Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings Core
... Fungi – organisms that usually enjoy a symbiotic, but sometimes parasitic relationship with their host – provide numerous drugs and foods – provide bubbles in bread, champagne, and beer – cause a number of plant and animal diseases – fungal diseases are very difficult to treat ...
... Fungi – organisms that usually enjoy a symbiotic, but sometimes parasitic relationship with their host – provide numerous drugs and foods – provide bubbles in bread, champagne, and beer – cause a number of plant and animal diseases – fungal diseases are very difficult to treat ...
Why Is There Still Rabies in the World? - An...
... be considered an independent phylogroup III because of genetic distance and absence of serologic cross-reactivity with phylogroup I and II viruses [16, 21]. In Africa, LBV and DUVV are associated with bats, but MOKV is uniquely associated with shrews and rodents, not bats. Fifteen isolations of LBV ...
... be considered an independent phylogroup III because of genetic distance and absence of serologic cross-reactivity with phylogroup I and II viruses [16, 21]. In Africa, LBV and DUVV are associated with bats, but MOKV is uniquely associated with shrews and rodents, not bats. Fifteen isolations of LBV ...
Genetic evolution of influenza A(H7N9) virus in China
... Guangdong with an influenza A(H7N9) virus strain for which gene sequencing analysis revealed mutations in the haemagglutinin (HA) gene that resulted in the insertion of basic amino acids at the cleavage site of this protein, known to confer increased pathogenicity in chickens [7,8]. The first case w ...
... Guangdong with an influenza A(H7N9) virus strain for which gene sequencing analysis revealed mutations in the haemagglutinin (HA) gene that resulted in the insertion of basic amino acids at the cleavage site of this protein, known to confer increased pathogenicity in chickens [7,8]. The first case w ...
Computational approaches to predict bacteriophage–host
... invader (Barrangou et al. 2007). The CRISPR system generates short RNA oligonucleotides that, upon reinfection, bind to invading phage DNA and result in the degradation of the phage genome sequence. Host restriction modification systems also attack incoming, unmodified phage DNA, chopping it into fr ...
... invader (Barrangou et al. 2007). The CRISPR system generates short RNA oligonucleotides that, upon reinfection, bind to invading phage DNA and result in the degradation of the phage genome sequence. Host restriction modification systems also attack incoming, unmodified phage DNA, chopping it into fr ...
The evolutionary dynamics of receptor binding avidity
... Human influenza viruses have long been known to evolve by antigenic drift, the process by which the gradual accumulation of mutations in the viruses’ haemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein results in evasion of host immunity [1]. Epidemiological models have therefore focused on understanding how t ...
... Human influenza viruses have long been known to evolve by antigenic drift, the process by which the gradual accumulation of mutations in the viruses’ haemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein results in evasion of host immunity [1]. Epidemiological models have therefore focused on understanding how t ...
Trypanosoma cruzi in Opossum
... Florida. There was no significant difference between prevalence of infection between opossum sexes, but there was a statistically significant difference in prevalence between year of collection (p > 0.005). 2003 represented the third year of collection from Pebble Hill and Pinebloom-East and 2004 re ...
... Florida. There was no significant difference between prevalence of infection between opossum sexes, but there was a statistically significant difference in prevalence between year of collection (p > 0.005). 2003 represented the third year of collection from Pebble Hill and Pinebloom-East and 2004 re ...
Influenza is an acute disease characterized by cough, coryza, fever
... Annex 3: Overview of Influenza Illness and Pandemic - Draft globally to a few months or even weeks. The major implication of such rapid spread of an infectious disease is that many, if not most, countries will have minimal time to implement preparations and responses once pandemic viruses have begu ...
... Annex 3: Overview of Influenza Illness and Pandemic - Draft globally to a few months or even weeks. The major implication of such rapid spread of an infectious disease is that many, if not most, countries will have minimal time to implement preparations and responses once pandemic viruses have begu ...
Breast-Milk Infectivity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
... HIV-1 infected if (1) samples from 2 consecutive visits were positive, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for HIV-1 DNA, (2) a single blood sample had a positive test result for HIV-1 DNA if that sample had been obtained at the last visit seen, or (3) a serum sample had a positive HIV-1 ELISA resul ...
