organic matter flow in stream food webs with reduced detrital
... may not need to be quantified, because most of the energy flow is through a few links (Kenny and Loehle 1991). In this study we explicitly identify the degree to which we have assessed both flow of organic matter and total links in the food web, and we separate macroinvertebrate consumption of detri ...
... may not need to be quantified, because most of the energy flow is through a few links (Kenny and Loehle 1991). In this study we explicitly identify the degree to which we have assessed both flow of organic matter and total links in the food web, and we separate macroinvertebrate consumption of detri ...
The role of mixotrophic protists in the biological carbon pump
... configured using the model of Flynn (2001). The bacterial assemblage consuming inorganic forms of N and P, and labile and semi-labile dissolved organics was as described by Flynn (2005). Labile DOM was considered to have been generated directly as a function of C fixation (i.e. low-molecularweight p ...
... configured using the model of Flynn (2001). The bacterial assemblage consuming inorganic forms of N and P, and labile and semi-labile dissolved organics was as described by Flynn (2005). Labile DOM was considered to have been generated directly as a function of C fixation (i.e. low-molecularweight p ...
Chapter 7
... the former attacking cattle and donkeys, and the latter killing goats, whereas leopard predation was relatively rare. Hyenas were also identified as predominant predators of goat and sheep (Bauer et al., 2010; Abay et al., 2011; Sogbohossou et al., 2011). In our study, jackals and hyenas were predom ...
... the former attacking cattle and donkeys, and the latter killing goats, whereas leopard predation was relatively rare. Hyenas were also identified as predominant predators of goat and sheep (Bauer et al., 2010; Abay et al., 2011; Sogbohossou et al., 2011). In our study, jackals and hyenas were predom ...
Pest Control: Rodents
... Rattus argentiventer in Southeast Asia, the multimammate rats (Mastomys natalensis) in Africa, Mus musculus in Australia and Hawaii, the jirds, Meriones hurrianae and Meriones shawi, in South Asia and North Africa, the Microtines (voles and lemmings) in Eurasia and North America, and cotton rats (Si ...
... Rattus argentiventer in Southeast Asia, the multimammate rats (Mastomys natalensis) in Africa, Mus musculus in Australia and Hawaii, the jirds, Meriones hurrianae and Meriones shawi, in South Asia and North Africa, the Microtines (voles and lemmings) in Eurasia and North America, and cotton rats (Si ...
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... North America due in part to the potential these crops have to deliver a number of ecosystem services (Volk et al., 2006; Tyndall et al., 2011; Amichev et al., 2012). Most research on the ecological impact of willow SRC has focused on studies of biodiversity (species richness, diversity and abundanc ...
... North America due in part to the potential these crops have to deliver a number of ecosystem services (Volk et al., 2006; Tyndall et al., 2011; Amichev et al., 2012). Most research on the ecological impact of willow SRC has focused on studies of biodiversity (species richness, diversity and abundanc ...
The role of mixotrophic protists in the biological
... configured using the model of Flynn (2001). The bacterial assemblage consuming inorganic forms of N and P, and labile and semi-labile dissolved organics was as described by Flynn (2005). Labile DOM was considered to have been generated directly as a function of C fixation (i.e. low-molecularweight p ...
... configured using the model of Flynn (2001). The bacterial assemblage consuming inorganic forms of N and P, and labile and semi-labile dissolved organics was as described by Flynn (2005). Labile DOM was considered to have been generated directly as a function of C fixation (i.e. low-molecularweight p ...
Productivity and carbon transfer in pelagic food webs
... temperatures may reduce BP:PPr and hence the amount of energy mobilised through the microbial food web on a global scale. In papers II and III interaction effects were found between C-additions and top-down predation by young-of-the-year (YOY) perch. Selective predation by fish on copepods influence ...
... temperatures may reduce BP:PPr and hence the amount of energy mobilised through the microbial food web on a global scale. In papers II and III interaction effects were found between C-additions and top-down predation by young-of-the-year (YOY) perch. Selective predation by fish on copepods influence ...
Organic Regulation Toolkit for Governments
... Farm Unit: The total area of land under control of one farmer or a collective of farmers, including all the farming activities or enterprises. Genetic Diversity: The variability among living organisms from agricultural, forest and aquatic ecosystems; this includes diversity within species and betwee ...
... Farm Unit: The total area of land under control of one farmer or a collective of farmers, including all the farming activities or enterprises. Genetic Diversity: The variability among living organisms from agricultural, forest and aquatic ecosystems; this includes diversity within species and betwee ...
Managing weeds in vegetables organically R
... weed-infested fields should be set aside or planted as fields with non-row crops such as alfalfa or perennial cover crops. This long term coverage should help prevent further buildup of weeds. Crop rotation. Crop rotation is probably the most important IWM tool and should be the cornerstone of any w ...
