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Lesson 4 Ukraine on the way to independence. The first years of the independence 1986-1994). Plan 1. Social, political and economic situation in Ukraine (1986-1991). 2. Ukraine in the first years of independence. Presidency of Leonid Kravchuk. 1. Social, political and economic situation in Ukraine (1986-1991). Reforms initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in spring 1985 were first controlled by the state party; but with the expansion of publicity (“glasnost”) there remained even less people who could find any harmony in relations between the State and society. Communist ideology lost its authority, the society was quickly politicized. These processes immediately acquired political coloration in Ukraine. There began the actions of protest against closing the schools with education in Ukrainian, against forcing out the national language from the sphere of state management, book-publishing and mass media. In November 1988, the first mass meeting took place in Kyiv which was devoted to the problems of ecology, where V.Shcherbytskyi and other leaders were blamed for concealing information about the after-effects of the Chornobyl catastrophe. Mikhail Gorbachev In 1989, the political strikes burst out in Donbas, and the People’s Movement of Ukraine appeared in Kyiv. In the spring of 1989, the first free elections (after 1917) were held in the USSR which lead to the appearance of a new center of power in a form of the two-level representative system: the Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR and permanently acting the Supreme Council of the USSR formed at the Congress. Under this new situation, V. Shcherbytskyi was not in power for a very long period of time. The party dictatorship and the entire totalitarian system fell to pieces before long. In March 1990, elections were held for the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR and local councils. A lot of new political figures, the adherents of reforms, appeared on the scene in political life. On July 16, 1990 the Parliament adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine. In order to save the Soviet Union Gorbachev started negotiations with leaders of the republics about the conditions of a union agreement that could not be coordinated with the principles of state sovereignty (Novoogariovian process) declared by Republican Parliaments. On the evening of August 19, 1991, the conservatives of the central party-state management made an attempt of the state upheaval, striving to turn the country life to the state before 1985. The putsch (the leaders of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine who also participated) was a failure. On August 24, the extraordinary session of the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR approved “The Bill of Independence Announcement of Ukraine”. In the last days of August 1991, they adopted the edict about temporal cessation and then the prohibition of activities of the Communist Party of Ukraine. On December 1, 1991, the referendum on confirmation of “The Bill of Independence Announcement of Ukraine” took place. There was a positive response from 90.3% of the population who took part in the referendum. The elections of the first President of Ukraine were also held. Leonid Kravchuk became the first President of Ukraine. Flag Coat of arms The referendum in Ukraine created a qualitatively new situation with regard to the problem of existence of the USSR. A week after this event, Borys Yeltsin, President of RSFSR, Leonid Kravchuk, and S. Shushkevych, Head of the Supreme Council of Belarus announced at the meeting in Minsk that the USSR no longer existed as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality. Ukraine became an independent sovereign state. Location of Ukraine (green) 2. Ukraine in the first years of independence. Presidency of Leonid Kravchuk. The response of the world community to the results of the national referendum was unexpectedly unanimous: for December 1991, the independence of Ukraine was recognized by 68 states, and in 1992 it was recognized by 64 states. Yeltsin’s government was one of the first states to recognize Ukraine and hoped that Moscow would remain the ruling center in the entire territory of the USSR and this would be done by using the mechanism of the Commonwealth of the former union of republics, would not turn into a military-political unit or into a new variant of the USSR. Ukraine abstained from signing the agreement which endowed the Commonwealth institutions with super-state