... HIV-1 infected if (1) samples from 2 consecutive visits were positive, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for HIV-1 DNA, (2) a single blood sample had a positive test result for HIV-1 DNA if that sample had been obtained at the last visit seen, or (3) a serum sample had a positive HIV-1 ELISA resul ...
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... The aims of this study was to determine the spatial distribution and the risk factors associated with the incidence of rabies in Bali on the year of 2014. A total of 1286 brain samples from all over the Bali was examined. Out of all brain samples, 130 samples were diagnosed positive for rabies. Base ...
... The aims of this study was to determine the spatial distribution and the risk factors associated with the incidence of rabies in Bali on the year of 2014. A total of 1286 brain samples from all over the Bali was examined. Out of all brain samples, 130 samples were diagnosed positive for rabies. Base ...
Viruses in food : scientific advice to support risk management
... often requires measures different to those typically employed to combat bacterial hazards. Thus, an important consideration for risk managers is that current food hygiene guidelines, which have been optimized for prevention of bacterial infections, may not be effective for viruses. Another point for ...
... often requires measures different to those typically employed to combat bacterial hazards. Thus, an important consideration for risk managers is that current food hygiene guidelines, which have been optimized for prevention of bacterial infections, may not be effective for viruses. Another point for ...
CONSISE Household Transmission Protocol September 2013
... The household, defined as a person or a group of people living in the same residence, provides a strategic setting to track influenza infections among close contacts of cases because the denominator is well-defined, exposure is similar and follow-up of household contacts is feasible. It is also impo ...
... The household, defined as a person or a group of people living in the same residence, provides a strategic setting to track influenza infections among close contacts of cases because the denominator is well-defined, exposure is similar and follow-up of household contacts is feasible. It is also impo ...
Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in
... characteristics of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were assessed with panels of post-infection ferret antisera and human paediatric, adult and older adult pre- and post-vaccination sera in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. HI assays with ferret antisera indicated that almost all recent A(H1N1)pdm09 vir ...
... characteristics of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were assessed with panels of post-infection ferret antisera and human paediatric, adult and older adult pre- and post-vaccination sera in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. HI assays with ferret antisera indicated that almost all recent A(H1N1)pdm09 vir ...
SOM 1 Procedure to identify potential transmitters of
... could have been averted without increased annual testing. Immediate ART alone could have averted 19% [13%-26%] of these cases at current testing levels. In practice, low adherence is associated with decreasing effectiveness of PrEP (20). We assumed an 86% efficacy of PrEP as reported in the recent I ...
... could have been averted without increased annual testing. Immediate ART alone could have averted 19% [13%-26%] of these cases at current testing levels. In practice, low adherence is associated with decreasing effectiveness of PrEP (20). We assumed an 86% efficacy of PrEP as reported in the recent I ...
10. Prevention and control of rabies in wild animals
... in raccoons in Florida (USA) and spread to neighbouring states. The spread was accelerated by translocation of rabid raccoons into the mid-Atlantic area in the 1970s, and the outbreak extended south and north as far as Quebec. Whereas the epizootic of fox rabies in southeastern Canada was eventually ...
... in raccoons in Florida (USA) and spread to neighbouring states. The spread was accelerated by translocation of rabid raccoons into the mid-Atlantic area in the 1970s, and the outbreak extended south and north as far as Quebec. Whereas the epizootic of fox rabies in southeastern Canada was eventually ...
tests that may be useful in evaluation of patients with acute diarrhea
... people/year 5 -8 million deaths / year in developing countries. 3000/year mortality in US. ...
... people/year 5 -8 million deaths / year in developing countries. 3000/year mortality in US. ...
Modelling the dynamics and control of stoats in New Zealand forests
... research programme was instigated in 2000 by the Department of Conservation (DOC) to improve both short-term and long-term control, in the first case by developing more effective baits, lures and traps, and in the second by exploring higher-risk options such as fertility control and biological contr ...
... research programme was instigated in 2000 by the Department of Conservation (DOC) to improve both short-term and long-term control, in the first case by developing more effective baits, lures and traps, and in the second by exploring higher-risk options such as fertility control and biological contr ...
View online - Ghent University Library
... The diversity profiles plotted for all synthetic communities based on different similarity matrices. The graphical q-profiles are coloured according to the invasion by pathogen LMG7866 for each community. Communities with a higher invasion rate are shown to be initially less diverse, although the pa ...
