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ADPC experience and Suggested approaches for Safer Coastal Zone Development NMSI Arambepola & Md Anisur Rahman Asian Disaster Preparedness Center 1 Importance of the Coastal Zone The coastal zone has several important values namely: 1. High level of biodiversity and biological activity 2. High scenic value, for tourism and recreation 3. Rich in biological and natural resources (coral reefs, sea-grass beds) 4. Cheap source of protein (fish, seafood, etc.) 5. Source of livelihoods and important backbone of local economy 6. Transportation, navigation 7. Settlements and housing 8. Rich in Natural resources Source: World Resources Institute, 2001 2 Issues and Challenges Along the Coasts 1. Extensive over-development of coastal and marine economy 2. High population density 3. Land-based and sea-based marine pollution 4. Threats to biological diversity (conversion of natural habitat to human uses) 5. The critical depletion of coastal resources and environment 6. Increasing conflicts on coastal development 7. Disaster risks from coastal hazards 8. Impacts of climate change ex. Sea Level Rise Environmental Degradation Disaster Risks Climate Change Impacts Sources: An, N.T.,Ed., 2003; An, N.T et al, 2006 and Nagothu, 2005 3 - Coastal Hazards Coastal hazards are natural and human-made hazards that occur at the interface between the ocean and the shoreline. Coastal hazards are categorized as rapidonset (fast moving) or slow-onset hazards Storms www.oceanweather.com Coastal Erosion coastal-landscapes.com Floods www.asianews.it Saltwater Intrusion enr.construction.com Coastal Flooding vietmaz.com Sea Level Rise vietnam.resiliencesystem.org Rapid-Onset Hazards Storms Flooding Storm Surge Tsunamis Slow-Onset Hazards Shoreline Erosion Sea Level Rise Saltwater Intrusion Land Subsidence Storm Surge www.telegraph.co.uk Land Subsidence 4 Hazards vs Disasters 5 Understanding the occurrence of a Disaster: Phenomenon resulting in loss Conditions increasing susceptibility to disaster Ability of people and organizations to manage impacts of disasters Hazard + Vulnerability Coping Capacity Risk Potential loss which may occur due to disaster Loss In lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services HVR Capacity Assessment- participatory approach HVRC Assessment - Technical inputs Community based risk maps can be upgraded with GIS mapping, Multi hazard analysis • Incorporated land use plans • Risk indexes defined for ward levels Local/Community level strategies 1.Objective setting - The setting of objectives and policies to manage safer development must be available to local governments. It can be termed as community level DRR/CCA plan. Typical objectives include • accommodating future safer development by identifying land suitable for such purposes, • protecting residents by avoiding climate change impacts and/or managing multihazard risk on land/built up area subject to the influence of coastal hazards, • protecting environmentally sensitive areas. 2. Coastal hazard mapping - Coastal hazard mapping must identify coastal flood and erosion hazard(s) and to provide the technical basis for land use planning and development. 3. Risk management – Identification, assessment, measurement, and prioritization of DRR and CCA measures Responding to climate risk by selecting the most appropriate adaption tools 4. Emergency planning and preparedness – Advance and post disaster planning 9 DRR - Non structural measures Measures to reduce the physical exposure of coastal areas to impacts of hazards: • • • • • Early Warning Systems Training and capacity building Regulations such as Coastal Setbacks Public Awareness Others 10 Community based EWS Monitoring Community Training on Flood alert & developing city level EWS Developing Flood Models, establishing EWS mechanism & disseminate warnings and provide evacuation orders Identifying evacuation routes & conducting regular simulations and drills 13 Implementation of Preparedness Measures Community level EOC established First Responder training Supplemented with tools and equipment (life jackets, life buoys, tents, generators, boats, communication equipment, public address systems etc.) Training kits Operational manuals and training Contd… Small grant programs for Implementation of DRR Actions – structural interventions Construction of drains to improve drainage Improving water and sanitation facilities Cleaning canals Elevating access road to evacuation centers Pond sand filter for safe drinking water Local/Community level strategy Wet flood proofing - Wet flood proofing consists of providing protective measures below the Flood Construction Level of a building which allows water to enter and exit a structure with minimal damage. 16 Achieving Community Resilience through integrating DRR in Socio-economic & livelihood programs focusing on urban poor… Incorporating HVRC in local level economic development plans & promoting sustainable and diverse livelihoods Availing technical and financial resources to reduce vulnerability to sustain urban livelihoods Provide assistance in assessing the risks associated with SMEs, supply chains, location specific risks and helping in business continuity planning, etc. Establishing social and cultural networks and support efforts in traditional coping strategies promoting indigenous methods Community level CCA strategies 18 19