functions. After the disintegration of the USSR, Ukraine inherited the third largest nuclear potential in the world. In December 1991, the Supreme Rada resolved the law “On Military Powers of Ukraine”, and in November 1993, adopted the military doctrine in which it was announced that Ukraine did not see its enemies in the neighbouring countries and the army of Ukraine is only a guarantee of its national security. For the first five years, the military forces of Ukraine were reduced from 726,000 to 350,000. Beginning with the Declaration on State Sovereignty, Ukraine always emphasized the desire to become a non-nuclear state. In November 1994, the Supreme Rada approved the decision on Ukraine joining the Agreement on non-expansion of nuclear weapons on the condition of guaranteeing safety on the part of nuclear states. Such guarantees were given and in the summer of 1996, the last 1280 nuclear warheads were removed from Ukraine. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine was commonly regarded as the former Soviet republic (outside of those in the Baltic region) with the best chance of achieving economic prosperity and integration with Europe as a whole. But by the end of the 20th century, the Ukrainian economy had faltered badly, and social and political change fell short of transforming Ukraine into a wholly European state. Nevertheless, Ukraine registered some important gains in this period. It consolidated its independence and developed its state structure, regularized relations with neighbouring countries (in spite of some contentious issues), made some important steps in the process of democratization, and established itself as a member in good standing of the international community. President Kravchuk’s immediate priority was state building. Under his stewardship, Ukraine quickly established its armed forces and the infrastructure of an independent state. Citizenship was extended to the people of Ukraine on an inclusive (rather than ethnic or linguistic) basis. Ukraine received widespread international recognition and developed its diplomatic service. A pro-Western foreign policy was instituted, and official pronouncements stressed that Ukraine was a “European” rather than a “Eurasian” country. The state symbols and national anthem of the post-World War I Ukrainian National Republic were reinstituted. Yet at the same time that independent Ukraine was acquiring the attributes of statehood, it faced a number of contentious issues that severely strained the fledgling country: the nature of its participation in the CIS, nuclear disarmament, the status of the Crimea, and control of the Black Sea Fleet and its port city of Sevastopol. While inflaming passions on both sides of the border, these issues also helped to define Ukraine’s new relationship with Russia. Ukrainian leaders perceived the CIS to be no more than a loose association of former Soviet republics and a means of assisting in a “civilized divorce” from the union. In contrast, Russia regarded it as a means of retaining some degree of regional integration (under Moscow’s political domination) and sought to establish it as a supranational body that would succeed the U.S.S.R. These differing views were not clear at the meeting that created the CIS, but within several weeks they had become very evident. Disagreements between Russia and Ukraine ensued as the latter repudiated proposals for a CIS army under unified command, a common CIS citizenship, and the guarding of “external” rather than national borders. Remaining vigilant that involvement with the CIS not compromise its sovereignty, Ukraine participated only as an associate member. However, after more than seven years of independence, with the CIS no longer a real threat to the country’s sovereignty, Ukraine finally agreed to join the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly in March 1999. Meeting of CIS leaders in Bishkek in 2008 EAEC members GUAM members Other CIS members The issue of nuclear disarmament proved a vexing one. In the wake of the Chornobyl disaster, antinuclear popular sentiment ran high in Ukraine; even prior to independence, Ukrainian leaders had committed themselves to divesting the country of nuclear weapons. But throughout this period, Ukrainians had not been aware of the size of the nuclear arsenal on their soil—Ukraine was effectively the third largest nuclear power in the world at the time—nor had they considered the high costs and logistical problems of nuclear divestment. After approximately half of the arsenal had been transferred to Russia early in 1992, the leaders