Download Chapter 3 Fill-in-the blank

Chapter 3 Fill-in-the blank
1.
The water molecule is a______________________ covalent molecule: The opposite ends of H2O have opposite charges.
2.
Since oxygen is very ________________________________________, it attracts the shared e- more than hydrogen does….so,
the e- spend more time near the oxygen nucleus than the hydrogen nucleus.
3.
Because the electrons are held closer to the oxygen, it has a partial _______________________ charge and the hydrogen has a
partial _______________________ charge.
4.
___________________________ allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other.
5.
List 4 emergent properties of water (these are ALL a result of ______________________ bonding between H 2O molecules):
6.
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules close together, a phenomenon called __________________________.
7.
________________________ is an attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls.
8.
________________ ______________________________ is a measure of the force necessary to stretch or break the surface of a
liquid, and is related to cohesion.
9.
Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a _____________________ change in its own temperature.
10. Atoms and molecules are always in motion. ________________________ energy is the energy of motion. _____________ is a
measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion.
11. _______________________________ measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules.
12. When two objects of different temperatures come together, heat passes from the ____________ object to the ______________
object until the two are the ______________________- temperature.
13. The ______________________ _____________________ of a substance is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for
1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1ºC.
14. Water resists changing its temperature because of its ______________ specific heat.
15. A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called a ________________________. In an
____________________________ solution, water is the solvent.
16. A substance that has an affinity for water is ________________________ (water-loving). Hydrophilic substances are dominated
by _________________ or _______________________- bonds.
17. Substances that have no affinity for water are ________________________ (water-fearing). Hydrophobic substances are
non____________ and have nonpolar covalent bonds.
18. The actual number of molecules in a mole is called Avogadro’s number, _________________________________. A mole of
one substance has the same number of molecules as a mole of any other substance.
19. ________________________is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. A one-molar (1 M) solution has 1 mole of a
substance dissolved in 1 liter of a solvent.
20. Concentrations of H+ and OH– are ________________ in pure water.
21. An __________________ is any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution and a ______________ is any
substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution.
22. Strong acids and bases, like ________________(acid) and ______________________ (base), dissociate completely when mixed
with water.
23. [___________] [_________] = 10−14 In a neutral solution, [H+] = ____________ M and [OH−] = ____________ M.
24. Solutions with more OH− than H+ are _________________ solutions; solutions with more H+ than OH- are ______________;
solutions in which the concentrations of OH- and H+ are equal are ________________________.
25. The pH (scale = 1 to 14) of a solution is defined by the negative logarithm of H+ concentration, written as:
26. Acidic solutions have pH values __________ than 7, and basic solutions have pH values ___________________ than 7.
27. _________________________ are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH– in a solution.
Chapter 4 Fill-in-the blank
1.
With _______________valence electrons, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms. Carbon’s tetravalence
makes large, complex molecules possible.
2.
Hydrocarbons contain only _____________ and _______________ .
3.
____________________ are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
4.
_______________________ isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms, ___________________ isomers have
the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements, ________________________are isomers that are mirror
images of each other.
5.
_______________ ____________________ are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in
chemical reactions.
6.
List the seven chemical groups are most important to the chemistry of life:
7.
List the six chemical groups are functional groups. (They are hydrophilic and increase the solubility of organic compounds in
water):
8.
_____________________________ groups are not reactive but add 3-D shape in organic molecules.
9.
Organic compounds with hydroxyl groups (_________) are ______________________, and their names typically end in -ol.
10. A carbonyl group (____________) consists of an oxygen atom joined to the carbon skeleton by a double bond. If the carbonyl
group is on the end of the skeleton, the compound is an _______________________. If the carbonyl group is within the carbon
skeleton, the compound is a _____________________
11. A carboxyl group (_______________________) consists of a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom and a single
bond to the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl group. Compounds with carboxyl groups are carboxylic _________________.
12. An amino group (__________________) consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton.
13. Organic compounds with amino groups are ________________________. The amino group acts as a ____________ because it
can pick up a hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution.
14. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, have _______________ and _____________________ groups .
15. A sulfhydryl group (________________) consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and to the backbone. Organic
molecules with sulfhydryl groups are _________________.
16. A phosphate group (__________________________) consists of a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms (three with
single bonds and one with a double bond).
17. One function of phosphate groups is to _______________ ______________________ between organic molecules.
18. Adenosine triphosphate, or _________________________, is the primary energy transfer molecule in living cells.
19. A ____________ group (________________) is a chemical group, but it is not a functional group because it is not reactive.