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Chapter 10 Multiple-Choice Items
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death is
known as
a. maturation.
b. the perinatal period.
c. development.
d. childhood.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
2. A one-celled organism formed by the union of the sperm and egg is known as
a. zygote.
b. germinal.
c. embryo.
d. fetus.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
3. The correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development are
a. germinal, fetal, embryonic.
b. embryonic, fetal, germinal.
c. germinal, embryonic, fetal.
d. fetal, germinal, embryonic.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
4. The prenatal period refers to
a. the period from conception to implantation.
b. the nine months before birth.
c. the period of time immediately after birth.
d. the time period before conception takes place.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 89%
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
OBJ: 10.1
KEY: Factual
5. Omar’s wife conceived a baby seven days ago and does not yet know she is pregnant. His wife’s
pregnancy is currently in the
a. germinal stage.
b. embryonic stage.
c. fetal stage.
d. placental stage.
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ANS: A
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
KEY: Concept/Applied
6. The embryonic stage of prenatal development refers to
a. the formation of a zygote.
b. the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall.
c. the second through eighth weeks of prenatal development.
d. the last seven months of the pregnancy.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 69%
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
OBJ: 10.1
KEY: Factual
7. During which stage of development do the heart, spine, and brain emerge?
a. postnatal
b. placental
c. fetal
d. embryonic
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 57%
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
OBJ: 10.1
TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
8. The stage of prenatal development during which MOST miscarriages are likely to occur is the
a. zygotic stage.
b. germinal stage.
c. fetal stage.
d. embryonic stage.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 60%
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
OBJ: 10.1
KEY: Factual
9. Chelsey is pregnant and is concerned about taking an over-the-counter medication for her allergies.
She should be MOST concerned if her pregnancy is currently at the
a. placental stage.
b. germinal stage.
c. fetal stage.
d. embryonic stage.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
KEY: Concept/Applied
10. The third stage of prenatal development, which lasts from two months through birth, is referred to
as the
a. postgerminal stage.
b. embryonic stage.
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c. fetal stage.
d. postnatal stage.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 91%
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
OBJ: 10.1
KEY: Factual
11. Avery is excited by the fact that she has begun to feel her baby kicking and moving in her uterus. If
Avery can feel her baby moving, her pregnancy must be in the
a. embryonic stage.
b. germinal stage.
c. fetal stage.
d. neonatal stage.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
KEY: Concept/Applied
12. Premature babies who survive are typically born during the
a. germinal stage.
b. embryonic stage.
c. fetal stage.
d. postnatal stage.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 89%
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
OBJ: 10.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
13. The age of viability, referring to the age at which the fetus ____, is reached ____.
a. can first respond to stimulation; at about 9 weeks
b. can survive if born prematurely; between 23 and 26 weeks
c. first has a heartbeat; at about 16 weeks
d. experiences no further cell division in the brain; between 36 and 38 weeks
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 85%
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
OBJ: 10.1
KEY: Factual
14. Felicia is pregnant, and her blood pressure has become dangerously high. Her doctor wants to deliver
her baby by Cesarean section, even though Felicia is only 26 weeks pregnant. If Felicia’s baby is
delivered at this point in her pregnancy, the baby will have
a. less than a 10% chance of survival.
b. approximately a 25% chance of survival.
c. almost a 75% chance of survival.
d. virtually a 100% chance of survival.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
KEY: Concept/Applied
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15. Both Amy and Barb are pregnant. Currently, Amy’s pregnancy is in the shortest stage of prenatal
development and Barb’s is in the longest stage. Amy’s pregnancy is in the ____ stage, and Barb’s is in
the ____ stage.
a. germinal; fetal
b. embryonic; fetal
c. germinal; embryonic
d. fetal; germinal
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
KEY: Concept/Applied
16. The cell mass that develops from the fertilized egg implants itself in the uterine wall during the ____
stage of prenatal development.
a. fertilization
b. fetal
c. embryonic
d. germinal
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
17. The structure that allows both oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s
bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother’s bloodstream is the
a. uterine wall.
b. zygote.
c. placenta.
d. proximodistal organ.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
18. At the end of the ____ stage of prenatal development, the developing organism is about one inch long
and has already developed most of the vital organs and bodily structures.
a. germinal
b. embryonic
c. zygote
d. fetal
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
19. Which of the following does NOT occur during the final three months of prenatal development?
a. Respiratory and digestive systems mature.
b. Sex organs start to develop.
c. Brain cells multiply at a rapid rate.
d. A layer of fat is deposited under the skin.
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ANS: B
OBJ: 10.1
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
20. Severe maternal malnutrition increases the risk of
a. heart defects and irritability.
b. birth complications and neurological defects.
c. mental retardation.
d. delayed motor and mental development.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.2
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
21. Low birth weight has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of
a. heart disease.
b. schizophrenia.
c. mental retardation.
d. delayed motor and mental development.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.2
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
22. If a baby is born with a small head, heart defects, and retarded mental and motor development, the
mother is MOST likely to have
a. had smallpox early in her pregnancy.
b. been an alcoholic.
c. continued to work during pregnancy.
d. smoked during pregnancy.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 83%
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
OBJ: 10.2
KEY: Concept/Applied
23. The potential damage due to prenatal exposure to maternal illness is a function of
a. when the mother contracts the disease.
b. the severity of the mother’s symptoms.
c. the condition of the mother’s overall health.
d. whether the unborn child is male or female.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.2
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
24. Sandy suffered from depression while she was pregnant. It is MOST likely that her child will later
demonstrate
a. mental retardation.
b. behavioral problems.
c. antisocial personality traits.
d. schizophrenia.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 91%
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
OBJ: 10.2
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KEY: Concept/Applied
25. Joyce was severely malnourished during her pregnancy. As a result, her baby is MOST likely to have
a. malformations of the arms and legs.
b. a small head, heart defects, and irritability.
c. attention deficit disorder and die from sudden infant death syndrome.
d. complications at birth and neurological deficits.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.2
PTS: 1
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
KEY: Concept/Applied
26. Which of the following is NOT associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?
a. increased risk of miscarriage or stillbirth
b. heart defects
c. hyperactivity
d. increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.2
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
27. When Fred’s mother was pregnant with him, she lived in an area with very high levels of air pollution.
Based on research, Fred will be at increased risk for which of the following at age five?
a. lung cancer
b. heart disease
c. impaired cognitive development
d. asthma
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.2
PTS: 1
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
KEY: Concept/Applied
28. A diet rich in __________ can reduce the risk of many birth defects.
a. vitamin A
b. folic acid
c. omega 3 fatty acids
d. teratogens
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.2
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
29. Which of the following is associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?
a. increased risk of microcephaly
b. heart defects
c. conduct problems
d. decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development
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OBJ: 10.2
KEY: Factual
30. New research into the process of motor development suggests that
a. development gradually unfolds in a sequence of preprogrammed physical changes.