of independent Ukraine began to question the wisdom of blindly handing over the weapons to a potential adversary that was now claiming portions of Ukraine’s territory (i.e., the Crimea). Ukraine then expressed reservations about the complete removal of the weapons from the country before it could obtain some guarantees for its security as well as financial compensation for the dismantling and transportation of the warheads. This apparent backtracking caused major concern in the West (particularly in the United States) and Russia. Intense diplomatic pressure followed, and Ukraine began to be portrayed as something of a rogue state in the Western media. Finally, in May 1992 Ukraine signed the Lisbon Protocol, which marked Ukraine’s accession to the START I treaty. Subsequent negotiations, brokered by the United States, resulted in a trilateral statement (between the United States, Russia, and Ukraine) in January 1994, which outlined a timetable for disarmament and dealt with the financial and security issues that Ukraine had raised. The interconnected issues of the Crimea, Sevastopol, and the Black Sea Fleet not only constituted Ukraine’s thorniest postindependence problem but also posed a significant threat to peace in the region. In 1954 the Russian S.F.S.R. had transferred the administration of the Crimea to the Ukrainian S.S.R. However, it was the one region of Ukraine where ethnic Russians constituted a majority of the population. In 1991 the Crimea was granted the status of an autonomous republic, and the Crimeans supported the vote for Ukrainian independence (albeit by a small majority). But disenchantment with an independent Ukraine soon followed, and a movement for greater autonomy or even secession developed in the peninsula. The separatists were encouraged in their efforts by routine pronouncements by prominent Russian politicians and the Russian Duma that the Crimea was Russian territory that never should have been part of Ukraine. The situation was complicated by the arrival of about 250,000 Crimean Tatars in the peninsula—returning to the historic homeland from which they had been deported at the end of World War II—starting in the late 1980s. Percentage of Crimean Tatars by region in Crimea (according to 1939 Soviet census) Tensions in the region increased in 1994: separatist leader Yury Meshkov was elected Crimean president in January, and a referendum calling for sovereignty was passed two months later. Meshkov proved to be an inept leader, however, and he quickly alienated his own supporters. By September he and the Crimean parliament were locked in a constitutional struggle. The parliament finally stripped Meshkov of his powers and elected a pro-Kiev prime minister. In March 1995 Ukraine abolished the post of Crimean president and instituted direct political rule, though it granted the Crimea significant economic concessions. The Crimean separatist movement collapsed. The dispute between Russia and Ukraine over control of the Black Sea Fleet and Sevastopol, the Crimean port city where the fleet was based, was particularly acrimonious. Early in 1992 Ukraine laid claim to the entire fleet, which had been an important naval asset of the Soviet Union. Russia responded unequivocally that the fleet always had been and would remain Russia’s. A “war of decrees” over the issue continued until June 1992, when Kravchuk and Russian Pres. Boris Yeltsin agreed that the fleet would be administered jointly for a three-year period. Subsequently an agreement was reached to divide the fleet’s assets evenly, but after further negotiation Ukraine consented to allow Russia to acquire a majority share of the fleet in exchange for debt forgiveness. The question of basing rights was not resolved until a final agreement on the Black Sea Fleet was reached in 1997. It allowed Russia to lease the main port facilities of Sevastopol for 20 years. Shortly afterward, Ukraine and Russia signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Partnership (1997), which recognized Ukraine’s territorial sovereignty and existing borders (including the Crimea) and regularized relations to some degree. Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin The turbulent relations between Ukraine and Russia in the post-Soviet period were likely inevitable, given that the independence of Ukraine was such a sudden, fundamental change. Russia had tremendous difficulty in perceiving—let alone accepting—Ukraine as an independent country: it viewed Ukraine as an integral part of the Russian realm and even considered Ukrainians to be virtually the same people as Russians. Consequently, Russia reacted to Ukraine’s departure more strongly than it did to the separation of the other Soviet republics. On the other hand, Ukraine was intensely aware of the fragility of its recent independence and extremely sensitive to any perceived encroachment on its sovereignty by Russia. Relations between the two countries continued to be volatile into the early 21st century. Ukraine’s dependence on Russia for fossil fuels was an issue of particular concern. For example, in 2006 Russia temporarily cut off its supply of natural gas to Ukraine after claiming that Ukraine had not paid its bills. Ukraine, however, maintained that the move was a reprisal for its proWestern policies. Ukraine’s relations with its other neighbours tended to be much more cordial. Relations with Hungary were from the outset friendly. Poland was supportive of Ukrainian independence as well, notwithstanding earlier centuries of acrimony. Ukraine also fostered a working relationship with several countries of the former Soviet Union by cofounding a loose subregional organization called GUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova; known as GUUAM from 1999 to 2005, when Uzbekistan was a member). Relations with Romania were complicated by that country’s claims to certain Ukrainian territories, including northern Bukovina and southern Bessarabia, as well as Zmiyinyy (Serpent) Island and its surrounding waters in the Black Sea. Belarus’s authoritarian political system and its proposed two-state union with Russia rendered close ties with Ukraine unlikely. Ukraine’s relations with the United States started out very poorly. During a visit to Ukraine in the summer of 1991, U.S. Pres. George Bush affronted many Ukrainians when he warned them against “suicidal” nationalism and urged them to remain within the U.S.S.R. When Ukraine gained independence later that year, Washington was extremely concerned about the new country’s large nuclear arsenal. Only after the resolution of the disarmament issue did significant ties begin to develop. Ukraine soon ranked as a major recipient of U.S. foreign assistance, and the two countries developed a strong political relationship. Ukraine’s postindependence economic performance—in sharp contrast to its relatively successful efforts at state building and diplomacy—was markedly poor. The social dislocation brought about by economic “shock therapy” in Russia dampened the Ukrainian government’s desire for rapid change; it opted instead for a gradualist approach toward achieving a mixed economy. Economic decline followed, since Ukrainian industry was already suffering from the disruption of trade with former Soviet republics in the wake of the U.S.S.R.’s demise. Ukraine’s heavy dependence on foreign energy sources also strained the economy, particularly because Russia, Ukraine’s main supplier, moved to raise the previously subsidized price of fossil fuels to world levels. As a solid monetary policy had not been established, Ukraine experienced hyperinflation, which reached a rate of at least 4,735 percent in 1993. Meanwhile, corruption increased as political insiders grabbed state assets for themselves or took unfair advantage of low-interest loans available to industry and agriculture. A sustained attempt at economic reform came with the appointment of Leonid Kuchma as prime minister in October 1992. His efforts, however, were strongly opposed by a majority of parliamentarians and, to a degree, undermined by President Kravchuk himself. An exasperated Kuchma resigned in 1993. Postindependence society in Ukraine saw some positive developments. The media became much more open and vibrant, although those who were too openly critical of the administration were subject to harassment, notably during Kuchma’s presidency (1994–2005). Previous constraints on academic and intellectual life were lifted, resulting in a growing and diverse body of publications, and liberal arts and business schools began to emerge. There was substantial development in religious life, as the Ukrainian Orthodox and Ukrainian Catholic churches—as well as other denominations—were able to operate freely. In addition, a new generation of youth began to grow up without the ideological and intellectual constraints of Soviet society. Relations with minority groups in the postindependence period were generally peaceful. The Jewish community experienced something of a renaissance, with the American-born chief rabbi of Kiev, Yaakov Dov Bleich, playing an instrumental role in organizing synagogues, schools, and charitable activities. Moreover, the