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Around the World in Not Quite Eighty Days
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“By 1500 European traders had established a permanent connection between the eastern
and western hemispheres for the first time, following Columbus’ voyages across the
Atlantic and Magellan’s circumnavigation of the world. Inspired by the early explorations
of Prince Henry the Navigator around the west coast of Africa, Portuguese sailors rounded
the Cape of Good Hope and opened new routes into the Indian Ocean. These explorations
followed centuries of western European economic expansion, national consolidation, and
intellectual renaissance. Explorers were motivated by their mixed desire for knowledge,
profit, national aggrandizement, and Christian proselytizing.
However, one inhabited continent remained unmapped. Europeans had touched the
northern and western coasts of Australia, but without gaining a clear idea of the
continent’s size, shape, or character. Australia is part of a region that is referred to as
Oceania. Oceania includes the lands of the central and South Pacific including Micronesia,
Melanesia, Polynesia (including New Zealand), often Australia, and sometimes the Malay
Archipelago. In 1642 the Dutch East India Company commissioned Abel Tasman, a Dutch
navigator, to explore the continent. On two voyages, Tasman circumnavigated Australia
without actually exploring it. In the process, he also discovered the island later named
Tasmania. In 1768, the British government commissioned James Cook (1728-79) to carry
out astronomical observations in Tahiti as well as to explore the south Pacific in search of a
Great Southern Continent which had been rumored to exist, but whose existence was not
proved. He sailed on the Endeavour, a sturdy 368 ton, 98 feet long ship, of the sort used to
carry coal. He took along with him the young scientist Joseph Banks, who made vast
contributions to botany and zoology on the basis of his findings on this voyage. Indeed
because of Banks’ discoveries, one of the most important harbors in southeast Australia
was named Botany Bay. Cook charted the coasts of New Zealand and explored the eastern
coast of Australia, but he found no other continent. His voyage of two years and eleven
months became the second circumnavigation of the earth. On a second, even more
adventuresome voyage, 1772-5, Cook saw the mist, fogs, and icebergs of the Antarctic
Ocean, but never landed on or even saw the continent, although he reached within 75 miles
of its coast. With these major oceanic adventures, and others, the main contours of the
world’s oceans and landmasses became known, and, at least geographically speaking, all
humanity had come to live in a single, interconnected world.” ~ The World’s History
1- What had European traders established by 1500?
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2- Why were early European explorers inspired?
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3- What inhabited continent remained unmapped in the early years of exploration?
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4- Define Oceania.
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5- Who was Abel Tasman? How did he change European understanding of the region?
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6- Who was James Cook? How did he change European understanding of the region?
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I. Portugal
A. Led exploration: strategically situated near the coast of Africa, and led by a royal
family that supported exploration (Prince Henry the Navigator)
B. 1488: Bartholomew Dias rounded tip of Africa (now known as Cape of Good Hope)
C. In 1498, Vasco da Gama circumnavigated Africa and arrived in India
II. Spain
A. Shortly thereafter, Spain, recently unified under Isabella and Ferdinand, financed
Columbus in1492…the plan – a voyage to the east by going west
B. Columbus’ error: thought India and China were located where Americas were
III. Treaty of Tordesillas
A. By 1494, Portugal and Spain were already fighting over land
B. Treaty of Tordesillas established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal (northsouth) line that runs through western Atlantic Ocean
C. Everything to east = Portugal - To west = Spain
IV. More Competition
A. Soon, England, Netherlands, and France launched their own expeditions
B. Cost and risk associated with these expeditions made it necessary for explorers to
rely on backing of strong and wealthy states
C. Colonialism and expansion of trade routes contributed to rise of nationalism
V. Other Explorers
A. Amerigo Vespucci: explored South America and realized continent not part of Asia
B. Ferdinand Magellan: In 1519, crew continued after he was killed in Philippines and
became first European crew to circumnavigate the globe
C. Henry Hudson: In 1609, sailed for Dutch looking for a northwest passage to Asia;
explored Hudson River
VI. Technologies for Exploration
A. Sternpost rudder (invented in China during the Han Dynasty)
B. Lateen Sails (allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless of wind)
C. Astrolabe (portable navigation device that helped determine latitude)
D. Magnetic Compass (borrowed from Chinese, through trade with Arabs)
E. Inventions converged on one continent (Europe) largely through trade
F. Europe: fiercely competitive about trade routes, newly wealthy, increasingly
organized under strong leaders, and imagination of Renaissance
VII. Yet Conflict in Europe
A. Dutch: successful in the competition with Iberian peninsula…had an efficient
merchant ship (the flyboat)…challenged Portuguese control in East Indies
B. But Netherlands became entangled in a series of wars with France and England,
and lacked manpower and resources to compete…also small nation
C. England and France became supreme in commercial rivalry of 1700s
D. Seven Years’ War began in America (Americans called it French and Indian Wars)
but soon spread to Europe: British won North America and India
E. Deciding factor in the colonies was superior strength of the British navy
VIII. Summary
A. Changes in Western Europe affected all classes, but none so profoundly as
bourgeoisie (middle classes…capitalist classes)
1. A new class of merchants, ship-builders, tradesmen and others appeared
1- Why did Portugal lead Europe during the Age of European Exploration?