b. progress is attributed to infants’ experimentation and learning the consequences of their
activities.
c. motor development progresses as children gain control over their hips and legs and then
their shoulders and arms.
d. genetically programmed physical changes determine when a child crawls and walks.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.3
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
31. Developmental norms indicate
a. the mean age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.
b. the median age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.
c. the modal age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.
d. the exact age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.3
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
32. The fact that children in different cultures ____ in the age at which basic motor skills appear
demonstrates that ____.
a. vary somewhat; genetic factors can slow or accelerate early motor development
b. vary somewhat; environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development
c. do not vary; genetic factors alone determine early motor development
d. do not vary; environmental factors alone determine early motor development
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 79%
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
OBJ: 10.3
KEY: Critical Thinking
33. Maturation is
a. the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth.
b. the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to
death.
c. development that reflects experience and learning.
d. development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.3
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
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34. Cultural variations in the emergence of basic skills such as sitting and walking demonstrate that
environmental factors
a. do not affect early motor development.
b. can accelerate or slow early motor development.
c. can accelerate early motor development.
d. can slow early motor development.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.3
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
35. The close, emotional bond of affection between an infant and its caregiver is called
a. attachment.
b. dependency.
c. imprinting.
d. identification.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 85%
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
OBJ: 10.4
KEY: Factual
36. According to behavioral theory, how do children develop special attachments to their mothers?
a. The mother provides innate contact comfort to the infant.
b. The infant is biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers a protective response
from adult females.
c. The mother becomes a conditioned reinforcer because she is associated with the
reinforcing act of being fed.
d. Maternal attachment behavior is the result of reproductive fitness.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
37. How do children develop special attachments to their mothers, according to John Bowlby?
a. The mother provides innate contact comfort to the infant.
b. The infant is biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers a protective response
from adults.
c. The mother becomes a conditioned reinforcer because she is associated with the
reinforcing act of being fed.
d. Maternal attachment behavior is the result of reproductive fitness.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
38. You are in a discussion on attachment behavior, and your friend says that she believes that infants are
biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers a protective response from adults. Which
theorist is MOST likely to agree with your friend’s views?
a. Harry Harlow
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b. Mary Ainsworth
c. John Bowlby
d. Jay Belsky
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
39. Mercedes takes her one-year-old son, Justice, to visit a daycare center where she plans to enroll him.
Justice eagerly explores the playroom as long as Mercedes is present. When his mom leaves the room
to fill out some forms, Justice becomes somewhat upset, but when Mercedes returns, he quickly calms
down. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who
a. share an avoidant attachment relationship.
b. share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.
c. share a secure attachment relationship.
d. have not yet developed an attachment relationship.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
40. Kara takes her one-year-old son, Delaney, to visit a daycare center where she plans to enroll him.
Delaney appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore the playroom, even though Kara is close by.
When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, Delaney becomes extremely upset. When Kara
returns, he clings to her leg but does not calm down and continues to sob. This is the type of
interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who
a. share a secure attachment relationship.
b. share an avoidant attachment relationship.
c. have not yet developed an attachment relationship.
d. share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
41. Jasmin takes her one-year-old son, Randy, to visit a daycare center where she plans to enroll him.
Randy eagerly explores the playroom, and when his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, he
shows no signs of concern. When Jasmin returns, he shows little interest and continues to play with the
toys he has collected. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent
who
a. share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.
b. share a secure attachment relationship.
c. have not yet developed an attachment relationship.
d. share an avoidant attachment relationship.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
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42. Preschool children who had secure attachments during infancy tend to display all of the following
characteristics EXCEPT
a. greater curiosity.
b. better peer relationships.
c. higher levels of moral reasoning.
d. more self-reliance.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
43. In the middle childhood years, the children who have healthier strategies for coping with stress and
fewer problems with hostility tend to be children who
a. had several siblings close to their own age.
b. had secure attachments during infancy.
c. started full-time daycare before the age of two.
d. have no same-sexed siblings.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
44. At what age does an infant typically first exhibit separation anxiety?
a. one to two weeks
b. one to two months
c. six to eight months
d. around one year
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 56%
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
OBJ: 10.4
TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
45. Separation anxiety typically develops when infants are about ____ months old and peaks at around
____ months.
a. 2–4; 10–12
b. 6–8; 14–18
c. 9–11; 13–15
d. 12; 24
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
46. Harlow’s finding that “contact comfort” is an important factor in forming attachment is LEAST
consistent with the views expressed by
a. humanists.
b. psychoanalysts.
c. behaviorists.
d. evolutionary psychologists.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
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OBJ: 10.4
KEY: Critical Thinking
47. Harlow’s research with monkeys raised with two types of artificial mothers found that when
frightened, infant monkeys went to the artificial mother that
a. provided food.
b. did not provide food.
c. was made of cloth.
d. was made of wire.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
48. Avoidant attachments seem to be ____ common in German infants and ____ common in Japanese
infants than in American infants.
a. more; more
b. more; less
c. less; more
d. less; less
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
TOP: WWW
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Factual
49. Typically, infants with ____ attachments exhibit little, if any, distress when their mothers leave the
room.
a. especially strong
b. secure
c. anxious-ambivalent
d. avoidant
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.4
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
50. A child’s first words are generally spoken at about what age?
a. 3 to 5 months
b. 6 to 8 months
c. 10 to 13 months
d. 18 to 21 months
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 65%
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
OBJ: 10.5
KEY: Factual
51. If Beth is a typical infant, she will first show signs of understanding the meaning of familiar words at
about ____ months of age.
a. 5
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b. 8
c. 10
d. 12
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.5
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
52. After the first word is spoken,
a. vocabulary immediately grows at an extremely rapid pace.
b. further increases in vocabulary occur very slowly and steadily.
c. vocabulary growth is slow for several months and then speeds up dramatically.
d. no further vocabulary growth takes place until around 18 months.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.5
PTS: 1
TOP: WWW
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Factual
53. Jenna is 14 months old and uses only “bottle,” “no,” “up,” “bye-bye,” “mama,” and “dada” when she
talks. However, when the family is on their way to visit Jenna’s grandmother, and her father tells
Jenna to get her blue bunny from the bedroom and bring it with her, Jenna quickly runs to get the
bunny. This episode demonstrates that
a. toddlers’ receptive vocabularies are larger than their productive vocabularies.
b. toddlers’ productive vocabularies are larger than their receptive vocabularies.
c. infants have difficulty pronouncing phonemes they have never heard.
d. Jenna is able to overextend her current vocabulary.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.5
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
54. Dean ate ice cream for the first time yesterday. All day today, he has been asking for ice cream. This
would be an example of
a. metalinguistic awareness.