... weed-infested fields should be set aside or planted as fields with non-row crops such as alfalfa or perennial cover crops. This long term coverage should help prevent further buildup of weeds. Crop rotation. Crop rotation is probably the most important IWM tool and should be the cornerstone of any w ...
Co-existence of wildlife and pastoralism on extensive rangelands
... housing development, mineral extraction) from expanding into the so-called marginal lands. Low land use pressure under pastoralism has allowed higher densities and diversities of wildlife, enabled to share the same areas as people and their livestock, as compared to other major land uses such as cro ...
... housing development, mineral extraction) from expanding into the so-called marginal lands. Low land use pressure under pastoralism has allowed higher densities and diversities of wildlife, enabled to share the same areas as people and their livestock, as compared to other major land uses such as cro ...
long-term prospects for certified organic aquaculture products
... fishery resources and long-term sustainability of current aquatic food production systems. However, these estimates could change dramatically if developing countries were to embrace certified organic aquaculture production methods in earnest; to date certified organic aquaculture production having b ...
... fishery resources and long-term sustainability of current aquatic food production systems. However, these estimates could change dramatically if developing countries were to embrace certified organic aquaculture production methods in earnest; to date certified organic aquaculture production having b ...
The contributions of livestock species and breeds to
... preferences. High-output animals – intensively bred to supply uniform products under controlled management conditions – exist alongside multipurpose breeds kept by small-scale farmers and herders, mainly in low external input production systems. ...
... preferences. High-output animals – intensively bred to supply uniform products under controlled management conditions – exist alongside multipurpose breeds kept by small-scale farmers and herders, mainly in low external input production systems. ...
PCP 506: WEED SCIENCE AND WEED CONTROL
... ParasitismIt is a relationship between organisms in which one lives as a parasite in or on another organism. Parasitic weeds are plants that grow on living tissues of other plants and derive part or all of their food, water and mineral needs from the plant they grow on (host plants) Hemi parasite (S ...
... ParasitismIt is a relationship between organisms in which one lives as a parasite in or on another organism. Parasitic weeds are plants that grow on living tissues of other plants and derive part or all of their food, water and mineral needs from the plant they grow on (host plants) Hemi parasite (S ...
Texting As A Discursive Approach For The Production Of Agricultural
... SMS/text messages during its launch in 2006, the Farmers’ Text Center has subsequently attended to more than 100,000 SMS queries (Pascua et al. 2010). Based on the information in the phonebook list of Farmers’ Text Center software, the Centre clients predominantly come from the major ricegrowing are ...
... SMS/text messages during its launch in 2006, the Farmers’ Text Center has subsequently attended to more than 100,000 SMS queries (Pascua et al. 2010). Based on the information in the phonebook list of Farmers’ Text Center software, the Centre clients predominantly come from the major ricegrowing are ...
Ecological Best-Practice Livestock Production Guidelines for the
... gasses associated with climate change are not directly considered. Although more broadly applicable, these guidelines were developed with specific reference to the Namakwa District Municipality. Activities associated with livestock production but which do not have direct biodiversity implications su ...
... gasses associated with climate change are not directly considered. Although more broadly applicable, these guidelines were developed with specific reference to the Namakwa District Municipality. Activities associated with livestock production but which do not have direct biodiversity implications su ...
4 . crop production
... Immunity, resilience and regeneration are key characteristics of health. The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health of ecosystems and organisms from the smallest in the soil to human beings. In particular, organ ...
... Immunity, resilience and regeneration are key characteristics of health. The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health of ecosystems and organisms from the smallest in the soil to human beings. In particular, organ ...
1.1 Scope of the TanCert Organic Standard
... Genetic engineering is a set of technical from of molecular biology, such as recombinant DNA by which the genetic material of plants, animals, microorganisms, cells and other biological units are altered in ways or with results that could not be obtained by methods of natural mating and reproductio ...
... Genetic engineering is a set of technical from of molecular biology, such as recombinant DNA by which the genetic material of plants, animals, microorganisms, cells and other biological units are altered in ways or with results that could not be obtained by methods of natural mating and reproductio ...
cleaned
... Immunity, resilience and regeneration are key characteristics of health. The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health of ecosystems and organisms from the smallest in the soil to human beings. In particular, organ ...
... Immunity, resilience and regeneration are key characteristics of health. The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health of ecosystems and organisms from the smallest in the soil to human beings. In particular, organ ...
Desertification and livestock grazing: The roles of sedentarization
... have not been progressive but rather oscillatory. Indeed, it is speculated that the periods of increased aridity have led to the emergence and increased prevalence of nomadic pastoralism and not the inverse, nor a global increase in desertification due to pastoralism (Khazanov 1994). This is because ...
