Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... distances between markers placed on the external body wall in successive frames of a movie or video. A variety of semi-intact preparations (example in middle panel) have provided intracellular and extracellular recordings during each of the behaviors, thereby revealing the underlying motor neuronal ...
... distances between markers placed on the external body wall in successive frames of a movie or video. A variety of semi-intact preparations (example in middle panel) have provided intracellular and extracellular recordings during each of the behaviors, thereby revealing the underlying motor neuronal ...
... amygdala, delineated with the striatal-related markers dopamine, adenosine 3 0 :5 0 -monophosphate regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32 kDa, and the related phosphoprotein Inhibitor-1. These basal forebrain systems project to autonomic nuclei in the hypothalamus and brainstem. We interpret these result ...
Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of
... (standard cubic centimeters per minute) flow rate and 15 mTorr and 100 W (rf) at 13.6 Mhz to give an etch rate of approximately 50 nm/minute. After removal of the remaining resist/chrome using acetone/chrome etch the substrates were blanket etched in CHF3 for 30 seconds using the parameters outlined ...
... (standard cubic centimeters per minute) flow rate and 15 mTorr and 100 W (rf) at 13.6 Mhz to give an etch rate of approximately 50 nm/minute. After removal of the remaining resist/chrome using acetone/chrome etch the substrates were blanket etched in CHF3 for 30 seconds using the parameters outlined ...
Respiratory Basics
... volume through the nose. For those who are receiving supplemental oxygen via nasal prongs, note that the oxygen delivered to the patient may be substantially less if the person is mouth breathing. A simple face mask may be a more suitable method if hypoxia is likely. ...
... volume through the nose. For those who are receiving supplemental oxygen via nasal prongs, note that the oxygen delivered to the patient may be substantially less if the person is mouth breathing. A simple face mask may be a more suitable method if hypoxia is likely. ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... predominates that is consistent with the polarity phenotype seen by other investigators. However, a high degree of inhibition of GSK-3 activity achieved by high concentrations of 6-bromoindirubin-30 -acetoxime as well as a specific peptide inhibitor blocked axon growth from DRG and hippocampal neuro ...
... predominates that is consistent with the polarity phenotype seen by other investigators. However, a high degree of inhibition of GSK-3 activity achieved by high concentrations of 6-bromoindirubin-30 -acetoxime as well as a specific peptide inhibitor blocked axon growth from DRG and hippocampal neuro ...
The Mammalian Diving Response: An Enigmatic Reflex to Preserve
... The mammalian diving response is an amalgam of three independent reflexes inducing physiological changes that counter normal homeostatic control. This remarkable behavior is called the diving response (DR) since it was first studied in pelagic pinnepeds (106, 108, 215), but all aquatic mammals, incl ...
... The mammalian diving response is an amalgam of three independent reflexes inducing physiological changes that counter normal homeostatic control. This remarkable behavior is called the diving response (DR) since it was first studied in pelagic pinnepeds (106, 108, 215), but all aquatic mammals, incl ...
Disorders of Acid
... excess H+ ions in the blood mainly act directly on the respiratory center in the brain to control ventilation. Although H+ ions do not easily cross the blood–brain barrier, CO2 crosses with ease and in the process reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into H+ and HCO3− ions. It ...
... excess H+ ions in the blood mainly act directly on the respiratory center in the brain to control ventilation. Although H+ ions do not easily cross the blood–brain barrier, CO2 crosses with ease and in the process reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into H+ and HCO3− ions. It ...
Vagal Ischemia Induced Lung Immune Component Infarct Following
... irreversible axonal injury of the vagal nerve in late stage SAH (4,5). The Hering-Breuer reflex may also be abolished during acutely developed cerebral ischemia that could be restored by recovery of ischemic cerebral processes (7). Bilateral vagal nerve stimulation causes bronchoconstriction (24) th ...
... irreversible axonal injury of the vagal nerve in late stage SAH (4,5). The Hering-Breuer reflex may also be abolished during acutely developed cerebral ischemia that could be restored by recovery of ischemic cerebral processes (7). Bilateral vagal nerve stimulation causes bronchoconstriction (24) th ...
Neural correlates of stimulus–response and response–outcome
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synaptic plasticity: that is, the implicit supposition that synapses, when not driven to change thei ...
... Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synaptic plasticity: that is, the implicit supposition that synapses, when not driven to change thei ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
2015 Cosyne Program
... Correlative and causal evidence that attention improves communication between cortical areas D. Ruff, M. Cohen, University of Pittsburgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ...
... Correlative and causal evidence that attention improves communication between cortical areas D. Ruff, M. Cohen, University of Pittsburgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ...
Full Text - Harvard University
... Opposite to Hull, Skinner approached the study of motivation entirely based on empirical observations. One of Skinner’s key contributions was that response rates and motivation levels of animals can be controlled by schedules of reinforcement imposed by the experimenter. Specifically, he observed th ...
... Opposite to Hull, Skinner approached the study of motivation entirely based on empirical observations. One of Skinner’s key contributions was that response rates and motivation levels of animals can be controlled by schedules of reinforcement imposed by the experimenter. Specifically, he observed th ...
- Northumbria Research Link
... not viable for all neurons in the brain to reduce their activity during hypoxia and there are populations of neurons located within the caudal hypothalamus and rostral ventrolateral medulla which are directly excited by hypoxia. Such neurons, during both in-vitro and in-vivo investigations, have bee ...
... not viable for all neurons in the brain to reduce their activity during hypoxia and there are populations of neurons located within the caudal hypothalamus and rostral ventrolateral medulla which are directly excited by hypoxia. Such neurons, during both in-vitro and in-vivo investigations, have bee ...
α-Synuclein and dopamine at the crossroads of Parkinson`s disease
... not conducted in the dopaminergic midbrain neurons relevant to PD, these studies have informed on the role of α-synuclein in vesicle trafficking at neuronal synapses more generally (Figure 3). Mice lacking α-synuclein show an impairment in hippocampal synaptic responses to prolonged stimulation that ...
... not conducted in the dopaminergic midbrain neurons relevant to PD, these studies have informed on the role of α-synuclein in vesicle trafficking at neuronal synapses more generally (Figure 3). Mice lacking α-synuclein show an impairment in hippocampal synaptic responses to prolonged stimulation that ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... were counted by outlining the area of interest (e.g., one nucleus) by moving the X and Y axes of the stage of the microscope. The number of labeled neurons within the enclosed area was calculated by an algorithm written for this purpose. Because many hypothalamic nuclei are small, it was necessary t ...
... were counted by outlining the area of interest (e.g., one nucleus) by moving the X and Y axes of the stage of the microscope. The number of labeled neurons within the enclosed area was calculated by an algorithm written for this purpose. Because many hypothalamic nuclei are small, it was necessary t ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reward in Insects - Chittka Lab
... Considering rewards as the strengthening of stimulus–response associations was simple and appealing, but it did not explain how rewarded behavior was strengthened. Hull (31) proposed drive reduction theory to explain motivational systems underlying reward. This essentially stated that an organism ha ...
... Considering rewards as the strengthening of stimulus–response associations was simple and appealing, but it did not explain how rewarded behavior was strengthened. Hull (31) proposed drive reduction theory to explain motivational systems underlying reward. This essentially stated that an organism ha ...
Anandamide as an intracellular messenger regulating ion channel
... to directly inhibit Shaker-related voltage sensitive K+ -channels at low micromolar concentrations [41]. Although the effect was shared by THC and other polyunsaturated Nacylethanolamines, it was insensitive towards blockade by SR141716A. This suggests that the modulation of the K+ -channel was inde ...
... to directly inhibit Shaker-related voltage sensitive K+ -channels at low micromolar concentrations [41]. Although the effect was shared by THC and other polyunsaturated Nacylethanolamines, it was insensitive towards blockade by SR141716A. This suggests that the modulation of the K+ -channel was inde ...
BMC Neuroscience
... The primate cerebral cortex constitutes a vast communication network of ipsilateral and contralateral corticocortical connections. Although fewer in number, contralateral projection neurons, which course through the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure, have elaborate dendritic trees [1], and ...
... The primate cerebral cortex constitutes a vast communication network of ipsilateral and contralateral corticocortical connections. Although fewer in number, contralateral projection neurons, which course through the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure, have elaborate dendritic trees [1], and ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.