b. fast mapping.
c. overextension.
d. semantic slanting.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.5
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
55. Kailee has learned the word “kitty,” but she uses this word when she is referring to cats, bunnies,
squirrels, and other small furry animals. Kailee’s use of this word illustrates
a. overextension.
b. fast mapping.
c. telegraphic speech.
d. babbling.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.5
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
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56. Underextension would be evident if a three-year-old child
a. used a word too broadly.
b. used telegraphic speech to communicate complex ideas.
c. used a word too narrowly.
d. failed to utilize fast mapping.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.5
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
57. You are listening to two-year-old Annie as she says “No eat. No like.” She is trying to let you know
that she is not going to eat her broccoli because she doesn’t like it. Annie’s communication illustrates
the use of
a. underextension.
b. telegraphic speech.
c. semantic slanting.
d. overregularization.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.5
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
58. A child who says, “I sawed a cat in the yard,” is making which of the following errors?
a. overextension
b. underextension
c. overregularization
d. underregularization
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.5
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
59. The vocabulary spurt typically begins at around
a. 6 months.
b. 10 months.
c. 18 months.
d. 24 months.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.5
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
60. Which of the following is the BEST example of overregularization?
a. I eated a cookie.
b. Cookie.
c. I wanted a cookie.
d. Give cookie.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.5
PTS: 1
REF: The Wondrous Years of Early Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
61. Assumptions of stage theorists of development include all of the following EXCEPT
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a.
b.
c.
d.
individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order.
progress through the stages is strongly related to age.
progress through stages is strongly related to physical maturation.
development is marked by discontinuities that guide in dramatic changes in behavior.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.6
62. Stage theories of development assume that
a. individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage
builds on the previous stage.
b. environmental circumstances can sometimes cause individuals to skip stages early on and
return to them later.
c. progress through the sequence of stages is not related to age.
d. there are few, if any, discontinuities in development.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 91%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.6
KEY: Concept/Applied
63. Erik Erikson’s developmental stages are organized around potential turning points called
a. fixation points.
b. psychosocial crises.
c. developmental tasks.
d. psychosexual crises.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.6
64. A child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
will acquire
a. an ability to initiate his or her own activities.
b. self-sufficiency.
c. a sense of competence.
d. optimism and trust toward the world.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.6
65. The challenge of learning to function, take personal responsibility for feeding, and self-dressing marks
Erikson’s childhood stage of
a. initiative versus guilt.
b. trust versus mistrust.
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
d. industry versus inferiority.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 67%
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REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.6
66. For Erikson, the stage during which toilet training occurs is
a. trust versus mistrust.
b. industry versus inferiority.
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
d. initiative versus guilt.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 73%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.6
KEY: Factual
67. Craig is two years old and likes to put on his own coat and shoes. However, his mother often becomes
impatient waiting for him to get ready, so she usually finishes zipping his coat and tying his shoes for
him. Based on Erikson’s theory, it is likely that Craig will develop
a. a general sense of mistrust.
b. feelings of shame and doubt.
c. a sense of inferiority.
d. feelings of autonomy.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.6
68. Anne is five years old and likes to help with jobs around the house. Tonight, when she was clearing the
dishes from the table, she dropped a stack of plates and broke them all. Her father scolded her and told
her that she could help more by staying out of the way and letting her older brothers clear the table. If
her father’s reaction is typical of the interactions she has with him, Erikson would suggest that Anne is
likely to develop
a. feelings of guilt.
b. feelings of inferiority.
c. a general sense of mistrust.
d. a sense of initiative.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.6
69. The challenge of learning to function in society and beyond the family marks Erikson’s childhood
stage of
a. initiative versus guilt.
b. trust versus mistrust.
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
d. industry versus inferiority.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 67%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.6
KEY: Factual
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70. The elementary school-age child who does well in school and receives praise and support at home will
develop what Erikson calls a sense of
a. industry.
b. superiority.
c. generativity.
d. trust.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 50%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.6
KEY: Concept/Applied
71. Kyler is nine years old and likes to draw and paint. However, he doesn’t receive very good grades on
his art projects, and his friends often laugh at the pictures Kyler has created. Based on Erikson’s
theory, it is likely that Kyler will develop
a. feelings of guilt.
b. feelings of inferiority.
c. a sense of despair.
d. a sense of industry.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.6
72. If an infant’s basic biological needs are met by others and sound attachments are formed during the
first year of life, the infant will, MOST likely, successfully resolve the crisis associated with the ____
stage.
a. industry versus inferiority
b. trust versus mistrust
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt
d. initiative versus guilt
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.6
73. During Erikson’s crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt, a child should begin to take some
responsibility for his feeding and dressing. As a result, the child should gain a sense of
self-sufficiency. This stage occurs from ____ years of age.
a. birth–1
b. 1–3
c. 2–5
d. 3–6
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ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.6
74. Five-year-old Steve gets along well with his parents and siblings, has self-confidence, and believes
that he is a good boy. Steve has MOST recently successfully resolved the crisis of
a. initiative versus guilt.
b. industry versus inferiority.
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
d. trust versus mistrust.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.6
75. During Erikson’s crisis of industry versus inferiority, a child should learn to function well in the
broader social structure of the neighborhood and school. As a result, the child should gain a sense of
competence. This stage occurs from
a. birth–1 year.
b. 1–3 years.
c. 3–6 years.
d. 6 years through puberty.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.6
76. To Piaget, cognitive development involves
a. stages that are characterized by fundamentally different thought processes.
b. increases in the quantity, but not the quality, of knowledge with age.
c. passive reception of environmental stimuli.
d. age-related changes in attention and memory.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
77. During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child’s relations with the world are through
a. logical reasoning.
b. physical interaction.
c. abstract operations.
d. systematic hypothesis testing.