Ukrainian government openly pursued a positive relationship with the Jewish community. The Hungarians and Romanians in western Ukraine were afforded nationality rights, and the government made some efforts to assist the Tatars, the majority of whom live in squatter settlements in the Crimea. Unrest among the Tatars was limited in the postindependence period, in large measure because of the effective leadership of former dissident Mustafa Jemilev. Ukraine’s large Russian minority found itself in an ambiguous situation in the postindependence years. As part of the dominant nationality within the U.S.S.R., it had maintained the preferred status of what some observers termed a “psychological majority” in Soviet Ukraine. In independent Ukraine, however, the status of Russians was less assured. Although granting Ukrainian Russians the full rights of citizenship was never an issue, many of them were frustrated that Russian was not recognized as the second official language of the country. Moreover, the gradual Ukrainization of the school system has not been popular in regions of Ukraine with large Russian populations. The matter was further complicated by Russia’s vow to defend the rights of ethnic Russians in the so-called “near-abroad,” which includes Ukraine. Postindependence Ukraine witnessed the growth of numerous social ills. Both street crime and organized crime increased, and Ukraine became a conduit for the international illegal drug trade. A rise in the number of drug addicts accompanied a worrisome growth in the number of people infected with HIV. The trafficking of Ukrainian women for the international sex trade also emerged as a serious concern— evidenced by the fact that Ukraine was the first former Soviet republic to host an office of La Strada International (a network of organizations that work to prevent human trafficking). Life expectancy fell, particularly for males, and occurrences of diseases considered long eradicated, such as cholera, were recorded. Many people—especially the elderly—were reduced to living in dire poverty, and many others sought work outside Ukraine, both legally and illegally, as migrant labourers. Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk (born January 10, 1934) is a Ukrainian politician, the first President of Ukraine serving from December 5, 1991 until his resignation on July 19, 1994, a former Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and People's Deputy of Ukraine serving in the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) faction.Leonid Kravchuk's political creed is avoiding conflicts and straightforward declaration of his position. He is widely considered to be cunning, diplomatic, and cautious. He describes himself as a man who refuses to take an umbrella because he hopes to "slip between the raindrops." Leonid Kravchuk Such diplomacy helped Kravchuk to retain and strengthen his power over Ukraine during the transition from Soviet rule to independence. He was third in command in Ukraine's CPSU leadership before the fall of Soviet Union even though he didn't belong to the ruling Dnipropetrovsk group. He avoided inflexible positions towards democratic changes and was a compromise figure for both party conservatives and reformists. After becoming president of independent Ukraine, Kravchuk successfully attempted to achieve and strengthen formal sovereignty of the country and develop its relations with the West. He withstood the enormous pressure from Russia and refused to retain the common armed forces and currency inside the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional organization whose participating countries are former Soviet Republics. The CIS is comparable to a confederation similar to the original European Community. Although the CIS has few supranational powers, it is more than a purely symbolic organization, possessing coordinating powers in the realm of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security. It has also promoted cooperation on democratization and cross-border crime prevention. As a regional organization, CIS participates in UN peacekeeping forces. Some of the members of the CIS have established the Eurasian Economic Community with the aim of creating a full-fledged common market. Full members – light yellow; Participating member (Ukraine) – pink; Associate member (Turkmenistan) – green Another of his stands has been refusal of nuclear weapons based on Ukrainian territory. Kravchuk's economic policy is often criticized. He failed to avoid corruption in the privatization of country's industry and promote effective