Imprinting and Seed Development
... These include imprinting as a defense against chromosome loss or gain or as a means to accurately control gene expression (Hurst, 1997). Or, imprinting could be a by-product of maintaining chromatin structural differences between homologous chromosomal regions, which could be important for some cell ...
... These include imprinting as a defense against chromosome loss or gain or as a means to accurately control gene expression (Hurst, 1997). Or, imprinting could be a by-product of maintaining chromatin structural differences between homologous chromosomal regions, which could be important for some cell ...
Epigenetic Regulation ofbdnfGene Transcription in the
... For all our methylation-specific real-time PCR (MSP) data, we performed bisulfite treatment of genomic DNA an average of 5– 6 times. Bisulfite treatment of genomic DNA converts cytosine to uracil, but leaves methylated 5⬘-cytosines unchanged. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine the DNA ...
... For all our methylation-specific real-time PCR (MSP) data, we performed bisulfite treatment of genomic DNA an average of 5– 6 times. Bisulfite treatment of genomic DNA converts cytosine to uracil, but leaves methylated 5⬘-cytosines unchanged. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine the DNA ...
Extrachromosomal DNA Transformationof Caenorhabditis elegans
... foreign DNA sequences in the transformed worm cells were measured by quantitative hybridization analysis. DNA preparations from transformed populations were spotted onto triplicate nitrocellulose filters. The filters were hybridized with 32P-labeled pBR322 DNA, bacteriophage DNA containing a single- ...
... foreign DNA sequences in the transformed worm cells were measured by quantitative hybridization analysis. DNA preparations from transformed populations were spotted onto triplicate nitrocellulose filters. The filters were hybridized with 32P-labeled pBR322 DNA, bacteriophage DNA containing a single- ...
Genetic or epigenetic difference causing discordance between
... cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence.12 For such mechanisms, methylation of the cytosine residue in the DNA molecule, and acetylation, methylation, and other modifications of histones have been well described. These modifications stably affect gene expression through alteration of DNA– pro ...
... cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence.12 For such mechanisms, methylation of the cytosine residue in the DNA molecule, and acetylation, methylation, and other modifications of histones have been well described. These modifications stably affect gene expression through alteration of DNA– pro ...
DNA Testing - Who Murdered Robert Wone
... millions or billions of DNA molecules in about three hours. The PCR process is sometimes compared to a Xerox machine since many copies are made. While initially, this is a useful comparison, it doesn't communicate the true, chain-reaction nature of PCR. In PCR, the original DNA is copied, then the c ...
... millions or billions of DNA molecules in about three hours. The PCR process is sometimes compared to a Xerox machine since many copies are made. While initially, this is a useful comparison, it doesn't communicate the true, chain-reaction nature of PCR. In PCR, the original DNA is copied, then the c ...
Gene methylation in gastric cancer
... whereas the closed conformation represented by tightly packed protein–DNA complexes is transcriptionally inactive. DNA methylation is the first epigenetic mark shown to be critically involved in the tumorigenesis [15], which provides a stable gene silencing mechanism that plays an important role in r ...
... whereas the closed conformation represented by tightly packed protein–DNA complexes is transcriptionally inactive. DNA methylation is the first epigenetic mark shown to be critically involved in the tumorigenesis [15], which provides a stable gene silencing mechanism that plays an important role in r ...
Regulation and Flexibility of Genomic Imprinting
... differential epigenetic marking of parental alleles. Over the past decade, studies in the model systems Arabidopsis thaliana and maize (Zea mays) have shown a strong correlation between silent or active states with epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, but the nature o ...
... differential epigenetic marking of parental alleles. Over the past decade, studies in the model systems Arabidopsis thaliana and maize (Zea mays) have shown a strong correlation between silent or active states with epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, but the nature o ...