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ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 92%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Concept/Applied
78. For children, in which Piagetian stage might we be correct with the old expression, “Out of sight is out
of mind”?
a. concrete operational
b. preoperational
c. sensorimotor
d. formal operations
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 72%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Concept/Applied
79. Trey’s older sister is playing a game with him. She hides the ball they are playing with, and Trey
quickly loses interest in the game. He makes no attempt to look for the ball and instead picks up
another toy that is close by. This suggests that Trey has not yet developed
a. the ability to assimilate new experiences.
b. an understanding of object permanence.
c. a strong attachment to his sister.
d. sensorimotor patterns of responding.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
TOP: WWW
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.7
80. When Teresa’s mother hides her favorite doll under a blanket, Teresa acts as if it no longer exists and
makes no attempt to look for it. Based on this information, you can infer that Teresa is in Piaget’s
a. sensorimotor period of cognitive development.
b. formal period of cognitive development.
c. concrete period of cognitive development.
d. preoperational period of cognitive development.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.7
81. Lane is currently attending preschool. According to the stages outlined by Piaget, Lane would MOST
likely be in the
a. sensorimotor period of cognitive development.
b. formal period of cognitive development.
c. preoperational period of cognitive development.
d. concrete period of cognitive development.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.7
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82. The idea that even if an object changes shape or appearance the underlying quantity of the object
remains the same is Piaget’s principle of
a. object permanence.
b. conservation.
c. irreversibility.
d. assimilation.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 82%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Factual
83. Patricia is upset because she is convinced that her brother has a bigger piece of cake than she does. Her
dad quickly slices Patricia’s piece of cake in two and tells her that she now has “more” cake. If Patricia
calms down and is convinced that she does have more cake than her brother, it would suggest that she
a. has not yet mastered object permanence.
b. does not understand the process of assimilation.
c. does not yet understand conservation.
d. is displaying egocentric reasoning.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.7
84. The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem while neglecting other important aspects is
referred to as
a. assimilation.
b. centration.
c. object impermanence.
d. reification.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 83%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Factual
85. Gretchen watches as her preschool teacher forms two identical balls of modeling clay. The teacher
gives one of the balls of modeling clay to Gretchen and then squashes the remaining ball into a flat
pancake. She asks Gretchen if they both have the same amount of clay, and Gretchen confidently
states that the teacher has more because the pancake is bigger than the ball. Gretchen’s answer
illustrates the flaw in thinking that Piaget labeled
a. centration.
b. conservation.
c. egocentrism.
d. assimilation.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.7
86. The inability of a child to mentally “undo” something is referred to as
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a.
b.
c.
d.
assimilation.
object permanence.
egocentrism.
irreversibility.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 89%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
87. Preschoolers generally do not recognize that if 8 - 5 = 3, then 3 + 5 = 8. This is because their thought is
characterized by
a. irreversibility.
b. animism.
c. egocentrism.
d. centration.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 91%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Concept/Applied
88. When Matthew saw his older brother’s bicycle fall off its kick stand, Matthew told his brother that the
bicycle must be tired from being ridden too much. Matthew’s statement illustrates the type of thinking
that Piaget referred to as
a. centration.
b. animism.
c. preformal operations.
d. conservation.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.7
89. You ask a three-year-old why the sky is blue; she says it is because blue is her favorite color. This
answer reflects the ____ thinking that is typical of preschoolers.
a. irreversible
b. animistic
c. egocentric
d. operational
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 88%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Concept/Applied
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90. Children’s thought processes are particularly egocentric during which Piagetian stage?
a. sensorimotor
b. preoperational
c. concrete operations
d. formal operations
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 56%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Concept/Applied
91. Timmy believes he can avoid getting any older by not having any more birthday parties. Timmy is
probably in which stage of cognitive development?
a. sensorimotor
b. concrete operational
c. preoperational
d. formal operational
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 81%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Critical Thinking
92. The stage of concrete operations is said to be “concrete” because
a. the child attributes human qualities to concrete objects.
b. facts are taken to be set in stone, not to be given up easily.
c. an object must be present for the child to recognize its existence.
d. children can perform operations only on tangible objects and actual events.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 66%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Concept/Applied
93. Water is poured from a short, broad beaker into a tall, skinny beaker. Is there more or less water now?
A child answers that it’s the same amount, only it’s taller. The child is in which stage of cognitive
development?
a. sensorimotor
b. concrete operational
c. preoperational
d. preconventional
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 80%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Concept/Applied
94. Eight-year-old Eric watches as you flatten one of two equal-sized balls of clay into a pancake. Eric
says they both still have the same amount of clay. When he is asked how he knows that the ball and
the pancake have the same amount of clay, he points out that the pancake could once again be rolled
up into a ball, demonstrating that he
a. is now in the preoperational stage.
b. understands the concept of reversibility.
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c. is unable to decenter.
d. is no longer egocentric.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.7
95. A five-year-old boy tells you that his kindergarten class has more boys than children. This indicates
that he
a. fails to understand the concept of reversibility.
b. dislikes girls.
c. cannot yet solve problems involving conservation of number.
d. cannot handle hierarchical classification problems.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 59%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Concept/Applied
96. Gerard watched as a researcher placed five toy station wagons and three toy convertibles on a table.
The researcher asked him if there were more station wagons or more cars, and Gerard correctly
answered that there were more cars. Gerard’s answer indicates that he has mastered
a. conservation of number.
b. object permanence.
c. preaccommodation.
d. hierarchical classification problems.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.7
97. According to Piaget, during the formal operational period of cognitive development, children begin to
a. acquire the concept of conservation.
b. understand the nature of hierarchical classification.
c. think primarily in terms of concrete objects or situations.
d. think in terms of abstract principles and hypothetical possibilities.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 64%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Factual
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98. John approaches problems systematically, considering various solutions and the consequences of each
before he decides on the implementation of any one solution. John is probably at which level of
cognitive development?
a. formal operations
b. concrete operations
c. preoperations
d. postoperations
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 66%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Concept/Applied
99. Byron is planning to ask his parents if he can borrow their car on Friday night. He is thinking both
about all the possible reasons they might bring up for not letting him use the car and of a logical reply
to each of these possible objections. Based on Piaget’s model of cognitive development, Byron’s
thought processes illustrate
a. the use of formal operational thought.
b. the use of concrete operational thought.
c. egocentric reasoning.
d. postconventional reasoning.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.7
100. One of the criticisms of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is that
a. Piaget may have overestimated the cognitive skills of infants and preschool children.
b. Piaget may have underestimated the influence of cultural factors on cognitive
development.
c. the theory focuses too much on individual differences in development.
d. evidence for the theory is based on cross-sectional research.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 70%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.7
KEY: Factual
101. The psychologist who contributed significantly to our understanding of the cognitive development of
children is
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. Lawrence Kohlberg.
d. Jean Piaget.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
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102. The correct order or sequence of Piaget’s stages is
a. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor.
b. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
c. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational.
d. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
103. The period of cognitive development that lasts from approximately birth to age two is the ____ stage.
a. sensorimotor
b. formal operational
c. preoperational
d. concrete operational
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
104. If a ball that a five-month-old infant is playing with rolls under a chair (and out of sight), the infant
will not look for it. Piaget believed that this occurs because the infant
a. does not understand the concept of roll.
b. has a short attention span.
c. has not developed conservation.
d. has not developed object permanence.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.7
105. The preoperational stage of cognitive development lasts from approximately
a. birth to age 2.
b. age 2 to 7.
c. age 7 to 11.
d. age 11 onward.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
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106. When Sam’s mother made him a grilled cheese sandwich for lunch, Sam complained that he wanted
two sandwiches because he was super hungry. After his mother cut his sandwich in half, Sam was
satisfied that he would have enough to eat. Sam’s behavior indicates that he does not understand ____
and is probably in the ____ stage of cognitive development.
