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Final Review #1 By the way…. Don’t forget your final is at 7:30am on Wed, in the usual room Make SURE to study your previous exams! 1.What are the four characteristics of a chordate? 1. notochord 2. dorsal hollow nerve chord 3. pharyngeal slits 4. muscular postanal tail 2.What are the three subphyla in the Phylum Chordata? Urochordata, cephalochordata, vertebrata 3.Who is the founder of modern taxonomy? What two things are accredited to him? Carolus Linnaeus—binomial nomenclature and hierarchal classification 4. What are the four parts of evolution by natural selection? 1.more individuals born each generation than can survive and reproduce 2.trait variation among individuals 3.some of that trait variation is heritable 4.trait differences tied to fitness 5.What are the three types of fish scales? Describe. Placoid-from mesoderm, composed of dentine Ganoid-composed of bone Cycloid/Ctenoid-outer layer of bone, thin layer connective tissue 6. ________________________ are the class of fish that were a precursor to tetrapods. Rhipidistians 7.The ____________________ is the age of fishes. Devonian 8.What are the three extant orders of Amphibians? Gymnophiona-caecilians caudata-salamanders anura-frogs/toads 9. Amphibian means _____________ ______________. While Lissamphibia means __________________ ___________________. Two lives, modern amphibian 10.What are the three theories of why fish moved to land? 1. avoid being eaten(predation) 2. better quality of food 3. competitive advantage 11. __________________ is the age of Amphibians. Carboniferous 12. What is the main reason that amphibians are still tied to water? Egg with no shell can’t leave a moist area 13. ___________________ is the age of reptiles. mesozoic 14.What are the four extant orders of reptiles? Testudines-turtles, squamata-lizards, sphenodonta-tuatara, crocodilia-crocs 15.T/F Retiles are a monophyletic group. False(not all descendants are reptiles b/c birds 16. _______________________ is a transitional fossil with mixed features of fish and tetrapods. Tiktaalik 17. Amniotes differ in the number of _______________ _________________(skull openings. What are the three types? Temporal fenestrae, anapsid-no opening, synapsid-one, diapsid-2 18. Molecular and morphological data support two squamate lineages __________________ and _____________________. Serpentes and Amphisbaenia are nested within ___________________. Iguania and Scleroglossa, Scleroglossa. 19. _____________________ is the fossil with bird and reptile characteristics. Archaeopteryx 20. What are the three theories of flight evolution? 1.arboreal- jump>glide>fly leap between trees and glide to break fall 2. cursorial-run>gliding>flap wings increase life and lighten load for running, add to forward propulsion---NOT TRUE 3. cursorial II – run>glide>flap wings to trap prey 21. Birds evolved from _________________ dinosaurs. Theropod 22.______________________ means two sets of teeth(baby and adult), ___________________ dentition means different kinds of teeth(canines, molars, etc.). Diphyodonty, heterodont 23. What are the three major anatomical changes that occurred with mammals? Squamosal dentary jaw articulation, inner ear-sense vibrations, locomotion 24.What are the two types of bones? Endochondral-bone replace cartilage, ossified, most common Membranous- no cartilage precursor(facial bones) 25. Why are intercalated disks important? Coordinate contraction of heart 26. __________________________--retention of larval characteristics. paedomorphism 27. What are the three types of blood cells? Thrombocytes-blood clotters(mammals have platelets), erythrocytes-rbc, leukocyte-wbc 28.Fish use _______________ current exchange of O2. counter 29. ____________________ are salamanders who are lungless. Plethodontidae 30. ________________ is the outer layer of skin, and _____________ is the inner layer. Epidermis, dermis 31.Shedding in reptiles= ____________________, and shedding in birds=__________________. Ecdysis, molting 32. ___________________________ is the master center of the brain. 33. The parathyroid produces ___________________ hormone which controls calcium in blood. Parathyroidic 34. What are the two types of polygamy? Polygyny-1 male, many females polyandry-1 female, many males 35.