to th ...
Effect of Diaporthe RNA virus 1 (DRV1) on growth and
... The naturally-infected D. perjuncta (CMW3407) isolate had the slowest growth rate of all the isolates at 25°C (Fig. 2). The virus did not result in significant differences in growth rate of the transfected (CMW5588-DRV1) and corresponding isogenic virusfree (CMW5588) isolate of the Phomopsis sp. The ...
... The naturally-infected D. perjuncta (CMW3407) isolate had the slowest growth rate of all the isolates at 25°C (Fig. 2). The virus did not result in significant differences in growth rate of the transfected (CMW5588-DRV1) and corresponding isogenic virusfree (CMW5588) isolate of the Phomopsis sp. The ...
Virulence correlates with fitness in vivo for two M group genotypes of
... between vertebrate viral virulence and fitness, in intact hosts, are available; likely due to the difficulty of conducting research in such systems. Of the studies conducted, many were not specifically aimed at testing the virulence–fitness association and, similar to in vitro work, produced incongruous ...
... between vertebrate viral virulence and fitness, in intact hosts, are available; likely due to the difficulty of conducting research in such systems. Of the studies conducted, many were not specifically aimed at testing the virulence–fitness association and, similar to in vitro work, produced incongruous ...
standard precautions and isolation techniques
... guidelines were recommended because individuals with blood-borne pathogens such as HIV and Hepatitis B cannot always be readily detected, and dictate that all patients should be considered to be infectious. The CDC recommended additional precautions in dealing with patients with potentially infecti ...
... guidelines were recommended because individuals with blood-borne pathogens such as HIV and Hepatitis B cannot always be readily detected, and dictate that all patients should be considered to be infectious. The CDC recommended additional precautions in dealing with patients with potentially infecti ...
bloodborne pathogens program
... training program and a labeling system be developed for all infectious materials in such instances. SCOPE: This program applies to all (EMPLOYER NAME) controlled work locations where an employee or a subcontract employee may be occupationally exposed to bloodborne pathogens. RESPONSIBILITIES: MANAGE ...
... training program and a labeling system be developed for all infectious materials in such instances. SCOPE: This program applies to all (EMPLOYER NAME) controlled work locations where an employee or a subcontract employee may be occupationally exposed to bloodborne pathogens. RESPONSIBILITIES: MANAGE ...
Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern
... host migration affects infectious disease processes. Previous work showed that parasite prevalence was lower among migratory than nonmigratory monarch populations; two explanations for this pattern are that (1) migration allows animals to periodically escape contaminated habitats (i.e., migratory es ...
... host migration affects infectious disease processes. Previous work showed that parasite prevalence was lower among migratory than nonmigratory monarch populations; two explanations for this pattern are that (1) migration allows animals to periodically escape contaminated habitats (i.e., migratory es ...
Modeling Potential Responses to Smallpox as a Bioterrorist Weapon Research
... a median of 2,155 smallpox vaccine doses per case were given to stop outbreaks, implying that a stockpile of 40 million doses should be adequate. Recent papers have speculated about the use of smallpox as a biological weapon (1-5). If we assume such a risk, there is concern about the need for prepar ...
... a median of 2,155 smallpox vaccine doses per case were given to stop outbreaks, implying that a stockpile of 40 million doses should be adequate. Recent papers have speculated about the use of smallpox as a biological weapon (1-5). If we assume such a risk, there is concern about the need for prepar ...
Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in
... assays for the antigenic characterisation of viruses. Most recent A(H3N2) 3C.2a viruses were well inhibited by ferret antisera raised against cell culture-propagated reference viruses in clade 3C.2a, including A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 or A/Michigan/15/2014 viruses. These antisera also well inhibited th ...
... assays for the antigenic characterisation of viruses. Most recent A(H3N2) 3C.2a viruses were well inhibited by ferret antisera raised against cell culture-propagated reference viruses in clade 3C.2a, including A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 or A/Michigan/15/2014 viruses. These antisera also well inhibited th ...
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in South America
... progressive immune suppression that results eventually in AIDS. The outcome of infection depends on the balance between the viral destruction of the immune system and the ability of the remaining immune system to eliminate the virus. Although the decrease in numbers of CD4+ cells is the hallmark of ...
... progressive immune suppression that results eventually in AIDS. The outcome of infection depends on the balance between the viral destruction of the immune system and the ability of the remaining immune system to eliminate the virus. Although the decrease in numbers of CD4+ cells is the hallmark of ...
Vomiting as a Symptom and Transmission Risk in Norovirus
... Snow Mountain viruses were similar, but the cumulative shedding during Hawaii virus infection was 2–3 logs lower than the other viruses (2.3x105). However, it should be noted that only one subject infected with Hawaii virus had sample volume data available. The relationship between virus titers in e ...
... Snow Mountain viruses were similar, but the cumulative shedding during Hawaii virus infection was 2–3 logs lower than the other viruses (2.3x105). However, it should be noted that only one subject infected with Hawaii virus had sample volume data available. The relationship between virus titers in e ...
Resource Competition May Lead to Effective Treatment of Antibiotic
... therapy. The properties of drug combinations have been studied for more than 100 years [22–24]. The nature of drug interactions can be classified in two main groups: synergistic and antagonistic. An interaction is classified as synergistic (antagonistic) if the combined use of two drugs increases (d ...
... therapy. The properties of drug combinations have been studied for more than 100 years [22–24]. The nature of drug interactions can be classified in two main groups: synergistic and antagonistic. An interaction is classified as synergistic (antagonistic) if the combined use of two drugs increases (d ...
Rabies - Home - Children's Hospital of Michigan
... perpetuate among particular hosts in different geographic areas • Localized viral evolution: geographic barriers • Occasional: emergence of viral variants with extended host range ...
... perpetuate among particular hosts in different geographic areas • Localized viral evolution: geographic barriers • Occasional: emergence of viral variants with extended host range ...
A Spatial Analysis of West Nile Virus in Texas, 2012
... West Nile Virus has grown significantly. This has included studies of disease transmission, as well as the geographic spread of West Nile Virus. Other studies have also sought to pinpoint the factors that influence the incidence rate of WNV during previous outbreaks. The literature ranges from very ...
... West Nile Virus has grown significantly. This has included studies of disease transmission, as well as the geographic spread of West Nile Virus. Other studies have also sought to pinpoint the factors that influence the incidence rate of WNV during previous outbreaks. The literature ranges from very ...