Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... and fewer oblique apical dendrites than layer II/III pyramidal neurons. The apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons branch closer to the soma than those of CA1 pyramidal neurons, which typically have a more distinctive main apical dendrite and tuft. CA3 pyramidal neurons also have a cl ...
... and fewer oblique apical dendrites than layer II/III pyramidal neurons. The apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons branch closer to the soma than those of CA1 pyramidal neurons, which typically have a more distinctive main apical dendrite and tuft. CA3 pyramidal neurons also have a cl ...
The Influence of Retinal Afferents Upon the Development of Layers
... stage of development halts futher laminar differentiation, especially of the interlaminar zones, although some characteristic maturation of the geniculate cells continues. Rakic (1981), who has studied the effects of very early, prenatal, monocular deafferentation in macaque monkeys, has shown that ...
... stage of development halts futher laminar differentiation, especially of the interlaminar zones, although some characteristic maturation of the geniculate cells continues. Rakic (1981), who has studied the effects of very early, prenatal, monocular deafferentation in macaque monkeys, has shown that ...
Anandamide as an intracellular messenger regulating ion channel
... bond, which yields arachidonic acid and ethanolamine. Fatty acid amide hydrolase, the protein responsible for anandamide hydrolysis in vivo, has been cloned and studied in detail [27,28]. It is associated with the intracellular membrane and has high activity in several brain areas, including brain s ...
... bond, which yields arachidonic acid and ethanolamine. Fatty acid amide hydrolase, the protein responsible for anandamide hydrolysis in vivo, has been cloned and studied in detail [27,28]. It is associated with the intracellular membrane and has high activity in several brain areas, including brain s ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... Activity-induced modification of synaptic connections (synaptic plasticity) is widely believed to represent a major mechanism for modifying the functional properties of neuronal networks. Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the histor ...
... Activity-induced modification of synaptic connections (synaptic plasticity) is widely believed to represent a major mechanism for modifying the functional properties of neuronal networks. Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the histor ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... changes in the availability of cell surface receptors across behavioral states. We show that following sleep deprivation, the presence and the intensity of GABAARs on the BF cholinergie cell membrane were increased. Such activity dependent changes of GABAARs could underlie homeostatic regulation ofw ...
... changes in the availability of cell surface receptors across behavioral states. We show that following sleep deprivation, the presence and the intensity of GABAARs on the BF cholinergie cell membrane were increased. Such activity dependent changes of GABAARs could underlie homeostatic regulation ofw ...
A biomaterials approach to peripheral nerve regeneration: bridging
... guided by their individual growth cones, use this biological cable tissue as a guidance mechanism to ultimately reach their distal target. These regenerating axons reach the aforementioned targets after approximately 2–4 weeks [1,7,31]. It is worth pointing out that during the weeks of the cellular ...
... guided by their individual growth cones, use this biological cable tissue as a guidance mechanism to ultimately reach their distal target. These regenerating axons reach the aforementioned targets after approximately 2–4 weeks [1,7,31]. It is worth pointing out that during the weeks of the cellular ...
Estradiol, Substance P, and the PI3K-Akt
... spinal cord and synapse onto central neurons in the dorsal horn, a major center of nociceptive processing and plasticity. The neurons involved in nociception are largely concentrated in the superficial laminae. Strong, sustained nociceptive signaling can modify the structure and function of the dors ...
... spinal cord and synapse onto central neurons in the dorsal horn, a major center of nociceptive processing and plasticity. The neurons involved in nociception are largely concentrated in the superficial laminae. Strong, sustained nociceptive signaling can modify the structure and function of the dors ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... axis, and travel as far as 375 pm laterally in lamina 2/3A. Within lamina 48 there is a heavy band of efferent axons that stretches laterally from the injection site. This band, which reaches for 3 to 4 mm, is punctuated by periodic accumulations of denser terminal fibers that appear at 375- to 400. ...
... axis, and travel as far as 375 pm laterally in lamina 2/3A. Within lamina 48 there is a heavy band of efferent axons that stretches laterally from the injection site. This band, which reaches for 3 to 4 mm, is punctuated by periodic accumulations of denser terminal fibers that appear at 375- to 400. ...
CHEMICAL SIGNALS AND VOMERONASAL SYSTEM FUNCTION
... cloaca as the pair moves in a circle. After several minutes of waltzing, the male moves away from the female, which follows closely behind, often touching his tail with her snout. During this stage of courtship, the male slowly shakes the posterior parts of the body and tail from side to side with a ...
... cloaca as the pair moves in a circle. After several minutes of waltzing, the male moves away from the female, which follows closely behind, often touching his tail with her snout. During this stage of courtship, the male slowly shakes the posterior parts of the body and tail from side to side with a ...
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates
... of the number of axons that innervate each cell (Hooks and Chen, 2006). As an initial analysis, we first classified the cells based on their overall response properties using the criteria defined by Hooks and Chen (2006). Cells with one or two large distinct inputs were classified as refined, those ...
... of the number of axons that innervate each cell (Hooks and Chen, 2006). As an initial analysis, we first classified the cells based on their overall response properties using the criteria defined by Hooks and Chen (2006). Cells with one or two large distinct inputs were classified as refined, those ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... quantified as relative variance, which is 1 at p = 0.5 and is 0 at p = 0 and at p = 1. When analyzing ...
... quantified as relative variance, which is 1 at p = 0.5 and is 0 at p = 0 and at p = 1. When analyzing ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... Prefrontal Cortex in the Rhesus Monkey N.L. REMPEL-CLOWER* AND H. BARBAS Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 ...
