Week 3 – Day 1
... OBJ 4 The mass of a rusty bicycle is found to be slightly greater than the mass of the same bicycle before it rusted. The change in mass indicates that the rusting process — A) is a physical change B) involves an energy-to-matter conversion C) decreases the density of the metal D) involves metal bo ...
... OBJ 4 The mass of a rusty bicycle is found to be slightly greater than the mass of the same bicycle before it rusted. The change in mass indicates that the rusting process — A) is a physical change B) involves an energy-to-matter conversion C) decreases the density of the metal D) involves metal bo ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
... events are integrated to generate more global neural signals that trigger action potentials that initiate from the axon hillock. These action potentials then spread in two directions. They can flow in the forward direction down the axons to the synaptic endings. In addition, they can also flow backw ...
... events are integrated to generate more global neural signals that trigger action potentials that initiate from the axon hillock. These action potentials then spread in two directions. They can flow in the forward direction down the axons to the synaptic endings. In addition, they can also flow backw ...
GnRH Protein Levels in Atrazine-Treated Axolotls
... assumed to be safe until proven otherwise. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which chemicals such as atrazine act as endocrine disruptors, so that newly developed chemicals may be designed to minimize endocrine disruption. GnRH is an important target to examine as a possible site of en ...
... assumed to be safe until proven otherwise. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which chemicals such as atrazine act as endocrine disruptors, so that newly developed chemicals may be designed to minimize endocrine disruption. GnRH is an important target to examine as a possible site of en ...
Program
and
Abstracts
from
the
Fifth
Annual
Canadian
Neuroscience
Meeting
May
29
–
June
1
2011
Quebec
City
Convention
Center
... Abstract: "Glycine and GABA are depolarizing during early development but the purpose is unclear. Altering depolarizing glycine signaling from the beginning of development in zebrafish embryos by over‐expressing the potassium‐chloride co‐transporter type‐2 (KCC2) to reverse the chloride gradient ...
... Abstract: "Glycine and GABA are depolarizing during early development but the purpose is unclear. Altering depolarizing glycine signaling from the beginning of development in zebrafish embryos by over‐expressing the potassium‐chloride co‐transporter type‐2 (KCC2) to reverse the chloride gradient ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reflex Reversal in Coxo
... of the fifth thoracic ganglion of the crayfish was used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the reflex reversal in a sensory-motor pathway. Sensory afferent neurons from the coxo-basipodite chordotonal organ (CBCO), which senses vertical movements of the limb, connect monosynaptically with basa ...
... of the fifth thoracic ganglion of the crayfish was used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the reflex reversal in a sensory-motor pathway. Sensory afferent neurons from the coxo-basipodite chordotonal organ (CBCO), which senses vertical movements of the limb, connect monosynaptically with basa ...
The architectural balance of the Ventral Nerve Cord depends
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Dec. 8, 2016; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/092486. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Dec. 8, 2016; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/092486. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
... 200 mM bicuculline to evoke epileptiform activity and 10 mM sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), a fluorescent marker of neocortical astrocytes, to visualize the spread of the injection. Control injections contained ACSF alone. Solution was injected with a constant pressure of 1.7–2.2 psi ACC at a depth of r ...
... 200 mM bicuculline to evoke epileptiform activity and 10 mM sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), a fluorescent marker of neocortical astrocytes, to visualize the spread of the injection. Control injections contained ACSF alone. Solution was injected with a constant pressure of 1.7–2.2 psi ACC at a depth of r ...
Calcium Regulation of Dendritic Growth via CaM Kinase IV and
... dendritic growth, synaptic currents are principally mediated by NMDA receptors, and pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors markedly reduces dendritic growth rates (Rajan and Cline, 1998). While these observations indicate that afferent activity plays a critical role in regulating dendritic growt ...
... dendritic growth, synaptic currents are principally mediated by NMDA receptors, and pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors markedly reduces dendritic growth rates (Rajan and Cline, 1998). While these observations indicate that afferent activity plays a critical role in regulating dendritic growt ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... Olmos, 1990). Disruption of these pathways seriously a¡ects emotional expression, as exempli¢ed by the inability of patients with orbitofrontal lesions to respond autonomically in emotional situations (Damasio et al., 1990; for review see Kling and Steklis, 1976). Even though such patients have inta ...
... Olmos, 1990). Disruption of these pathways seriously a¡ects emotional expression, as exempli¢ed by the inability of patients with orbitofrontal lesions to respond autonomically in emotional situations (Damasio et al., 1990; for review see Kling and Steklis, 1976). Even though such patients have inta ...
Vol 431 No 7010 pp723-882
... such discriminatory capacities and can rank numerous dimensions in their world along axes that extend from good to bad. A kind of facile biological wisdom is built into these simple observations and we should expect valuation mechanisms to be built into our nervous systems at every level, from the s ...