financial decisions. Ukrainian annual inflation rates from 1992 to 1994 reached thousands of percents. Millions of loans given by the semi-government banks defaulted. This led to delays of many years in salaries for industry workers, teachers etc. The collapse of the Black Sea Steamship Company became the saddest symbol of the Kravchuk era. This global merchant fleet, the largest in the world (based mostly in Odessa), was covertly sold out to foreign companies, mostly for fake debts. Hundreds of sailors who hadn't received their salaries were trapped for years on board their vessels throughout the world. Kravchuk's own son was later accused of taking part in this fraud. Shocked by these developments and also by growing tensions with Russia, the voters of industrial and predominantly Russian-speaking southeastern Ukraine supported Kravchuk's main rival, Leonid Kuchma, in the 1994 presidential elections. Kuchma won under the slogans of fighting corruption, reconstruction of the economy, and further integration with Russia. Kravchuk's reliance on bureaucratic pressure, support of pro-Western nationalists, and media bias did not serve him well. Soon after his defeat in 1994, Leonid Kravchuk joined the powerful business and political group known as Kiev Holding or the Dynamo Group. This group, led by oligarchs Viktor Medvedchuk and Hryhoriy Surkis, is formally organized as the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united). Despite its formal centrist/social-democratic slogans, the party is widely associated with big business, organized crime, corruption, and media bias in favor of President Leonid Kuchma. In 2004, Hryhoriy Surkis was banned from visiting the United States, due to his alleged involvement in irregularities during the Ukrainian presidential election, 2004. The group also took a strongly proRussian and anti-Western stand. Analysts say that TV channels and other media controlled by the group have started a sharp anti-U.S./anti-NATO campaign. Kravchuk has been highly criticized for remaining one of the leaders of SDPU(o), specializing in negotiations and public relations, despite his declared pro-democratic and patriotic position. In November 2004, following the disputed Ukrainian presidential election, he told the media that he was afraid that the resulting crisis would cause the disintegration of the country, intensifying movements for certain regions of Ukraine to join other countries. Percentage of people with Ukrainian as their native language according to 2001 census (in regions). Ukraine produces the fourth largest number of post-secondary graduates in Europe, while being ranked seventh in population. Ethnic Ukrainians in Ukraine (2001) Ukrainian administrative divisions by monthly salary About number and composition population of UKRAINE by data All-Ukrainian population census'2001 data The peculiarity of the national structure of the population of Ukraine is its multinational composition. According to All-Ukrainian population census data, the representatives of more than 130 nationalities and ethnic groups live on the territory of the country. The data about the most numerous nationalities of Ukraine are mentioned below: Total (thousand persons) Ukrainians as % to the result 2001 2001 as % to 1989 1989 37541.7 77.8 72.7 100.3 8334.1 17.3 22.1 73.4 Belarussians 275.8 0.6 0.9 62.7 Moldavians 258.6 0.5 0.6 79.7 Russians Crimean Tatars 248.2 0.5 0.0 in 5.3 times more Bulgarians 204.6 0.4 0.5 87.5 Hungarians 156.6 0.3 0.4 96.0 Romanians 151.0 0.3 0.3 112.0 Poles 144.1 0.3 0.4 65.8 Jews 103.6 0.2 0.9 21.3 Armenians 99.9 0.2 0.1 in 1.8 times more Greeks 91.5 0.2 0.2 92.9 Tatars 73.3 0.2 0.2 84.4 Gipsies 47.6 0.1 0.1 99.3 Azerbaijanians 45.2 0.1 0.0 122.2 Georgians 34.2 0.1 0.0 145.3 Germans 33.3 0.1 0.1 88.0 Gagausians 31.9 0.1 0.1 99.9 177.1 0.4 0.4 83.9 Other The part of Ukrainians in the national structure of population of region is the largest. it accounts for 3.754.700 people. or 77.8% of the population. During the years that have passed since the census of the population ‘1989. the number of Ukrainians has increased by 0.3% and their part among other citizens of Ukraine has increased by 5.1 percentage points. Russians are the second numerous nation of Ukraine. Since 1989 their number has decreased by 26.6% and at the date of the census it accounted for 8.334.100 people. The part of Russians in total population has decreased by 4.8 percentage points and accounted for 17.3%. Ukrainian History: Chronological Table Year/Century Event More info Mention of Rus' in the Bertynsky chronicles MAP: Eastern 839 associated with the mission to Ludwig I of the Europe, 250Frankish kingdom. 