a. object permanence; sensorimotor
b. object permanence; preoperational
c. conservation; preoperational
d. conservation; concrete operational
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Critical Thinking
OBJ: 10.7
107. The concrete operational stage of cognitive development lasts from approximately
a. birth to age 2.
b. age 2 to 7.
c. age 7 to 11.
d. age 11 onward.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
108. The period of cognitive development that lasts from approximately age 11 onward is the ____ stage.
a. sensorimotor
b. formal operational
c. preoperational
d. concrete operational
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
109. Piaget believed that children first become capable of hypothetical thinking during the
a. concrete operational stage.
b. sensorimotor stage.
c. formal operational stage.
d. preoperational stage.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
110. Systematic problem-solving efforts are associated with individuals in the ____ stage of cognitive
development.
a. formal operational
b. concrete operational
c. preoperational
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d. sensorimotor
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
111. During which stage in Piaget’s system is the child FIRST able to handle conservation problems and
hierarchical classification problems?
a. sensorimotor
b. preoperational
c. concrete operations
d. formal operations
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.7
112. It is probably fair to say that Piaget
a. overestimated the abilities of young children.
b. adequately addressed the question of individual differences.
c. focused too heavily on the role of maturation.
d. relied too much on cross-cultural research.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
113. Psychologists who support ____ theories suggest that certain basic cognitive abilities are biologically
built or prewired into the neural make-up of humans.
a. behavioral
b. evolutionary
c. humanistic
d. psychoanalytic
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
114. Children at about ______ of age understand that one solid object cannot move through another.
a. 3–4 months
b. 10–12 months
c. 2–3 years
d. 4–5 years
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.7
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115. Lawrence Kohlberg believed that moral development is determined by
a. cognitive development.
b. physical development.
c. emotional development.
d. social development.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 46%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.8
KEY: Factual
116. If Lawrence Kohlberg were to present you with a moral dilemma, in which of the following would he
be MOST interested?
a. your judgment of right and wrong in this situation
b. what you would do in this situation
c. whether your intended behavior in this situation is consistent with your moral judgment
about it
d. your reasons for whatever moral judgment you had about the situation
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
TOP: WWW
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.8
117. At the preconventional level, the child decides if things are good or bad (moral) on the basis of
whether they
a. are against the law.
b. bring punishment or reward.
c. are in accord with social rules.
d. fit the child’s own sense of “rightness.”
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 94%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.8
KEY: Concept/Applied
118. In the 1960s, even though all her friends tried recreational drugs, Maggie refused to experiment
because she was afraid she would get caught and end up in jail. Maggie’s reasons for NOT
experimenting with drugs reflect
a. conventional moral reasoning.
b. postconventional moral reasoning.
c. preconventional moral reasoning.
d. authoritarian moral reasoning.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.8
119. Conventional thinking in moral development bases morality (right or wrong) on
a. the risk of punishment.
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b. society’s laws.
c. personal principles.
d. the potential rewards.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 72%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.8
KEY: Concept/Applied
120. In the 1960s, even though most of his friends tried recreational drugs, Sebastian refused to experiment.
He did not think the drugs were likely to be harmful, but using drugs was illegal, and he believes each
person has a moral obligation to obey society’s rules. Sebastian’s reasons for NOT experimenting with
drugs reflect
a. preconventional moral reasoning.
b. conventional moral reasoning.
c. postconventional moral reasoning.
d. social moral reasoning.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.8
121. Suggesting that a poor man who stole food to feed his family was right because human life takes
precedence over rules is an example of
a. postconventional moral reasoning.
b. preconventional moral reasoning.
c. concrete operational thought.
d. conventional moral reasoning.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 81%
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
OBJ: 10.8
KEY: Concept/Applied
122. Dr. Wilmark prescribes “medical marijuana” for her chemotherapy patients, even though it is in
violation of federal law. She believes it is morally wrong to cause unnecessary human suffering and, if
necessary, she is willing to serve time in jail rather than watch others suffer needlessly. Dr. Wilmark’s
reasons for her actions reflect
a. postconventional moral reasoning.
b. conventional moral reasoning.
c. preconventional moral reasoning.
d. authoritarian moral reasoning.
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ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.8
123. When Kohlberg presented moral dilemmas to individuals in order to evaluate their level of moral
development, he placed the MOST emphasis on
a. whether the individual gave a “yes” or “no” response.
b. the level of confidence the individual had in his or her response.
c. the explanation the individual gave concerning the reason for his or her response.
d. the overt behaviors the individual showed when presented with a similar dilemma in
real life.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.8
124. Both Jason and Bradley believe that their dad should not drive over the speed limit on their family
vacation to Florida. While Jason does not want his dad to get a speeding ticket, Bradley believes that
rules are rules and laws are laws and need to be obeyed. Jason’s reasoning is characteristic of the ____
level, and Bradley’s is characteristic of the ____ level of moral development.
a. preconventional; postconventional
b. preconventional; conventional
c. conventional; preconventional
d. postconventional; preconventional
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.8
125. Ashley finds a wallet on the floor at the store. She decides to turn it in to the lost-and-found
department because she believes her parents will be proud of her for being honest. Ashley’s reasoning
reflects the ____ level of moral development.
a. postconventional
b. preconventional
c. concrete
d. conventional
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 10.8
126. Individuals at the ____ level of moral development tend to use a personal code of ethics to guide their
moral reasoning and behavior.
a. postconventional
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b. concrete
c. conventional
d. preconventional
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.8
127. A consensus is building that Kohlberg’s theory led to a constricted focus on
a. the development of prosocial behavior.
b. the significance of moral emotions.
c. the emergence of conscience.
d. interpersonal conflicts.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Personality and Cognitive Development in Childhood
KEY: Factual
OBJ: 10.8
128. Physical features NOT directly associated with reproduction that are associated with one’s gender are
referred to as
a. primary sexual characteristics.
b. secondary sexual characteristics.
c. tertiary sexual characteristics.
d. nonsexual characteristics.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
DIF: Correct = 89%
OBJ: 10.9
KEY: Factual
129. Females developing wider hips and males developing facial hair are examples of
a. primary sexual characteristics.
b. secondary sexual characteristics.
c. tertiary sexual characteristics.
d. peripheral sexual characteristics.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
DIF: Correct = 90%
OBJ: 10.9
KEY: Factual
130. In females, early maturation is associated with
a. deterioration of peer relations.
b. weight gain.
c. higher levels of moral reasoning.
d. greater emotional difficulties.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
DIF: Correct = 71%
OBJ: 10.9
KEY: Factual
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131. Michael and his twin sister Doreen turned 11 a few months ago. Both Michael and Doreen have begun
to go through the early signs of puberty. In this case, it is MOST likely that
a. compared to Doreen, Michael is at greater risk for using drugs or alcohol because he is
maturing early.