______________________: live birth, ______________________:embryo in structure outside body, __________________________: combination viviparous, oviparous, ovoviviparous 36.The ________________ is the largest gland in the body, it’s a chemical factory, storage depot of digested materials and site of detoxification. Liver 37.What are pancreatic juice and bile rich in that aids in neutralization of stomach acid? Bicarb 38.Foods are transported through the digestive system and experience _____________________ and ____________________ breakdown physical and chemical 39. What are three water conservation measures? Decrease evaporative loss through lungs and skin, produce concentrated urine, very dry feces 40.Wastes are extracted from blood by the _______________:the functional unit of the kidney. Nephron 41. What are the three types of neurons? Describe. Efferent-motor, afferent-sensory, interneurons-in between 42. ____________________ taste warns of toxicity. Bitter 43.If pressure is sustained the _________________ adjusts. corpuscle 44.What did the vertebrate ear originate as? Balance organ 45.What are the four pupil shapes? What are they used for? Round- day or night only vertical-nocturnal, and also active during day Vertical pinholed- allows for several images horizontal- wide open habitat 46._________________ are used in dim light and __________________ are used for color vision. Rods, cones 47.What are the four types of swimming locomotion? Describe? Carangiform-front half body rigid, back half moves Ostraciiform-only caudal fin moves Appendicular-appendages move angulliform- most of body used 48.What are the three types of instability? Describe. Roll- move side to side Pitch-up and down movement yaw- tendency to go right or left 49.The two forces that to be generated by swimming are _____________(counteracts force of gravity), and _______________(forward/backward motion in a horizontal plane. Lift, thrust 50.What does Bernoulli’s Principle? How is it applied to flight locomotion? Says increase in air speed, decrease in pressure. Low pressure zone forms above wing, high pressure under, producing lift; air pressure pushed bird up 51.What are the three powered fliers that developed? Pterosaur, bats, birds 52. What are the two types of soaring? Static-use thermals, wings with deep slots dynamic-live in places with constant wind, exalbatross 53.What are the five general types of locomotion? Match these terms with the corresponding type…cursorial, saltatorial, scansorial. Running-cursorial, jumping-saltatorial, climbing-scansorial, crawling, digging 54. There are four crawling types of locomotion…what are they and describe them. Lateral undulation-anguilliform mvmnt on land Rectilinear-use belly scales to push body forward Concertina-anchor part of body with S-shaped coils, pull body forward, anchor again, stretch out Side winding- throw body 2-3 coils at a time, animal tracks forward but at an angle to direct travel 55._____________________: to act, react, or function in a particular way in response to a stimulus. Behavior 56. ____________________ behavior is developmentally fixed, has genetic and environmental underpinnings, ex: baby bird begging for food. Innate 57. What are the two types of conditioning? Classical(associating arbitrary stimulus with reward/punishment), and operant(trial and error) 58. What is altruism? Most behavior is selfish, but altruistic behavior saves another while harming oneself…possibly to increase fitness of close relative 59. What’s the difference between a home range and territory? Territory is defended 60. Increased _________________ is the ultimate benefit to a territory. Fitness 61.What are ways to defend a territory? Visual, auditory, and chemical displays…not fighting 62._____________________ signals are ideal for communication over long distances, are easy to locate, can be sent without need for sight. Auditory 63.What are some disadvantages of chemical markings as communication? Transmission inefficient, difficult to locate, wear out 64.______________________ is a one-way trip, and ____________________ is a seasonal round trip. Dispersal, migration 65.________________________ species hatch in a river, while adults live majority of their lives in a marine environment, and return to freshwater to breed, lay eggs, and die. Salmon, for example. Anadromous 66.For migration, _______________________ is key. _________________(annual) and _________________(daily) rhythm are both reset by this. Photoperiod, circannual, circadian 67.What are the four chemical colors? Melanins-darks colors, carotenoids-bright colors, tetrapyrroles-red in blood, guaninesilver 68.___________________ changes are when color changes from young to adult, ___________________ changes are found in birds and mammals primarily, especially in the arctic, and ____________________ changes happen within hours, days or minutes. 69. ___________________ coloration serves as predator avoidance where the animal confuses the predator. Cryptic 70.__________________________ is the manufacture of complex substances from simpler substrates with the consequent utilization. Anabolism 71.Mating behavior does what three things? Make sure different sexes of same species with female physiologically ready 72. ___________________ young are born helpless. Altricial 73.______________________: temperatue of organism determined by temp of environment. Ectothermic 74.Is heat or cold harder to deal with? How is it dealt with usually? Heat; water loss 75.Temperature zone in which animal requires minimum amount of energy for temp regulation? Thermal neutral zone 76.What are the three types of dormancy? Estivation, hibernation, torpor 77.What are the three steps to enter hibernation? Decrease heart rate, drop O2 consumption, drop body temp