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2- How did Prince Henry the Navigator encourage overseas exploration?
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3- Identify the most significant accomplishment of Bartholomew Dias.
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4- Identify the most significant accomplishment of Vasco da Gama.
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5- What event led to the unification of Spain?
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6- Why was Spain willing to finance Columbus?
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7- What was Columbus’ plan for exploration?
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8- Why was the Treaty of Tordesillas created?
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9- What lands were given to Portugal and to Spain under the Treaty of Tordesillas?
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10- Why did England, the Netherlands, and France begin to explore?
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11- What did explorers often need in order to realize their journeys?
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12- Thus, what did colonialism and expansion of trade routes lead to?
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13- Identify one accomplishment of Amerigo Vespucci.
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14- Identify one accomplishment of Magellan’s crew.
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15- Identify one goal of Henry Hudson.
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16- What technologies from Asia made European exploration possible?
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17- Why were lateen sails significant for explorers?
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18- What factors increased European chances of success during exploration?
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19- Why were the Dutch able to challenge the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean?
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20- Yet why were the Dutch ultimately outmatched by the British and French?
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21- What Western European nations were supreme in overseas rivalry in the 1700s?
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22- What was the outcome of the Seven Years’ War?
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23- What social class was most affected by the European Age of Exploration? Why?
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1. Which of the following established
a line of demarcation separating
Spanish and Portuguese claims in
the New World?
(A) Treaty of Versailles
(B) Edict of Nantes
(C) Treaty of Westphalia
(D) Treaty of Tordesillas
(E) Luther’s 95 Theses
2. Which European power won the
colony of Indonesia away from the
Portuguese in the seventeenth
century?
(A) England
(B) Spain
(C) France
(D) Netherlands
(E) Italy
3. Which colony was claimed by
Spain as a result of Ferdinand
Magellan’s circumnavigation of the
globe in 1519-1521?
(A) Madagascar
(B) Hispaniola
(C) Mexico
(D) The Philippines
(E) Canary Islands
4. Which event outside the West
contributed to creating an opening
for the West to move to the core of
a global maritime trade network?
(A) Ming reversal of treasure ship
voyages in 1433
(B) Fall of the Byzantine Empire
after the Ottoman sacking of
Constantinople in 1453
(C) Mongol destruction of Abbasid
power in 1253
(D) Collapse of Mongol power in
the mid-fifteenth century
(E) All of the above
5. Which of the following can be
characterized as outside the world
network of trade in 1450?
(A) Ireland
(B) Scandinavia
(C) East Africa
(D) Mesoamerica
(E) The Philippines
6. Which is an example of a new
disease Europeans were exposed to
as a result of interaction with the
peoples of the New World?
(A) Measles
(B) Mumps
(C) Smallpox
(D) Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
(E) Syphilis
Thesis Practice: Comparative
Analyze similarities and differences in methods, goals, and outcomes of Chinese and
European explorers during their respective years of overseas exploration.
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