b. compared to Michael, Doreen is at greater risk for using drugs or alcohol because she is
maturing early.
c. both Michael and Doreen are at greater risk for using drugs or alcohol because they are
both maturing early.
d. compared to Doreen, Michael is at lower risk for using drugs or alcohol because he is
maturing early.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.9
PTS: 1
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
KEY: Critical Thinking
132. The adolescent growth spurt occurs approximately ____ in females than in males.
a. two years earlier
b. one year earlier
c. one year later
d. two years later
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.9
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
133. How does the brain change during adolescence?
a. It becomes smaller.
b. It becomes larger.
c. White matter increases.
d. The prefrontal cortex becomes larger.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.9
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
134. Which of the following has been proposed as a reason puberty is occurring earlier than in previous
generations?
a. advances in education
b. improvements in nutrition
c. increased parental sensitivity
d. accelerated moral development
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.9
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
135. Boys who mature ____ and girls who mature ____ are more likely than other adolescents to feel
subjective distress and emotional difficulties with the transition to adolescence.
a. late; late
b. early; late
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c. late; early
d. early; late
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.9
PTS: 1
TOP: WWW
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
KEY: Factual
136. The last area of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the
a. hypothalamus.
b. prefrontal cortex.
c. occipital cortex.
d. medulla.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.9
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
137. The immaturity of the prefrontal cortex has been used to explain
a. why adolescents engage in risky behavior like reckless driving and unprotected sex.
b. the 5% increase in brain volume during middle childhood and adolescence.
c. the acquisition of conservation skills by adolescents.
d. the ability of early adolescents to engage in postconventional moral thinking.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.9
PTS: 1
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
KEY: Critical Thinking
138. In Erikson’s theory, the psychosocial crisis during adolescence is
a. identity versus confusion.
b. generativity versus self-absorption.
c. industry versus inferiority.
d. intimacy versus isolation.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.10
PTS: 1
TOP: WWW
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
KEY: Factual
139. Fifteen-year-old Marta has had a relatively smooth adolescent period and, at the urging of her parents,
has already decided on a college and a career. If Marta is simply playing a passive role in relationship
to her parents, she may well be in a state of identity
a. moratorium.
b. foreclosure.
c. diffusion.
d. achievement.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
DIF: Correct = 33%
OBJ: 10.10
KEY: Concept/Applied
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140. Edwin has just started his third year at college and is still exploring the options for his major. He has
taken a number of courses with the intention of obtaining a law degree, but last semester, he also
discovered he was very interested in geology. He feels it is important to reach a final decision before
the end of the semester and has started investigating both career options in great detail. According to
James Marcia, Edwin would be considered to be in a state of identity
a. diffusion.
b. foreclosure.
c. postponement.
d. moratorium.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.10
PTS: 1
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
KEY: Concept/Applied
141. Brock was not sure what he wanted to do while he was in college, so he talked to the career counselors
last year. His profile showed a strong interest in both medicine and animals, so he got a part-time job
at the local Humane Society. He also checked the requirements for veterinary school and has now
completed six of the courses required for the veterinary program. He is convinced that this is the ideal
career for him. According to James Marcia, Brock would be considered to be in a state of identity
a. diffusion.
b. foreclosure.
c. achievement.
d. moratorium.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.10
PTS: 1
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
KEY: Concept/Applied
142. The two dimensions James Marcia described that combine to yield four identity statuses are
a. completion and confusion.
b. commitment and confusion.
c. commitment and crisis.
d. completion and crisis.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.10
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
143. A college student who is exploring different subjects and potential majors to help decide on a suitable
career can be BEST considered to be in the identity status of
a. identity achievement.
b. identity diffusion.
c. identity foreclosure.
d. identity moratorium.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.10
PTS: 1
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
KEY: Concept/Applied
144. After considering a number of possible majors and careers, Christi has decided to major in business
management and work in advertising. Christi has recently established the identity status of
a. identity achievement.
b. identity diffusion.
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c. identity foreclosure.
d. identity moratorium.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.10
PTS: 1
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
KEY: Concept/Applied
145. Jeffrey Arnett has proposed a new developmental stage for the years between age 18 and 25 that he
calls
a. extended adolescence.
b. emerging adulthood.
c. adolescent moratorium.
d. adult delay.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.10
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
146. Which of the following would NOT be descriptive of the way Arnett (2006) describes emerging
adulthood?
a. It is a self-focused time of life.
b. It is a time of great pessimism.
c. It is a period of identity formation.
d. It is a situation of unusual autonomy.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.10
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Transition of Adolescence
147. Which of the following statements regarding personality changes in adulthood is MOST accurate?
a. Personality stability depends on one’s sex and socioeconomic status.
b. The overall personality undergoes systematic changes throughout adulthood.
c. Personality remains extremely stable after adolescence.
d. The adult personality is characterized by both stability and change.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
DIF: Correct = 53%
OBJ: 10.11
KEY: Factual
148. Research suggests that ___________ tends to increase from early adulthood through age 60 and then
begins to decline.
a. optimism
b. neuroticism
c. mental illness
d. self-esteem
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
DIF: Correct = 53%
OBJ: 10.11
KEY: Factual
149. According to Erikson, early adulthood is characterized by a psychosocial crisis centering on
establishing close, personal relationships with others. This is the stage of
a. generativity versus self-absorption.
b. intimacy versus isolation.
c. identity versus confusion.
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d. integrity versus despair.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
KEY: Factual
DIF: Correct = 93%
OBJ: 10.11
TOP: WWW
150. Jocelyn is 25 years old and feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has
made so far. Consequently, at this point in her life, she is unwilling to form a serious, committed
relationship with another person. Based on Erikson’s theory, Jocelyn may
a. become self-indulgent and self-absorbed.
b. develop a sense of isolation.
c. experience feelings of despair and bitterness.
d. develop feelings of inferiority and doubt.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.11
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
KEY: Concept/Applied
151. Research concerning personality development in adulthood focuses primarily on examining
a. the search for a sense of identity during adulthood.
b. gender differences in personality during adulthood.
c. the midlife crisis.
d. the stability of personality over the lifespan.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.11
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
KEY: Critical Thinking
152. During Erikson’s crisis of intimacy versus isolation, the key concern involves developing the capacity
to share intimacy with others. This stage is associated with
a. adolescence.
b. early adulthood.
c. middle adulthood.
d. late adulthood.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.11
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
153. Forty-seven-year-old Jennifer has recently started tutoring students at the elementary school her own
children attended many years ago. She enjoys being around the children and feels a great deal of
satisfaction from her tutoring. Jennifer appears to be successfully resolving the crisis of
a. integrity versus despair.
b. industry versus inferiority.