... The diversity profiles plotted for all synthetic communities based on different similarity matrices. The graphical q-profiles are coloured according to the invasion by pathogen LMG7866 for each community. Communities with a higher invasion rate are shown to be initially less diverse, although the pa ...
Critical Review of Norovirus Surrogates in Food Safety Research
... ethanol-based hand rubs to eliminate FCV and MNV. They showed that over a short contact time (20 s) that FCV was 100 times more resistant to inactivation than MNV. In another study on hand sanitizers, FCV was more sensitive to some low pH sanitizers than MNV; however, MNV was more readily inactivate ...
... ethanol-based hand rubs to eliminate FCV and MNV. They showed that over a short contact time (20 s) that FCV was 100 times more resistant to inactivation than MNV. In another study on hand sanitizers, FCV was more sensitive to some low pH sanitizers than MNV; however, MNV was more readily inactivate ...
Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States
... diarrhea or vomiting was not the main clinical sign. Estimates of illness were not made for unspecified agents that do not typically result in acute gastroenteritis. We used data from the 24 known gastroenteritis pathogens to estimate the proportion of unspecified agents that were acquired in the Un ...
... diarrhea or vomiting was not the main clinical sign. Estimates of illness were not made for unspecified agents that do not typically result in acute gastroenteritis. We used data from the 24 known gastroenteritis pathogens to estimate the proportion of unspecified agents that were acquired in the Un ...
OIE?????????????????????
... agents, but physical and chemical injuries in microbiology laboratories must also be prevented. Risks from infection are reduced by good laboratory techniques and secure facilities, which aid in the containment of pathogens. It is important to understand that containment of pathogens can be used for ...
... agents, but physical and chemical injuries in microbiology laboratories must also be prevented. Risks from infection are reduced by good laboratory techniques and secure facilities, which aid in the containment of pathogens. It is important to understand that containment of pathogens can be used for ...
Changing Patterns of Autochthonous Malaria
... patient had no travel history or other means of acquiring malaria except local mosquitoborne transmission. The investigation identified two other cases of malaria; one in a person who had traveled internationally 2 years previously, and a third case which was initially unreported. This outbreak was ...
... patient had no travel history or other means of acquiring malaria except local mosquitoborne transmission. The investigation identified two other cases of malaria; one in a person who had traveled internationally 2 years previously, and a third case which was initially unreported. This outbreak was ...
OCCUPATTIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
... to HIV have occurred after exposure to blood, bloody fluids, or viral cultures.19 Semen, vaginal fluids, and body fluids visibly contaminated with blood can transmit HIV; and, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, pleural, and synovial fluid are potentially HIV-in ...
... to HIV have occurred after exposure to blood, bloody fluids, or viral cultures.19 Semen, vaginal fluids, and body fluids visibly contaminated with blood can transmit HIV; and, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, pleural, and synovial fluid are potentially HIV-in ...
Transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human
... which data were available. Since the precise proportion of injections that are unsafe is not known, and as this parameter is the most controversial, we chose for the model the median value (50%) for regions in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The lowest levels of safety were assumed to occur in sub-Saha ...
... which data were available. Since the precise proportion of injections that are unsafe is not known, and as this parameter is the most controversial, we chose for the model the median value (50%) for regions in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The lowest levels of safety were assumed to occur in sub-Saha ...
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo
... Besides CD4 T lymphocytes, other cells can be infected by HTLV-I, such as macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and ST cells 60. ST cells exhibit restricted permissiveness for HTLV-I. Human ST cells may become persistently but essentialy non-productively infected with this virus61. However dua ...
... Besides CD4 T lymphocytes, other cells can be infected by HTLV-I, such as macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and ST cells 60. ST cells exhibit restricted permissiveness for HTLV-I. Human ST cells may become persistently but essentialy non-productively infected with this virus61. However dua ...
Fundamentals of prions and their inactivation (Review)
... cases of pathogen-related diseases, the causes are not fully taken into account or sporadic, and not reported to any official agency because they are not severe or cultures are never obtained (2,3). Some pathogens change their forms under some circumstances. Certain bacteria and fungi form spores un ...
... cases of pathogen-related diseases, the causes are not fully taken into account or sporadic, and not reported to any official agency because they are not severe or cultures are never obtained (2,3). Some pathogens change their forms under some circumstances. Certain bacteria and fungi form spores un ...