Download BioSem 2spr13 Review Sheet

Biology Semester 2 Review Sheet
Genetics
1. Know the differences between-Dominant vs. Recessive, Genotype vs. phenotype, Homozygous vs. heterozygous,
autosomes vs. sex chromosomes
2. Who is known as the “Father of Genetics”?
3. Solving problems-Punnett squares-1. General, 2. Incomplete dominance, 3.Occurrance of genetic disorders,
4. Polygenic traits, 5. Sex- linked, 6. Karyotypes, 7. Pedigrees
Evolution
1. Who is credited with describing natural selection?
2. Explain how natural selection works.
3. What is the smallest unit that can evolve? Can an individual evolve in a lifetime? Explain.
4. What is a “gene pool”?
5. What are the 4 mechanisms for change in allelic frequencies over time in a population? How do each of the
mechanisms affect allele frequency?
6. What is the definition of a species?
7. Terms: homologous structure, analogous structure, vestigial structure
8. Terms: mimicry, camouflage
Classification
1. Explain binomial nomenclature, who developed the idea, and why it is advantageous.
2. What does it mean to be prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic? What organisms are prokaryotic? What organisms are
eukaryotic?
3. What are the levels of classification? Understand the relationships between the levels. Understand which levels of
classification are broad vs. specific.
4. What are the two parts of a scientific name?
5. How many kingdoms are there, and what are they? What characteristics were used to group organisms into these
kingdoms? Give examples of organisms that are in each kingdom.
Bacteria and Viruses
1. What are bacteria? What kingdoms are they in? What are some common characteristics/ structures of bacteria”?
What are some examples of places that each type of bacteria lives?
2. What are the components of a typical bacteria cell (prokaryotes, movement)?
3. How do bacteria reproduce?
Reproductive Strategies
1. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? Give one advantage and disadvantage to each mode
of reproduction. Which animals can reproduce asexually?
2. What is the difference between internal and external fertilization. Give examples of animals that are external
fertilizers. Give examples of animals that are internal fertilizers.
3. What is an amniote egg? What are the advantages of laying this type of egg?
4. What is a hermaphrodite?
5. What is regeneration and which animals have this ability?
Plants
1. What are the parts of a flower and their functions (diagram)?
2. Explain the difference between pollination and fertilization.
3. What is the function of the ovule?
4. What part of the flower develops into the fruit?
5. What is the function of a fruit?
Animals
1. Terms: anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral
2. Identify body symmetry of animals in each phyla that we covered. Which have cephalization?
3. Which animal phylum contains the most number of species?
4.
Refer to your “Animal Systems Review packet”
Sponges and Cnidarians
 Explain how food is digested in sponges. –in cnidarians.
 How do sponges and cnidarians do gas exchange?
Worms
 Explain the relationship between body structure and oxygen acquisition in flatworms and segmented
worms.
 Explain the difference in digestive systems between flatworms and segmented worms.
Mollusks/Arthropods
 What is the difference between a closed and an open circulatory system? Which is more efficient, why?
 What characteristics do all arthropods have?
 Diversity in arthropods-what are the largest classes of arthropods?
 What are the characteristics of insects?
 To what segment are the legs and wings attached in an insect?
 What structures do insects use for gas exchange?
 In crayfish, what are their gills attached to? Why is this beneficial?
Digestive System
1. Know the characteristics of the following types of systems and examples of organisms that have them- intracellular
digestion, gastrovascular cavity, one-way digestive tract.
2. How is surface area increased in the small intestine?
3. Know the organs of the digestive system (diagram).
4. Know where chemical digestion (using enzymes) of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids take place.
Excretory system
1. What is the main function of the kidney? What similar structures were found in the creatures we studied?
Respiratory System
1. What is the difference in location between internal and external respiration?
2. What is the “big picture” reason for cellular respiration?
3. What is the main function of the respiratory system?
4. What are the three characteristics that maximize gas exchange?
5. Describe how you breathe step by step. (include shape of diaphragm)
6. Alveoli are thin and surrounded by a capillary bed. Why is this necessary?
7. What is the function of stomata in plants?
Blood
1. What are the functions of the circulatory system?
2. Describe the structure and functions of the three types of blood vessels.
3. What are the 4 major components of blood and their functions?
4. What is the function of hemoglobin? Where is it found?
5. Where are blood cells made?
6. Blood typing – who can donate to whom? Explain why. Know the terms antigen and antibody.
The Heart
1. What is the pathway of blood flow through the body? What is an artery vs. a vein?
2. Where is the blood oxygenated? Deoxygenated?
3. Ventricles have a much thicker myocardium (muscle layer) than atria do, why is this necessary? Which ventricle has
the thickest myocardium?
4. What factors are associated with heart disease?
5. What is a heart attack? What is a stroke?
6. What are the functions of xylem and phloem in plants?
Protists
1. What are the characteristics of the different protest groups?
2. What type of structure does a Euglena have for movement? A paramecium? An amoeba?
3. What is an example of a protist that is an autotroph? What is an example of a protist that is a heterotroph?
4. Why are protists important?