... such discriminatory capacities and can rank numerous dimensions in their world along axes that extend from good to bad. A kind of facile biological wisdom is built into these simple observations and we should expect valuation mechanisms to be built into our nervous systems at every level, from the s ...
Dynamic Computation of Incentive Salience: “Wanting” What Was
... sessions in which they learned discriminative associations between three distinct auditory cues (Fig. 1). Two 5 s cues predicted oral infusions that began at their offset. A third cue (CS⫺) predicted nothing. The sucrose or salt taste infusion (0.1 ml per infusion at 0.02 ml/s) lasted for 5 s. The “ ...
... sessions in which they learned discriminative associations between three distinct auditory cues (Fig. 1). Two 5 s cues predicted oral infusions that began at their offset. A third cue (CS⫺) predicted nothing. The sucrose or salt taste infusion (0.1 ml per infusion at 0.02 ml/s) lasted for 5 s. The “ ...
Estradiol, Substance P, and the PI3K-Akt
... Glutamate is the primary signaling molecule in this system, but there are many others involved. Substance P is a tachykinin neuropeptide that acts as both an inflammatory mediator in the periphery and a signaling molecule at the dorsal horn. It contributes to the development of hyperalgesia and cent ...
... Glutamate is the primary signaling molecule in this system, but there are many others involved. Substance P is a tachykinin neuropeptide that acts as both an inflammatory mediator in the periphery and a signaling molecule at the dorsal horn. It contributes to the development of hyperalgesia and cent ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... from the principal trigeminal nucleus through the lemniscal pathway (for review Diamond, 1995). Lemniscal terminals form glutamatergic synaptic contacts with the soma and proximal dendrites of VPM neurons (Spacek and Lieberman, 1974; Williams et al., 1994b). Thus, corticothalamic synapses contact di ...
... from the principal trigeminal nucleus through the lemniscal pathway (for review Diamond, 1995). Lemniscal terminals form glutamatergic synaptic contacts with the soma and proximal dendrites of VPM neurons (Spacek and Lieberman, 1974; Williams et al., 1994b). Thus, corticothalamic synapses contact di ...
Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar
... however, with the largest injection occurring in Case 97-53, where the superficial layers were densely labelled throughout all but the most rostral fringe of the superior colliculus (Fig. 2A). In addition, the deep layers of the superior colliculus and part of the inferior colliculus were labelled i ...
... however, with the largest injection occurring in Case 97-53, where the superficial layers were densely labelled throughout all but the most rostral fringe of the superior colliculus (Fig. 2A). In addition, the deep layers of the superior colliculus and part of the inferior colliculus were labelled i ...
Prelimbic to Accumbens Core Pathway Is Recruited in a Dopamine
... (McFarland et al., 2003; McLaughlin and See, 2003; Sun and Rebec, 2003; Stefanik and Kalivas, 2013; Stefanik et al., 2013); however, recent evidence indicates that only subpopulations of neurons within brain structures drive drug-seeking behaviors (Bossert et al., 2011; Cruz et al., 2013, 2014; Moor ...
... (McFarland et al., 2003; McLaughlin and See, 2003; Sun and Rebec, 2003; Stefanik and Kalivas, 2013; Stefanik et al., 2013); however, recent evidence indicates that only subpopulations of neurons within brain structures drive drug-seeking behaviors (Bossert et al., 2011; Cruz et al., 2013, 2014; Moor ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... timed presynaptic Ca2+ current results in a large, fast postsynaptic response (Llinas et al., 1981; Sabatini and Regehr, 1996), whereas the slower asynchronous component, resulting from residual Ca2+ remaining in the terminal after an action potential, provides a basal or tonic level of neurotransmi ...
... timed presynaptic Ca2+ current results in a large, fast postsynaptic response (Llinas et al., 1981; Sabatini and Regehr, 1996), whereas the slower asynchronous component, resulting from residual Ca2+ remaining in the terminal after an action potential, provides a basal or tonic level of neurotransmi ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... The action potential is considered one of the major signalling events in the brain and malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of actio ...
... The action potential is considered one of the major signalling events in the brain and malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of actio ...
melanogaster
... the ight-induced visual boost. This work provides the rst evidence that endogenous release of octopamine is involved in state-dependent modulation of visual interneurons in ies. Further, I investigated the role of a single pair of octopamine neurons that project to the optic lobes, and found no e ...
... the ight-induced visual boost. This work provides the rst evidence that endogenous release of octopamine is involved in state-dependent modulation of visual interneurons in ies. Further, I investigated the role of a single pair of octopamine neurons that project to the optic lobes, and found no e ...
Novelty exploration training tasks - Repositório da Universidade de
... therapeutic interventions. However, until the moment, the precise mechanisms responsible for the sympathetic activation in essential hypertension remain to be elucidated, since they are complex and multifactorial. ...
... therapeutic interventions. However, until the moment, the precise mechanisms responsible for the sympathetic activation in essential hypertension remain to be elucidated, since they are complex and multifactorial. ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.