... have not been progressive but rather oscillatory. Indeed, it is speculated that the periods of increased aridity have led to the emergence and increased prevalence of nomadic pastoralism and not the inverse, nor a global increase in desertification due to pastoralism (Khazanov 1994). This is because ...
Structured Demand and Smallholder Farmers in Brazil: the
... urban-based industrialisation has left many rural areas and populations in the developing world out of the development process (Ellis and Biggs, 2001). Moreover, past government interventions to increase agricultural output have favoured resource-rich and capital-intensive larger producers and/or la ...
... urban-based industrialisation has left many rural areas and populations in the developing world out of the development process (Ellis and Biggs, 2001). Moreover, past government interventions to increase agricultural output have favoured resource-rich and capital-intensive larger producers and/or la ...
Final Report - The Rufford Foundation
... On the other hand, the High-altitude Troop spent more time feeding on unripe fruits (32.65%). This difference is possibly due to the different observation periods of these sites. The Village Troop was mainly observed in winter when fruits were not abundant and this may have led them to feed more on ...
... On the other hand, the High-altitude Troop spent more time feeding on unripe fruits (32.65%). This difference is possibly due to the different observation periods of these sites. The Village Troop was mainly observed in winter when fruits were not abundant and this may have led them to feed more on ...
Review article Annual intercrops: an alternative pathway for
... that can be used for intercropping such as annuals, e.g. cereals and legumes, perennials, including shrubs and trees, or a mixture of the two (annuals and perennials). In the case of shrubs and trees the term mostly used is agroforestry. The objective of this paper was to provide an overall view and ...
... that can be used for intercropping such as annuals, e.g. cereals and legumes, perennials, including shrubs and trees, or a mixture of the two (annuals and perennials). In the case of shrubs and trees the term mostly used is agroforestry. The objective of this paper was to provide an overall view and ...
17 Ecological Approaches to Crop Domestication
... domestication are primarily based on studies of seed-propagated crops belonging to only two plant families, Poaceae and Fabaceae, in which domestication has been characterized by widespread parallel evolution of similar traits, the classical features of the “domestication syndrome” such as the loss ...
... domestication are primarily based on studies of seed-propagated crops belonging to only two plant families, Poaceae and Fabaceae, in which domestication has been characterized by widespread parallel evolution of similar traits, the classical features of the “domestication syndrome” such as the loss ...
Tillage, Crop Rotation, and Cultural Practice Effects on Dryland Soil
... to CT [11,12]. Continuous cropping of diversified crops in the rotation can efficiently utilize water and nutrients and sustain yields compared to monocropping in water-limited dryland farming systems [13,14]. One such crop is pea, which uses less soil water than spring wheat and barley, thereby res ...
... to CT [11,12]. Continuous cropping of diversified crops in the rotation can efficiently utilize water and nutrients and sustain yields compared to monocropping in water-limited dryland farming systems [13,14]. One such crop is pea, which uses less soil water than spring wheat and barley, thereby res ...
CS 414 - Weed Science
... Certain weed control practices create conditions favorable for other pests; example is cultivating peanuts, enhancing soil-borne diseases. ...
... Certain weed control practices create conditions favorable for other pests; example is cultivating peanuts, enhancing soil-borne diseases. ...
Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniques to expand and maintain the lands that are suitable for raising domesticated species. For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dryland farming. Livestock are raised in a combination of grassland-based and landless systems, in an industry that covers almost one-third of the world's ice- and water-free area. In the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming, although there is growing support for sustainable agriculture, including permaculture and organic agriculture.Until the Industrial Revolution, the vast majority of the human population labored in agriculture. Pre-industrial agriculture was typically subsistence agriculture/self-sufficiency in which farmers raised most of their crops for their own consumption instead of cash crops for trade. A remarkable shift in agricultural practices has occurred over the past century in response to new technologies and the development of world markets. This also has led to technological improvements in agricultural techniques such as the Haber-Bosch method for synthesizing ammonium nitrate which made the traditional practice of recycling nutrients with crop rotation and animal manure less important.Modern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production. Genetically modified organisms are an increasing component of agriculture, although they are banned in several countries. Agricultural food production and water management are increasingly becoming global issues that are fostering debate on a number of fronts. Significant degradation of land and water resources, including the depletion of aquifers, has been observed in recent decades, and the effects of global warming on agriculture and of agriculture on global warming are still not fully understood.The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials. Specific foods include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, oils, meats and spices. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo. Other useful materials are produced by plants, such as resins, dyes, drugs, perfumes, biofuels and ornamental products such as cut flowers and nursery plants. Over one third of the world's workers are employed in agriculture, second only to the services' sector, although the percentages of agricultural workers in developed countries has decreased significantly over the past several centuries.