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Abraham Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan
President Abraham Lincoln wanted to reunite the nation as
quickly and painlessly as possible. He had proposed a plan for
readmitting the southern states even before the war ended.
Called the Ten Percent Plan, it offered southerners an official
pardon, or forgiveness, for all illegal acts supporting the
rebellion of the Confederacy (Southern States). To receive
forgiveness, southerners had to do two things:
1. They had to swear an oath of loyalty to the United
States.
2. They also had to agree that slavery was illegal.
Once ten percent of
voters in a state made
these pledges, they
could form a new
state government.
The state can then be
readmitted, or can
rejoin the United
States.
Louisiana quickly
elected a new state
legislature under the
Ten Percent Plan.
Other southern states
that had been
occupied by Union (Northern) troops soon followed Louisiana back into the United States.
The Wade-Davis Bill
Some politicians argued that Congress, not the president should control the southern
states’ return to the Union. They believed that Congress had the power to admit new
states. Also, many Republican members of Congress thought Abraham Lincoln’s Ten
Percent Plan did not punish the South enough. A senator from Michigan expressed his
views:
“The people of the North are not such fools as to…turn around and say to the traitors, ‘all
you have to do to return to the Union is…take an oath and then you will be true to the
Government” --Senator Jacob Howard
Two Republicans—Senator Benjamin
Wade and Representative Henry Davis—
had a substitute to Lincoln’s plan.
According to the Wade-Davis bill, a state
had to meet two conditions before it could
rejoin the Union.
1. It had to ban slavery in its state.
2. A majority of adult males in the state had to
take the loyalty oath.
Under the Wade-Davis bill, only southerners who
swore that they would never support the
Confederacy could vote or hold office. In general,
the bill was much stricter than Lincoln’s Ten Percent
Plan. It would make it harder for southern states to
rejoin the Union quickly.
President Lincoln therefore refused to sign the bill
into law. He thought that few southern states would agree to meet its requirements. He
believed that his plan would help restore peace more quickly.
President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
On the evening of April 14, 1865,
President Lincoln was assassinated by
John Wilkes Booth while attending a
play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington,
D.C. Vice President Andrew Johnson
was sworn into office quickly.
Reconstruction had now become his
responsibility. He would have to win
the trust a nation shocked at its
leader’s death.
Johnson’s plan for bringing southern
states back into the Union was similar
to Lincoln’s plan. However, he decided that wealthy southerners and former Confederate
officials would need a presidential pardon to receive forgiveness. Johnson shocked
Radical Republicans by eventually pardoning more than 7,000 people by 1866.
Johnson was a Democrat and former slaveholder. The
Republicans had chosen him as Vice-President because he
would be liked more by the border states during the
election.
In Johnson’s plan:
1. He would choose a temporary governor for each
state.
2. He required that the states change their state
constitutions.
3. Voters elected state and federal representatives.
4. The new state governments had to declare that
secession was illegal.
5. State governments had to refuse to pay Confederate
debts.
By the end of 1865, all southern states except Texas had created new governments.
Johnson approved them all and declared that the U.S. was reconnected. However,
Republicans complained that many new representatives had been leaders of the
Confederacy. Congress therefore refused to readmit the southern states into the Union.
Clearly, the nation was still divided.
Radical Reconstruction
Radical Republicans took a harsher stance against the South than Lincoln and Johnson.
They wanted the federal government to force change in the South. The Radicals wanted
the federal government to be much more involved in Reconstruction. They feared that too
many southern leaders remained loyal to the former Confederacy and would not enforce
the new laws.
After the 1866 election, the Republicans became united, as moderates joined with the
Radicals. Together, they called for a new form of Reconstruction.
In March 1867, Congress passed the first of several Reconstruction Acts. These laws
divided the South into five military districts. A U.S. military commander controlled each
district. The military would remain in control of the South until the southern states
rejoined the Union.
To be readmitted a state had to:
1. Write a state constitution that supported citizenship for all African Americans,
limited the rights of former Confederate officers, and forced Southern states to pay
the Union war debt.
2. Give African American men the right to vote.
Radical Republicans Attempt to Impeach President Johnson
President Johnson strongly disagreed with the Radical
Republicans. He argued that African Americans did not
deserve the same treatment as white people. The
Radical Reconstruction Acts, he said, used “powers not
granted to the federal government or any one of its
branches.” Knowing that Johnson did not support its
Reconstruction policies, Congress passed a law limiting
his power. This law prevented the president from
removing cabinet members without Senate approval.
Johnson quickly broke the law.
For the first time in U.S. history, the House of
Representative (Legislative Branch) responded by
voting to impeach the president. Impeachment does not
mean that the president is removed from office. However, it is the process used by a
legislative body to bring charges of wrongdoing against a public official.
The next step was a
trial in the Senate,
where two-thirds of its
members would have
to vote to impeach
Johnson. By a single
vote, Senate
Republicans failed to
impeach Johnson. Even
so, the trial weakened
his power as president
because Congress
refused to listen to his
opinions.