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Limerick A limerick is a rhyming, humorous, and often nonsensical five-line poem. The first, second, and fifth lines rhyme (forming a triplet), and have the same number of syllables. The third and fourth lines rhyme (forming a couplet), and have the same number of syllables. Limericks often begin with the words: There once was. . . or There was a. . . There once was a gray schnauzer named Spark Quite talkative, he so liked to bark. Sometimes running he found His feet all off the ground Especially on larks in the park. 9 syllables 9 syllables 6 syllables 6 syllables 9 syllables There once was a girl who loved rhyme; She felt her writing was sublime. Indeed quite a poet, Though some didn't know it, She'd be rich if each paid a dime. 8 syllables 8 syllables 6 syllables 6 syllables 8 syllables There was a mean clown in the circus. For fun he would push us and jerk us. He would hit us with pies That left cream in our eyes. His act never once failed to irk us. 9 syllables 9 syllables 6 syllables 6 syllables 9 syllables Writing a Limerick The first step in writing a limerick is to chose a good topic. Limericks are usually written about individuals or specific characters. They often begin with the words: There once was. . . or There was a. . . Limericks are good-natured and generally humorous. Brainstorm a list of wellknown people or characters. Choose a topic. Name words or phrases that humorously describe the chosen topic. The words and phrases must fit the rhyming and syllable pattern of limerick poetry. Continue working to refine the class limerick until it follows the correct rhyming and syllable pattern. Word Work: Synonyms A synonym is a word that has the same or almost the same meaning as another word. Use a thesaurus to find synonyms. Look up common words, such as feet, girl, love, and sound. Using a synonym for a given word, might help with the limerick-writing process (by providing rhyming and syllable options, humorous ideas, precise descriptions, and so on). http://www.readinga-z.com/poetry/lesson_plans/limerick/limerick_print.html Limericks by Edward Lear from A Book of Nonsense There was an Old Man with a beard, Who said, 'It is just as I feared! Two Owls and a Hen, Four Larks and a Wren, Have all built their nests in my beard!' There was an Old Man with a flute, A sarpint ran into his boot; But he played day and night, Till the sarpint took flight, And avoided that man with a flute. There was a Young Lady whose eyes, Were unique as to colour and size; When she opened them wide, People all turned aside, And started away in surprise. http://www.poetry-online.org/limericks.htm QUATRAIN (KWOT-rain) HEY!! Does anybody have a quarter? What's a quarter have to do with this type of poetry? Well, a quarter is 1/4 of a dollar. The word quatrain comes from Latin and French words meaning "four." See the connection? The quatrain is a poem or stanza of four lines. It is a very popular form of poetry. Famous poets like William Blake and T. S. Eliot used quatrains. Read these examples: Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? -From William Blake's "The Tyger" The Mountain By Donna Brock The mountain frames the sky (a) As a shadow of an eagle flies by. (a) With clouds hanging at its edge (b) A climber proves his courage on its rocky ledge. (b) Did you notice that a quatrain is formed by two rhyming couplets? Easy! This pattern is called a a b b. The first line rhymes with the second (sky and by) and the third line rhymes with the fourth line (edge and ledge). Other quatrain patterns are a b a b, a b b a, and a b c b. Writing a Quatrain 1. Choose a theme that you recently heard in a song. 2. Brainstorm ideas for purpose and mood. 3. Add descriptive words and phrases (This would be a GREAT time to use figurative language!). 4. Write two joining couplets that "paint" a complete word picture. Proofread. Revise. 5. Design an album cover that would best illustrate the theme of your quatrain. http://volweb.utk.edu/school/bedford/harrisms/quatrain.htm Acrostic An acrostic is a poem or other writing in an alphabetic script, in which the first letter, syllable or word of each line, paragraph or other recurring feature in the text spells out another message. Does any one realize all the Ridiculous things Actors and actresses Must endure before hearing the Applause? - - - - - Allison C. Going for the gold You know you Might Not win. Those endless hours At the gym Starting your body to work hardest. The excitement and nerves at the meet; the joy when you land on your feet. It's hurry and do your home work; it's eating your supper in the Car. It's the love of the Sport and the Olympic dream. - - - - - Kara C. Writing Activity: Use an interest or passion of yours to create an acrostic poem with an illustration. Haiku is a poetic form and a type of poetry from the Japanese culture. Haiku combines form, content, and language in a meaningful, yet compact form. Haiku poets, which you will soon be, write about everyday things. Many themes include nature, feelings, Haiku is a 17-syllable verse form consisting or experiences. Usually of three metrical units they use simple words of 5, 7, and 5 syllables. and grammar. The most common form for Haiku is three short lines. The first line usually contains five (5) syllables, the second line seven (7) syllables, and the third line contains five (5) syllables. Haiku doesn't rhyme. A Haiku must "paint" a mental image in the reader's mind. This is the challenge of Haiku to put the poem's meaning and imagery in the reader's mind in ONLY 17 syllables over just three (3) lines of poetry! Toads, trees, raindrops, clouds, wind, sand, thorn, lightning, ladybug, praying mantis, spider, snake, sunbeam, tornado, dolphins, horse, fear, heartbreak, joy, success… Haiku translated into English from Basho: Fallen sick on a journey, In dreams I run wildly Over a withered moor. An old pond! A frog jumps inThe sound of water. Poverty's child he starts to grind the rice, and gazes at the moon. Writing Activity: Choose a theme or everyday object as the subject for a Haiku poem. You may choose from the following list or create your own! Lyric Poetry: Poetry's Many Forms by Linda Sue Grimes Lyric poetry is the most common form of poetry; it does not tell a story as the epic and narrative forms do; the lyric poem has grown into many forms since ancient times. Origin of Lyric Poetry On the ancient Greek stage, a dramatic production often featured a chorus, which was a group of speakers, who commented on the action of the play. When a single individual sang or spoke more personally and accompanied himself on a lyre, the verse was called lyric. Thus, our present designation of lyric poetry includes personal, individual emotion. The lyric does not tell a story as an epic or narrative poem does. Most poetry as we think of it is lyric poetry. Dreams by Langston Hughes Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That canot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. Song There are many subdivisions of lyric poetry. The most common is the song, including popular songs that are heard frequently on the radio. The words to songs are often inaccurately referred to as “lyrics.” The entire song is the lyric. Sonnet The next best-known lyric is the sonnet, which may be in the Petrarchan or Italian form, Elizabethan or Shakespearean or English form, or the American or innovative form. The Petrarchan takes its name from the 13th century Italian poet Petrarch. The Petrarchan sonnet consists of two stanzas: an octave of eight lines with the rime scheme ABBAABBA and a sestet of six lines with a varied rime scheme CDE. The Elizabethan sonnet also has fourteen lines but is divided into three quatrains and a couplet; the standard rime scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. Shakespeare is the poet most associated with this form, so much so that is also called the Shakespearean sonnet. A third sonnet form is the innovative sonnet or American sonnet, which is usually a free verse poem written in fourteen lines. Rime is usually infrequent and often quite accidental, but the American sonnet is often driven by rhythm and individual speech patterns. Wanda Coleman’s “American Sonnet” exemplifies the innovative sonnet. Villanelle The villanelle is a widely used form. It consists of nineteen lines, five tercets and a final quatrain. It has only two rimes which appear in the first and third lines of the tercets and then make up the couplet in the final two lines of the quatrain. The most widely read and studied villanelle is without a doubt Dylan Thomas’ “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.” Hymn The lyric poem known as a hymn is ironically intended to by sung by a chorus, departing greatly from the Greek tradition that distinguished choric from lyric. The hymn’s main distinction is it subject, which is spiritual. The hymn is offered to the Divine; it is an outpouring of emotion, love, and devotion to Divinity. The form of a hymn is often written in quatrains with a rime scheme ABAB or ABCB. A modern hymn is “How Great Thou Art,” words and music by Carl G. Boberg and R.J. Hughes. Ode The ode usually exalts it subject. It is dedicated to one theme to honor its subject usually an important person or idea such a freedom. There are three subdivisions of odes: the Pindaric, the Horation, and the irregular. Allen Tate’s “Ode to the Confederate Dead” exemplifies a modern ode. "I Hear America Singing" by Walt Whitman I HEAR America singing, the varied carols I hear; Those of mechanics--each one singing his, as it should be, blithe and strong; The carpenter singing his, as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his, as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work; The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat--the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck; The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench-the hatter singing as he stands; The wood-cutter's song--the ploughboy's, on his way in the morning, or at the noon intermission, or at sundown; The delicious singing of the mother--or of the young wife at work--or of the girl sewing or washing--Each singing what belongs to her, and to none else; The day what belongs to the day--At night, the party of young fellows, robust, friendly, Singing, with open mouths, their strong melodious songs. Elegy The elegy is a highly formal verse focusing on death or any other solemn subject. Most noted elegies are Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” and Whitman’s “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d.” Milton’s “Lycidas” is an example of a pastoral elegy. Most poetry that we experience is some form or combination of lyric poetry, resulting in many varieties of poetry. Emily Dickinson’s poems often employ the form of the hymn. Often fond of the elegy, Walt Whitman wrote sprawling catalogues of people and things, but his basic form is still lyrical. Each poet expresses his/her voice through the varying forms of poetry, and most of it can truly be defined as lyric as opposed to epic or narrative. Poets do tell stories but seldom in what we have come to think of as the story form. Write