Diagnostic Testing for Prader-Willi and Angelman
... utilizing SNRPN (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein N) and alpha-satellite DNA probes. Approximately 28% of cases of PWS are due to maternal uniparental disomy (UPD). This abnormality can best be documented using microsatellite probes. Less than 2% of cases have an abnormality in the imprinting process ...
... utilizing SNRPN (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein N) and alpha-satellite DNA probes. Approximately 28% of cases of PWS are due to maternal uniparental disomy (UPD). This abnormality can best be documented using microsatellite probes. Less than 2% of cases have an abnormality in the imprinting process ...
The DpnI/DpnII pneumococcal system, defense against foreign
... EndA nuclease.26 If this is the case, the displacement of SsbB by DpnA does not depend on the acidic tail of SsbB, which is thought to recruit functional partners of SSB proteins (Fig. 3A).12 Could there be a utility for homologous transformation in methylation of ssDNA by DpnA in the reservoir, si ...
... EndA nuclease.26 If this is the case, the displacement of SsbB by DpnA does not depend on the acidic tail of SsbB, which is thought to recruit functional partners of SSB proteins (Fig. 3A).12 Could there be a utility for homologous transformation in methylation of ssDNA by DpnA in the reservoir, si ...
Mary Ann Osley*, Alastair Fleming, and Cheng
... transcriptionally active euchromatin through the targeted recruitment of SAGA to gene promoters{Henry, 2003 #170}. As discussed below (III.2.1), the antagonistic activities of Rad6-Bre1 and Ubp8 during transcription promote transient accumulation of ub-H2B at the promoters of the GAL1 and PHO5 genes ...
... transcriptionally active euchromatin through the targeted recruitment of SAGA to gene promoters{Henry, 2003 #170}. As discussed below (III.2.1), the antagonistic activities of Rad6-Bre1 and Ubp8 during transcription promote transient accumulation of ub-H2B at the promoters of the GAL1 and PHO5 genes ...
SALSA MLPA KIT ME003-A1 Tumor suppressor-3 - MRC
... generates two samples that need analysis by capillary electrophoresis: one undigested sample for copy number detection and one digested sample for methylation detection. More information about MS-MLPA can be found on page 2 and in the MS-MLPA protocol. The MS-MLPA probes in this ME003-A1 probemix de ...
... generates two samples that need analysis by capillary electrophoresis: one undigested sample for copy number detection and one digested sample for methylation detection. More information about MS-MLPA can be found on page 2 and in the MS-MLPA protocol. The MS-MLPA probes in this ME003-A1 probemix de ...
The case for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans
... Although epigenetic states, once established, are maintained for the life of the organism, it is rare for these states to be passed to the next generation. Between generations, the epigenetic state of the genome undergoes two dynamic reprogramming events, first in the gametes of the parent and later ...
... Although epigenetic states, once established, are maintained for the life of the organism, it is rare for these states to be passed to the next generation. Between generations, the epigenetic state of the genome undergoes two dynamic reprogramming events, first in the gametes of the parent and later ...
Restriction Enzyme Digest and Plasmid mapping
... is what enables biotechnologists to recombine DNA molecules. This is termed recombinant DNA technology. The first step in DNA splicing is to locate a specific gene of interest on a chromosome. A restriction enzyme is then used to cut out the targeted gene from the rest of the chromosome. This same e ...
... is what enables biotechnologists to recombine DNA molecules. This is termed recombinant DNA technology. The first step in DNA splicing is to locate a specific gene of interest on a chromosome. A restriction enzyme is then used to cut out the targeted gene from the rest of the chromosome. This same e ...
Cleavage of a model DNA replication fork by a Type I restriction
... When a replication fork meets damaged DNA, it will be stalled. This leads to replication restart by error-prone polymerase-mediated translesion synthesis or by errorfree homologous recombination (1–3). Multiple models have been proposed for the latter pathway, most of which envision restart without ...