c. intimacy versus isolation.
d. generativity versus self-absorption.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.11
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
KEY: Concept/Applied
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154. Erikson’s crisis of integrity versus despair is associated with
a. adolescence.
b. early adulthood.
c. middle adulthood.
d. late adulthood.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.11
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
155. As 79-year-old Joe mentally reviews his life, he cannot help smiling to himself. He believes he
married and spent over 40 years with the most wonderful woman in the world, helped to raise three
fine children, and was successful in his career as an accountant. At this point in his life, Joe is
experiencing
a. integrity.
b. identity.
c. generativity.
d. intimacy.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.11
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
KEY: Concept/Applied
156. Which of the following is NOT a current trend regarding marriage?
a. an increase in the average age at first marriage
b. an increase in the percentage of couples who voluntarily remain childless
c. an increased tendency for young adults to postpone marriage.
d. a decrease in the percentage of couples who cohabit prior to marriage
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
DIF: Correct = 79%
OBJ: 10.11
KEY: Factual
157. By the 1990s, ______ of couples lived together prior to marriage.
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 40%
d. 60%
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
DIF: Correct = 79%
OBJ: 10.11
KEY: Factual
158. Mr. and Mrs. McKavick have three school-age children. Their next-door neighbors, Mr. and Mrs.
Clancy, have three grandchildren who are about the same age as the McKavick’s children. At the
present time, based on research into marital satisfaction, it is most likely that
a. the McKavicks are experiencing higher levels of marital satisfaction than the Clancys are.
b. both couples are experiencing high levels of satisfaction in their respective marriages.
c. both couples are experiencing low levels of satisfaction in their respective marriages.
d. the Clancys are experiencing higher levels of marital satisfaction than the McKavicks are.
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ANS: D
OBJ: 10.11
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
KEY: Concept/Applied
159. In recent decades, the age at which individuals marry for the first time has
a. increased for men and remained stable for women.
b. increased for women and remained stable for men.
c. decreased for both men and women.
d. increased for both men and women.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.11
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
160. Which of the following statements regarding marital satisfaction is FALSE?
a. The more children couples have, the lower their level of marital satisfaction.
b. Parents exhibit lower marital satisfaction than non-parents.
c. Parents of adolescents exhibit lower marital satisfaction than parents of infants.
d. Mothers of infants exhibit the largest decrease in marital satisfaction.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.11
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
KEY: Critical Thinking
161. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?
a. Menopause for most women typically occurs around age 40.
b. Middle-aged males experience hormonal changes that are equivalent to female
menopause.
c. Menopause is almost universally accompanied by severe emotional strain.
d. Most women experience relatively modest psychological distress during menopause.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
DIF: Correct = 63%
OBJ: 10.12
KEY: Factual
162. In women, menopause typically occurs around age
a. 12.
b. 40.
c. 50.
d. 65.
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.12
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
163. The course of progressive deterioration that results in death associated with Alzheimer’s disease is
typically ____ years in length.
a. 1–2
b. 3–6
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c. 8–10
d. 10–15
ANS: C
OBJ: 10.12
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
164. Roughly 70% of all cases of dementia result from
a. Alzheimer’s disease.
b. Parkinson’s disease.
c. strokes and cerebral hemorrhages.
d. neuronal loss that is part of the normal aging process.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.12
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
165. Harry has always been a vital and active individual, but recently he has begun having difficulty
remembering newly learned information after brief periods of time. What disorder are his symptoms
indicative of?
a. normal aging
b. Alzheimer’s disease
c. Parkinson’s disease
d. senility
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.12
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
KEY: Concept/Applied
166. If you were viewing the brain of an individual who had died from Alzheimer’s disease, you would
expect to see
a. a significant reduction in the levels of serotonin within the brain.
b. neural abnormalities, including neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
c. enlarged brain ventricles and deep cortical creases.
d. a significant decrease in the number of neurons in the hypothalamus.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.12
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
KEY: Concept/Applied
167. Research suggests that all of the following factors reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease EXCEPT
a. participation in regular exercise or recreation.
b. participation in stimulating cognitive activities.
c. active social engagement.
d. a low-fat, low-salt diet.
ANS: D
OBJ: 10.12
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
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168. Which of the following does NOT describe a cognitive change associated with adult aging?
a. Intellectual productivity begins to decline after age 50.
b. Speed in learning, solving problems, and processing information declines with age.
c. Memory losses associated with normal aging are moderate.
d. Problem-solving ability may remain unimpaired.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.13
PTS: 1
KEY: Factual
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
169. Which of the following is MOST likely to decline in the later years?
a. intellectual accomplishment
b. procedural memory
c. problem-solving ability
d. speed in processing information
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
KEY: Factual
DIF: Correct = 62%
OBJ: 10.13
TOP: WWW
170. Tim is 80 years old, and he spends several hours per day reading, writing, and playing board games.
Tim’s activities reduce his risk of age-related decline in
a. memory.
b. processing speed.
c. problem-solving.
d. cardiovascular health.
ANS: A
OBJ: 10.13
PTS: 1
REF: The Expanse of Adulthood
KEY: Concept/Applied
171. Differing views on the course and nature of changes in personality across the lifespan illustrates which
of the following unifying themes from your text?
a. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
b. Psychology is theoretically diverse.
c. Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.
d. Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 44%
REF: Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes
OBJ: 10.14
KEY: Critical Thinking
172. Investigations of complex, real-world issues, such as the effects of daycare, illustrate which of the
textbook’s unifying themes?
a. Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
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b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
c. Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
d. Psychology is theoretically diverse.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 68%
REF: Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes
OBJ: 10.14
KEY: Concept/Applied
173. Piaget asserted that the child’s experiences in the world combined with maturation together influence
the child’s cognitive development. This assertion BEST reflects the unifying theme in psychology that
a. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
b. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.
c. psychology is theoretically diverse.
d. our experience of the world is highly subjective.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.14
PTS: 1
REF: Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes
KEY: Concept/Applied
174. ____ gender stereotypes accurately reflect gender differences.
a. Most
b. Relatively many
c. Relatively few
d. No
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.15
KEY: Concept/Applied
175. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Females tend to score higher on measures of visual-spatial abilities than males.
b. Females tend to be more sensitive to nonverbal communication than males.
c. Females tend to exhibit slightly better verbal skills than males.
d. Males tend to exhibit slightly better mathematical abilities than females.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.15
KEY: Factual
176. One’s sex is ____ determined; one’s gender is ____ determined.
a. culturally; biologically
b. culturally; culturally
c. biologically; culturally
d. biologically; biologically
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.15
KEY: Factual
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177. Starting in the grade-school years, males show a slight advantage over females in ____ skills.
a. visual-spatial
b. verbal
c. social
d. writing
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 70%
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.15
KEY: Factual
178. In the United States, gender differences in math ability
a. remain large and stable.