800 840 Magyars and khazars attacking Kyiv. 853 Askold becomes Kyiv's Prince. Novgorod's Prince Oleh annexes Kyiv, kills 877 Askold and brings the capital of Rus' from Novgorod to Kyiv. Pechenegs advancing to Black Sea steppe. 890 Ugrians (Hungarians) move to Danube. Prince Oleh travels to Byzantine's capital 907-911 Constantinopol (Ukrainian "Czarhorod") with a big army and demands an annuity to Kyiv. Prince Ihor signs a treaty with Byzantine Empire 945 ready to accept Orthodox Christianity. Princess Olha (Ihor's wife) becomes a ruler of 957 Kyiv. Svyatoslav (Olha's son) becomes a Prince of Kyiv. He confrontates with Khazars, then attacks Bulgaria and fights with Byzantine Empire. At the 960-972 time Svjatoslav is in the offensive on Bulgaria, Khazars attack Kyiv. He returns but gets killed in a skirmish with Pechenegs. 980 Volodymyr The Great becomes a Prince. Official Christianization of Kyiv Rus'. Volodymyr 988 accepts Orthodoxy and marries Byzantine Princess Anna. Death of Volodymyr The Great. Sons are 1015 struggling to rule the country until 1019. MAP: Yaroslav The Wise - one of Volodymyr's sons 1019 Kyivan Rus is becomes a Prince. 11th century Construction of Svyata Sofia (St. Sophia) 1027 Cathedral. 1054 Death of Prince Yaroslav. 1068 Polovtsi army attack Kyiv state for the first time. 1098 - 1099 Magyars attack Halychyna. 1111 Kyiv Princes conquer Polovtsi. 1113 Volodymyr Monomakh - the last of great princes of Kyiv. Yaroslav Osmomysl becomes a Prince of 1152 Halychyna. Suzdal (Russian) Prince Yuriy Dovgoruky 1155 - 1157 (founder of Moscow) attacks Kyiv and becomes a prince for a short period of time. Destruction of Kyiv by Andrey Bogoliubsky, the 1155 - 1169 Vldimir-Suzdal prince The word Ukraine (Ukrayina) first used to 1187 describe Kyiv and Halychyna lands. Ukrainians first battle Tatars in a battle near Kalko 1223 River in treaty with Polovetz - Tatars win. Danylo Halytsky becomes a Prince of Halychyna. 1238 Next year he unites Halychyna with Kyiv. 1240 Tatars capture Kyiv. 1256 1320 Lviv is founded by King Lev. Yuriy becomes a King of Halychyna. Yuriy marries Lithuanian Princess, daughter of Gedymin. Lithuanian Prince Olgerd frees Kyivschyna and Podillya from Tatars. They fell under Lithuanian control. Last Halychyna King Volodyslav dies. 1330 1360s MAP: Southern Rus 1250. 1378 1387 - XVIII Poland rules Halychyna. century 1414 Prince Fedir Koryatovych of Mukachevo. Crimea (Krym) under Turkish (Osman) Empire's 1475 - 1774 rule. 1490 1550 First mentioning of cossacks (kozaks). Dmytro Vyshnyvetsky establishes a fortress of Zaporizhzhya (Zaporizhia). 1569 Lyublinska Uniya (Lublin Union) - All Ukrainian territory under Lithuanian rule (except Polissia and Beresteyshchyna) transfers to Poland. 1576 Foundation of Ostroh Academy - first Universitylike school in Eastern Europe. MAP: Ukrainian lands 1400 (More) MAP: Ukrainian lands after 1569 1590 1596 1608 First Kozak uprisings (Kostynsky, Mazyvako). Union of Brest (Beresti) - beginning of religious struggles. Fall of Ostroh Academy. Het'man Sahaydachny is a het'man (the arch) of 1610 - 1622 Zaporizka Sich. 1630 1637 1648 MAP: Zaporizka Sich Kozak uprising against Poland. Petro Mohyla establishes a Collegium in Kyiv. Beginning of liberation of Ukraine from Polish rule headed by kozak het'man Bohdan Khmelnytsky MAP: Kozak state after 1649 (more info) 1654 1657 1663 Bohdan Khmel'nytsky signs Pereyaslav treaty with Muscovy Swedish-Ukrainian coalition against Russia. Two het'mans in Ukraine. Het'man of the Left bank of Dnipro - in coalition with Russia; het'man from right bank - against Russia. 1665 - 1676 Het'man Petro Doroshenko. Establishment of Russian control under the rightbank kozaks. Kyiv Orthodox Church Metropolitan (Patriarkhat) 1685 becomes a division of Muscovite Metropolitan. Het'man Ivan Mazepa - period of palingenecy of 1687 - 1709 Kozak state. Treaty had been signed between Ukraine and 1708 Sweden. Battle in Poltava (Ukraine). Russians defeat 1709 Swedish-Ukrainian army and execute Kozak troops after the surrender of Swede army 1709 Death of Ivan Mazepa. 1710 Pylyp Orlyk becomes a het'man. Russians prohibit the use of Ukrainian language 1720 still preferred by Ukrainians. 1722 - 1727 First het'man of Ukraine appointed by Russian 1670 (more) MAP: Ukrainian lands after 1667 1734 1744 1745 1764 1765 1772 1775 1775 1787 1789 1780 1794 1793 1798 Czar. Het'man Danylo Apostol's uprising on the Right Bank (Haydamaky). Construction of St. George Cathedral in Lviv. Oleksa Dovbush - legendary Ukrainian hero. MAP: Ukrainian lands around 1750 Abolition of Zaporizhzhya Het'manate (Zapiriz'ka Sich). Slobodzhanschyna falls under Russian control. Russian, German and Austrian empires divide parts of Poland among themselves.