... When a replication fork meets damaged DNA, it will be stalled. This leads to replication restart by error-prone polymerase-mediated translesion synthesis or by errorfree homologous recombination (1–3). Multiple models have been proposed for the latter pathway, most of which envision restart without ...
Sheared DNA fragment sizing: comparison of techniques
... Fig. 4 Size Distribution of Sheared DNA Fragments. Panels a, b and c show the relative number of DNA molecules corresponding to given length increments (base pairs) as determined by Kleinschmidt EM, Adsorption EM and gel electrophoresis procedures, respectively. Panels d, e and f show the relative m ...
... Fig. 4 Size Distribution of Sheared DNA Fragments. Panels a, b and c show the relative number of DNA molecules corresponding to given length increments (base pairs) as determined by Kleinschmidt EM, Adsorption EM and gel electrophoresis procedures, respectively. Panels d, e and f show the relative m ...
The Relationship Between DNA Replication and the
... the relationship between DNA replication and induction of sporulation in a strain that does not require thymine for growth. In addition, we wanted to use a method which, unlike that of Mandelstam & Higgs (1974), did not rely on the imposition of synchrony on the cultures before resuspension in the s ...
... the relationship between DNA replication and induction of sporulation in a strain that does not require thymine for growth. In addition, we wanted to use a method which, unlike that of Mandelstam & Higgs (1974), did not rely on the imposition of synchrony on the cultures before resuspension in the s ...
Epigenetic mechanisms regulate placental c-myc
... most tumor tissues, involving a highly complex differential global gene expression profile varying with gestational age. The importance of this regulatory mechanism in placental development becomes clearer in the case of aberrant trophoblastic proliferation and invasion, resulting in various pregnanc ...
... most tumor tissues, involving a highly complex differential global gene expression profile varying with gestational age. The importance of this regulatory mechanism in placental development becomes clearer in the case of aberrant trophoblastic proliferation and invasion, resulting in various pregnanc ...
... missing heritability, geneticists also call for the rescue of the concept of gene-gene epistatic interrelations [70] that would increase significantly the role of found gene variants [71, 72], a hypothesis that remains yet impossible to prove but has a lot of biological rationale. Epistatic interact ...
Electrokinetic Stretching of Tethered DNA
... Because conventional gel electrophoresis is slow and typically limited to DNA lengths\20 kbp, considerable effort has been applied to the development of new electrophoresis techniques. There have been a number of significant advances, most notably capillary electrophoresis, which decreased the neces ...
... Because conventional gel electrophoresis is slow and typically limited to DNA lengths\20 kbp, considerable effort has been applied to the development of new electrophoresis techniques. There have been a number of significant advances, most notably capillary electrophoresis, which decreased the neces ...
Modeling Spatial Correlation of DNA Deformation
... At the other end of the length scale spectrum, a widely used theoretical modelthe worm-like chain (WLC) model,16 proposes to treat DNA as a semiflexible polymer chain that behaves like an elastic rod.17 In this continuous description of DNA, all of the local details of the DNA molecule are coarsegra ...
... At the other end of the length scale spectrum, a widely used theoretical modelthe worm-like chain (WLC) model,16 proposes to treat DNA as a semiflexible polymer chain that behaves like an elastic rod.17 In this continuous description of DNA, all of the local details of the DNA molecule are coarsegra ...
SNaPshot® Multiplex System for SNP genotyping
... Capillary electrophoretic analysis of methylation status in CpGrich regions by single-base extension of primers modified with N6-methoxy-2,6-diaminopurine. ...
... Capillary electrophoretic analysis of methylation status in CpGrich regions by single-base extension of primers modified with N6-methoxy-2,6-diaminopurine. ...
The distribution of DNA translocation times in solid
... electrical driving force = Q ∗ E assuming that Q ∗ does not change as solution viscosity changes. Both Q ∗ E and Fdrag are shown in figure 2(D). This analysis suggests that the estimated electrical driving force exerted on a DNA molecule would be ∼23 pN. The drag force calculated decreased as the so ...