b. remain large but are shrinking.
c. have never been demonstrated.
d. have largely disappeared.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 70%
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.15
KEY: Factual
179. The local school board in Middletown has decided to introduce standardized assessment tests for all
students in the sixth grade. The test has separate sections for math and English. Based on the research
into gender differences in cognitive abilities, you should expect that
a. the male students will score higher than the female students on both sections of the
assessment test.
b. the female students will score higher than the male students on both sections of the
assessment test.
c. the female students will score higher than the male students on the English section of the
assessment test.
d. the female students will score higher than the male students on the math section of the
assessment test.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.15
KEY: Concept/Applied
180. The local school board in Middletown recently asked that the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) be
administered to all fifth-grade students. It is particularly interested in the scores from the spatial
relations and abstract reasoning sections. Based on the research into gender differences in cognitive
abilities, you should expect that
a. the male students will score higher than the female students on both these two sections of
the test.
b. the male students will score higher than the female students on the spatial relations section
of the test.
c. the female students will score higher than the male students on both these two sections of
the test.
d. the female students will score higher than the male students on the spatial relations section
of the test.
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ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.15
KEY: Concept/Applied
181. Research has supported the finding that, compared to males, females tend to be
a. more sensitive to subtle, nonverbal cues.
b. more irrational.
c. more emotional.
d. more assertive.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 89%
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.15
TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
182. The major qualification of the research findings on gender differences is that
a. the data are indicative of group differences and tell us little about individuals.
b. the findings are based on only a few studies and are therefore not very representative of
the population.
c. most of the research has been conducted on white middle-class children.
d. there is wide variation from study to study in how the variables have been operationalized.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 67%
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.15
KEY: Factual
183. Girls exposed prenatally to abnormally high levels of androgens tend to exhibit which of the following
during childhood?
a. increased male-typical behavior
b. increased verbal ability
c. decreased aggressiveness
d. decreased mathematical ability
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.16
KEY: Factual
184. Which of the following is NOT one of the potential concerns regarding the evidence suggesting that
prenatal hormones contribute to the shaping of gender differences?
a. Correlational studies do not prove causation.
b. The conclusions are based on large samples from a variety of cultures, making it difficult
to draw general conclusions.
c. It is risky to draw conclusions about the population based on small samples.
d. The findings are much stronger for females than for males.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
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REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.16
KEY: Critical Thinking
185. Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex MOST accurately describes
a. gender roles.
b. gender stereotypes.
c. gender behaviors.
d. gender differences.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.16
KEY: Factual
186. Cognitive theories of gender-role development emphasize
a. the development of long-term memory.
b. self-socialization.
c. observational learning.
d. operant conditioning.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.16
KEY: Factual
187. Yesterday, little Louis saw his brother climb a tree. Today, Louis tried it and fell to the ground, hurting
himself. But his mother nevertheless praised him for being a brave boy. Which of the following
influences on gender-role socialization are at work here?
a. self-socialization and punishment
b. self-socialization and extinction
c. observational learning and reinforcement
d. operant conditioning and classical conditioning
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 97%
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.16
KEY: Concept/Applied
188. According to cognitive theories of gender-role development, self-socialization includes
a. being reinforced for gender-appropriate behaviors.
b. valuing characteristics associated with the opposite gender.
c. learning to classify oneself as male or female.
d. responding to praise from parents, teachers, and peers.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 54%
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.16
KEY: Factual
189. Which of the following is the safest statement to make regarding the origin of gender differences?
a. Hormonal differences between the sexes account for the largest proportion of the
variation.
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b. The fact that males tend to exhibit more cerebral specialization than females explains the
bulk of the differences.
c. The reinforcement children receive for displaying gender-appropriate behavior determines
the differences.
d. The explanation of gender differences is complex and must take into account both
biological and environmental factors.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.16
KEY: Factual
190. Once children discover that their gender is permanent, they are likely to want to engage in behavior
that is “sex appropriate” as defined by their culture. This process is referred to as
a. operant conditioning.
b. observational learning.
c. self-socialization.
d. classical conditioning.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.16
KEY: Concept/Applied
191. ____________ theories explain gender differences in terms of their value for reproductive fitness.
a. Self-selection
b. Cognitive
c. Evolutionary
d. Cerebral Specialization
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.16
KEY: Factual
192. ____________ tend to exhibit greater cerebral specialization; ___________ tend to have a larger
corpus callosum.
a. females; females
b. Males; males
c. Females; males
d. Males; females
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: Personal Application: Understanding Gender Differences
OBJ: 10.16
KEY: Factual
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193. You and a friend are discussing the importance of fathers in children’s overall development. Your
friend states that, “If we fail to promote increased involvement of fathers in the parenting process, then
we must accept the inevitable breakdown of other social values.” This statement is an example of the
reasoning fallacy known as
a. circular logic.
b. a false dichotomy.
c. a weak analogy.
d. alternative explanations.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: Critical Thinking Application: Are Fathers Esential to Children’s Well-Being?
OBJ: 10.17
KEY: Concept/Applied
194. The assertion that fathers are essential for healthy adjustment of children is contradicted by evidence
from
a. twin studies.
b. adoption studies.
c. studies of lesbian parents.
d. studies of step-children.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: Critical Thinking Application: Are Fathers Esential to Children’s Well-Being?
OBJ: 10.17
KEY: Concept/Applied
195. An increase in rates of father absence over the years has coincided with an increase in teenage
pregnancy and drug abuse. However, conclusions are limited due to
a. correlational data.
b. false dichotomies.
c. slippery slopes.
d. experimentation.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: Critical Thinking Application: Are Fathers Esential to Children’s Well-Being?
OBJ: 10.17
KEY: Critical Thinking
196. Typically, individuals concerned with the crisis of initiative versus guilt are in the ____ stage of
cognitive development.
a. preoperational
b. concrete operational
c. sensorimotor
d. formal operational
ANS: A
PTS: 1
KEY: Integrative
197. Typically, individuals concerned with the crisis of trust versus mistrust are in the ____ stage of
cognitive development.
a. preoperational
b. sensorimotor
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c. formal operational
d. concrete operational
ANS: B
PTS: 1
KEY: Integrative
198. In relation to age, which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
a. separation anxiety
b. babbling
c. postconventional moral reasoning
d. gradual mastery of object permanence
ANS: C
KEY: Integrative
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 71%
199. In relation to age, which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
a. development of secondary sex characteristics
b. autonomy versus shame
c. formal operations
d. postconventional moral reasoning
ANS: B
KEY: Integrative
PTS: 1
DIF: Correct = 41%
200. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of adolescence?
a. identity versus confusion
b. formal operational stage of cognitive development
c. preconventional level of moral development
d. growth spurt
ANS: C
PTS: 1
KEY: Integrative
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