a lyric poem! Narrative Poetry tells a story and does not have to rhyme. It uses language artfully to convey not only the tale, but the emotions involved. On Turning Ten Handstand The whole idea of it makes me feel like I'm coming down with something, something worse than any stomach ache or the headaches I get from reading in bad light-a kind of measles of the spirit, a mumps of the psyche, a disfiguring chicken pox of the soul. You tell me it is too early to be looking back, but that is because you have forgotten the perfect simplicity of being one and the beautiful complexity introduced by two. But I can lie on my bed and remember every digit. At four I was an Arabian wizard. I could make myself invisible by drinking a glass of milk a certain way. At seven I was a soldier, at nine a prince. But now I am mostly at the window watching the late afternoon light. Back then it never fell so solemnly against the side of my tree house, and my bicycle never leaned against the garage as it does today, all the dark blue speed drained out of it. This is the beginning of sadness, I say to myself, as I walk through the universe in my sneakers. It is time to say good-bye to my imaginary friends, time to turn the first big number. It seems only yesterday I used to believe there was nothing under my skin but light. If you cut me I could shine. But now when I fall upon the sidewalks of life, I skin my knees. I bleed. ~Billy Collins There isn't anything that's not important. Your toes must be pointed, knees locked, buttocks clenched to the edge of pain. Ribs arch, torso elongates to an elegance impossible elsewhere. Shoulders extended, you glare at your hands. So much for the easy part, and truly, it is easy; you need only get there and freeze the parts into place, then a corner of your brain will keep them cold while you turn inward, to the challenge. No one but another gymnast would guess that it lies in the pressure from ten whorled pads, in the hinge between hand and forearm. Adjusting by microns, fingertip, wrist, you play as a child, gravity the most beautiful of toys. You could stay up forever, the world inverted but in such perfect balance that coming down is like a small deaththe line breaks, your feet touch the mat, your spine reclaims its ordinary curves; you are dull and mortal as before. ~Linda Sue Park Write a narrative poem about a meaningful experience in your life. Diamante Poems A seven line poem, shaped like a diamond when centered on a page. Line 1: One word Line 2: Two words (adjectives that describe line one) Line 3: Three words (action verbs that connect to line one) Line 4: Four words (nouns: first two words relate to line one and second two words relate to line seven) Line 5: Three words (action words that connect to line seven. Line 6: Two words (adjectives that describe line seven) Line 7: One word (word that contrasts with line one) Day Bright, alive Waking, working, playing Homework, video games, pillow, bed Snoring, snuggling, dreaming Dark, quiet Night Writing Activity: Begin with contrasting words and place one at the beginning and one at the end. Then, begin to build a diamante with Lines 2 and 7. Be sure to use a thesaurus to find precise and descriptive words! Concrete Poetry Concrete poetry is an artistic expression of written language. Concrete poets make designs out of letters and words. Even though the visual pattern (shape) can really catch our eye, it is the language itself that makes a poem poetic. There are different kinds of concrete poetry. We will try a type of concrete poetry that combines two couplets with a visual image. A couplet has two lines in which each line ends with words that rhyme. Read the two couplets below: A click, a sputter, a whoosh- to roar! line 1 A flick, a shudder, a push- to soar! line 2 The wings held steady; the nose held high; line 3 The plane is ready to touch the sky! line 4 In the first two lines, the words roar and soar rhyme. In the second two lines, the words high and sky rhyme. Lines one and two form the first couplet. Lines three and four form the second couplet. These are then grouped on the page in such a way that it appears the plane is starting its engines, moving down the runway and then lifting up into the sky. See the concrete poem below. Takeoff http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/aero/wright/teachers/wfomanual/langarts/poem.html Bird #3 by Don J. Carlson Swan and Shadow by John Hollander Poe's raven told him nothing nevermore and Vincent's circling crows were a threat to destroy sunlight. Now I saw a bird, black with a yellow beak, orange rubber legs pecking to kill the lawn, storm bird hates with claw, evil beak, s u n and eye Dusk Above the water hang the loud flies Here O so gray then What A pale signal will appear When Soon before its shadow fades Where Here in this pool of opened eye In us No Upon us As at the very edges of where we take shape in the dark air this object bares its image awakening ripples of recognition that will brush darkness up into light even after this bird this hour both drift by atop the perfect sad instant now already passing out of sight toward yet-untroubled reflection this image bears its object darkening into memorial shades Scattered bits of light No of water Or something across water Breaking up No Being regathered soon Yet by then a swan will have gone Yes out of mind into what vast pale hush of a place past sudden dark as your own concrete if a swan poem by beginning with a freesang Write verse poem and then drawing a picture that goes with it. Then, try to fit your poetic words into the shape of the illustration.