(First division) Halychyna falls under Austrian control. Second division of Poland. Austria annexes Bukovyna Zaporizka Sich destroyed by Russians. Russians rebuild a village of Kodak into a city and name it after queen Ekaterina II (Katerynoslav). During Ukrainian Republic of 1917 - 1920 the city was renamed into Sicheslav ("In Honour of Sich"). In 1924 communists gave it a present name Dnipropetrovsk (Combination of words "Dnipro" (main Ukrainian river) and "Petrovskij" (The last name of major of city, a Stalinist)). Establishment of Mykolayiv (Nikolayev) End of Het'manate. Establishment of Odesa (Odessa). Transfer of lands on the Right Bank to Russia from Poland excluding Halychyna, Bukovyna, Volyn and a part of Polissya, already annexed by Austria. Ivan Kotlyarevsky publishes "Eneyida". MAP: 1831 Repnev attempts to renew kozak army. 1834 Establishment of The University of Kyiv. Taras Shevchenko's first publication of "Kobzar", probably the most popular book in Ukrainian. 1840 Dnipro Ukraine around 1850 1861 1861 1863 1890 1905 1917 1918 1921 1929 1933-1934 1939-1940 1941-1944 First railroad on Ukrainian territory (Peremyshl Lviv). Abolition of slavery in Russia. Ukrainian language is officially prohibited to use by Russian government. First Ukrainian Political Party (Halytska) Annulment of restrictions on the usage of Ukrainian language in Russian empire. Revolution in Russia. Ukrainian writer and historian Mykhaylo Hrushevsky becomes the president of newly proclaimed Ukrainian state (Ukrayinska Narodna Respublika). The power of the new government is very weak, Russian czarists, communists and Germans try to conquer Ukraine again. Symon Petlyura becomes a commanders of Ukrainian armed forces. President signs a treaty with Germans, but it was annulled in 1919 in Brest, Belorussia, where Germany signed a treaty with Communist Russia. Ukrainian lands are united after Western Ukrainian Republic and Ukrainian republic unite. Austrian empire breaks up. Newly established West-Ukrainian Republic is annexed by Czechoslovakia and Romania. MAP: Ukrainian lands 19141919 MAP: Western Ukraine 17721914 Formation of Soviet Socialist Republic of Ukraine. Collectivization starts. All lands that belonged to MAP: Ukrainian farmers are taken away and put into a Ukraine in large "kolhosps" (co-operative farms.) People, interwar years who didn't want to give their land away are (more) arrested and murdered. Artificial Famine in Ukraine, caused by Stalin's (more) policy. At least three million people die in result. Annexation of Western Ukraine by Soviet Union according to a secret treaty with Nazi Germany. MAP: Ukraine during German occupation of Ukraine. Ukrainian WW2 Insurgent Army (UPA). SS Division "Galizien". (more on division "Galizien") 1943-1944 1945-1947 1945-1955 1950's 1986 1980's 1990 1990 1991 1994 1996 (more on UPA) (Ukrainians in Russians return. Massive immigration to the west Saskatchewan, (England, France, Canada, USA.) Canada) Discrimination and murders of Ukrainian population in Poland by Polish army and police. Continued fight for liberation of Ukraine in the western regions. Illegal anti-communist literature begins to appear. Nuclear reactor explosion in Chernobyl, Ukraine. (picture) National movement for the liberation of Ukraine "Rukh" is formed. Human chain protests for Ukrainian (more) independence. Ukrainian sovereignty is proclaimed. Ukrainian independence is proclaimed. Elections of Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) and the President Leonid Kravchuk. Ukraine signs an treaty with NATO (the text of Constitution is proclaimed. constitution) References: 1. Декларація про державний суверенітет України. Прийнята Верховною Радою Української РСР 16 липня 1990 року. - К. 1991. 2. Акт проголошення незалежності України, прийнятий Верховною Радою України 24 серпня 1991 року. - К. 1991. 3. Конституція України. Прийнята на п'ятій сесії Верховної Ради України 28 червня 1996 року. - К. 1996. 4. Крип'якевич І. П. Історія України. - Львів, 1990. 5. Полонська-Василенко Н. Історія України. Т. 1-2.-К. 1992. 6. Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002). 7. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003). 8. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes. 9. Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1988). 10. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996).