... electrical driving force = Q ∗ E assuming that Q ∗ does not change as solution viscosity changes. Both Q ∗ E and Fdrag are shown in figure 2(D). This analysis suggests that the estimated electrical driving force exerted on a DNA molecule would be ∼23 pN. The drag force calculated decreased as the so ...
pdf, 1.3 MB - DNA and Natural Algorithms Group
... the superduplexes contain one parental strand and one daughter strand. All that remains to be done in this step is to remove the motor apparatus and separate the two superduplexes to allow another round of replication. This is achieved with the addition of the four motor removal strands Y, Y¢, Z, an ...
... the superduplexes contain one parental strand and one daughter strand. All that remains to be done in this step is to remove the motor apparatus and separate the two superduplexes to allow another round of replication. This is achieved with the addition of the four motor removal strands Y, Y¢, Z, an ...
Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation in Age
... with CpG islands, indicating the important role of CpG in regulation of vertebrate gene expression. A small amount of nonCG 5¶ methylcytosine occurs in embryonic stem cells and also regulates gene expression.58 The 5¶ methylated cytosine located in promoter regions is generally associated with gene ...
... with CpG islands, indicating the important role of CpG in regulation of vertebrate gene expression. A small amount of nonCG 5¶ methylcytosine occurs in embryonic stem cells and also regulates gene expression.58 The 5¶ methylated cytosine located in promoter regions is generally associated with gene ...
Diversity of DNA methyltransferases that recognize asymmetric
... DNA methyltransferases (MTases) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine in a sequence-specific manner. Orthodox Type II DNA MTases usually recognize palindromic DNA sequences and add a methyl group to the target base (either adenine or cytosine) on ...
... DNA methyltransferases (MTases) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine in a sequence-specific manner. Orthodox Type II DNA MTases usually recognize palindromic DNA sequences and add a methyl group to the target base (either adenine or cytosine) on ...
DNA methylation
DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to DNA. Methylation modifies the function of the DNA, typically acting to suppress gene transcription. DNA methylation is essential for normal development and is associated with a number of key processes including genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, suppression of repetitive elements, and carcinogenesis.Two of DNA's four nucleotides, cytosine and adenine, can be methylated. Adenine methylation is restricted to prokaryotes.The rate of cytosine DNA methylation differs strongly between species: 14% of cytosines are methylated in Arabidopsis thaliana, 4% in Mus musculus, 2.3% in Escherichia coli, 0.03% in Drosophila, and virtually none (< 0.0002%) in yeast species.DNA methylation can stably alter the expression of genes in cells as cells divide and differentiate from embryonic stem cells into specific tissues. The resulting change is normally permanent and unidirectional, preventing a cell from reverting to a stem cell or converting into a different cell type. However, DNA methylation can be removed either passively, by dilution as cells divide, or by a faster, active, process. The latter process occurs via hydroxylation of the methyl groups that are to be removed, rather than by complete removal of methyl groups. DNA methylation is typically removed during zygote formation and re-established through successive cell divisions during development. Methylation modifications that regulate gene expression are usually heritable through mitotic cell division; some methylation is also heritable through the specialized meiotic cell division that creates egg and sperm cells, resulting in genomic imprinting. DNA methylation suppresses the expression of endogenous retroviral genes and other harmful stretches of DNA that have been incorporated into the host genome over time. DNA methylation also forms the basis of chromatin structure, which enables a single cell to grow into multiple organs or perform multiple functions. DNA methylation also plays a crucial role in the development of nearly all types of cancer.DNA methylation at the 5 position of cytosine has the specific effect of reducing gene expression and has been found in every vertebrate examined. In adult somatic cells (cells in the body, not used for reproduction), DNA methylation typically occurs in a CpG dinucleotide context; non-CpG methylation is prevalent in embryonic stem cells, and has also been indicated in neural development.