... Prefrontal Cortex in the Rhesus Monkey N.L. REMPEL-CLOWER* AND H. BARBAS Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 ...
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... et al., 1983; Groenewegenand Russchen,1984; Heimer at al., 1991). Clarification of neural mechanismsof the execution of cocaine self-administration behavior (and other goal-directed behaviors) will require study of neural activity in all of these connected regions. In accordancewith this anatomical ...
... et al., 1983; Groenewegenand Russchen,1984; Heimer at al., 1991). Clarification of neural mechanismsof the execution of cocaine self-administration behavior (and other goal-directed behaviors) will require study of neural activity in all of these connected regions. In accordancewith this anatomical ...
The Relation between Dendritic Geometry
... the number of primary dendrites could account for up to 50% of this correlation. Fourthly, dendritic arborization was not correlated with axonal projection, and axonal projection types could not be predicted by electrical excitability parameters. We conclude that 1) dendritic polarity is correlated ...
... the number of primary dendrites could account for up to 50% of this correlation. Fourthly, dendritic arborization was not correlated with axonal projection, and axonal projection types could not be predicted by electrical excitability parameters. We conclude that 1) dendritic polarity is correlated ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
Spatial distribution and characterization of non
... by undergoing multiple and fast rounds of division. The non-apical progenitor populations have been widely studied in the mammalian brain, and there is some evidence that their number and subtype could explain differences in brain size and morphology that is observed between species. In mammals, the ...
... by undergoing multiple and fast rounds of division. The non-apical progenitor populations have been widely studied in the mammalian brain, and there is some evidence that their number and subtype could explain differences in brain size and morphology that is observed between species. In mammals, the ...
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:
... species, extending from pigeons to humans, value judgments are subject to time-discounting. A reward of a given size is perceived as having greater or lesser value according to whether delivery is anticipated after a shorter or longer delay (Cardinal et al. 2001; Evenden and Ryan 1996; Herrnstein 1 ...
... species, extending from pigeons to humans, value judgments are subject to time-discounting. A reward of a given size is perceived as having greater or lesser value according to whether delivery is anticipated after a shorter or longer delay (Cardinal et al. 2001; Evenden and Ryan 1996; Herrnstein 1 ...
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Aplysia californica and Molecular
... Mg2+, which blocks the channel constitutively in a voltage-dependent manner (Mayer, et al. 1984). The cation must be excluded by depolarization for Ca2+ to enter the channel. They are also modulated by other small molecules or ions, such as H+ and Zn2+, which are endogenously present in the CNS and ...
... Mg2+, which blocks the channel constitutively in a voltage-dependent manner (Mayer, et al. 1984). The cation must be excluded by depolarization for Ca2+ to enter the channel. They are also modulated by other small molecules or ions, such as H+ and Zn2+, which are endogenously present in the CNS and ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
... We report on a novel mouse in vitro brain slice preparation that contains intact callosal axons connecting anterior cingulate cortices (ACC). Callosal connections are demonstrated by the ability to regularly record epileptiform events between hemispheres (bilateral events). That the correlation of t ...
... We report on a novel mouse in vitro brain slice preparation that contains intact callosal axons connecting anterior cingulate cortices (ACC). Callosal connections are demonstrated by the ability to regularly record epileptiform events between hemispheres (bilateral events). That the correlation of t ...
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of
... been shown to be coexpressed with a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which is derived from pro-opiomelanocortin in neurons in the ARC,36 with orexin-1 receptor immunoreactivity also being observed in a few GALP-positive neurons.38 We have previously reported that 3–12% of GALP-positive cells contain ...
... been shown to be coexpressed with a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which is derived from pro-opiomelanocortin in neurons in the ARC,36 with orexin-1 receptor immunoreactivity also being observed in a few GALP-positive neurons.38 We have previously reported that 3–12% of GALP-positive cells contain ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Despite dedicated investigations for well over a century (Haldane & Priestley, 1905), the central respiratory chemoreflex has revealed its secrets grudgingly. We know at present that this reflex is modulated by countless brain pathways and transmitters (Nattie, 2011). However, far less is known rega ...
... Despite dedicated investigations for well over a century (Haldane & Priestley, 1905), the central respiratory chemoreflex has revealed its secrets grudgingly. We know at present that this reflex is modulated by countless brain pathways and transmitters (Nattie, 2011). However, far less is known rega ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large repertoire of motor sequences, coordinate limbs and body orientation in an ever-changing environment while adapting to a myriad of sensory cues remains a central question in t ...
... supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large repertoire of motor sequences, coordinate limbs and body orientation in an ever-changing environment while adapting to a myriad of sensory cues remains a central question in t ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
... To objectively quantif y the spatial distribution of FLI neurons within each coronal section, we parceled the traced gNST in each section into six “subfields” based on its dimensions (Fig. 1a). The gNST was first divided into three equal segments by drawing two lines perpendicular to the long axis o ...
... To objectively quantif y the spatial distribution of FLI neurons within each coronal section, we parceled the traced gNST in each section into six “subfields” based on its dimensions (Fig. 1a). The gNST was first divided into three equal segments by drawing two lines perpendicular to the long axis o ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... nearly every area of the brain. In this section, we review the location of the cell bodies both of the superior (ascending) and inferior (descending) groups of serotonergic neurons. The afferents to these cells are described both anatomically and neurochemically. Associations between serotonergic ne ...
... nearly every area of the brain. In this section, we review the location of the cell bodies both of the superior (ascending) and inferior (descending) groups of serotonergic neurons. The afferents to these cells are described both anatomically and neurochemically. Associations between serotonergic ne ...