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A.P. US
Mods 6/7/8
Artem Kholodenko
0109
Notes for pgs. 772 – 777
Mobilizing at Home,
Fighting in France
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Raising an Army
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Service Act of May 18,
1917
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IQ Testing
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Organizing the Economy
for War
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Day-Time Savings Time
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Food Administration
(1917)
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WWI lightly touched USA compared to other countries
Europe was in war for 4 years – US for 19 months and
Europe had 70% casualties – US 8%
The US army was unprepared for the war with only
120,000 + 80,000 guardsmen
Ammo was only enough for 2 days of fighting
Army chief Peyton C. Marsh and Newton D. Baker
took on this task
This act required all young men between 21 and 30 (later
expanded 18-45) to register for military service
First draft-registration was on June 5, 1917
Regiments received numbers and draftees were
blindfolded and chosen by lottery
By Nov. 1918 over 24 mil were registered; 3 mil drafted
National Guardsmen and Volunteers went to 4.3 mil
The plan called for several months of training, but for
some it was only a few weeks before being shipped off
American Psychological Ass. Saw these men as great
testers of IQ (intelligence quotient)
Some flunked and were “stupid”, causing discussion of
raising the stupidity level in the nation
The men were trained and took tests, calisthenics, peeled
potatoes, and learned bayonets; in free time they saw
movies and shows; read books
The economic government network quickly took shape as
the war called for finances
In 1916 the Council of National Defense was created
to oversee the government’s preparedness program
In 1917 the council set-up the War Industries Board
(WIB) to oversee military purchasing, fight waste, and
ensure military needs of weapons, equipment, supplies
March 1918 saw Bernard Baruch put in charge by pres.
Baruch made a fortune speculating and was admired by
Wilson for his knowledge of practical facts and called him
Dr. Facts
Under Dr. Fact the WIB fast took control over the
industrial sector, introducing priorities and efficiencies
Standardization of production saves a lot of supplies
It was introduced in March of 1918 as a fed. law
Herbert Hoover was the agricultural counter part of
Baruch
He organized food relief in Belgium when brought back to
Washington
Created in august 1917, it oversaw production and
allocation of foods, especially meat, wheat and sugar
By calculations the troops needed 2 mil tons of meat, 9
mil tons of grain, and 1.5 mil tons of sugar
With posters and advertisement, Hoover tried to
persuade people into volunteering
Harriot Stanton Blatch
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Woman’s Land Army
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Overman Act of May
1918
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With the AEF in France
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Russia Leaves the War
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Cards were given to house wives, asking to observe
“wheat days” and “meat days”
Slogans were used to promote substitutes for scarce
commodities, like beans, and promoting oatmeal
Sugar consumption dropped as a result of campaigning
She was the key figure in the Food Administration, as a
women suffrage leader and daughter of Elizabeth Stanton
She organized this group, recruiting women to replace
male farm workers
The WIB and Food Adm. were just 2 of the 5,000
agencies during the war
The act gave Wilson ultimate control of a tangle of
government agencies including Fuel Board, Shipping
Board, and National War Labor Board, which resolved
labor management disputes that jeopardized production
During the ’17-’18 winter RR troubles were taken over by
the government and the US RR Administration, head by
Sec. of Tres. McAdoo turned the railroads of 300
companies into 1 network
Big business distributed propaganda and consulting
services
Now the government instead of trust-busting tried to get
big business to work together
Many mergers took place during this era – “mergeritis”
The colossal regulatory apparatus fell apart fast after the
war
In ’17-’18 2 mil US soldiers went to France as members
of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) under Gen. J.
John J. Pershing (German immigrant)
His personality was hardened by death of his wife and
kids in a SF 1915 fire
The YMCA, Red Cross, and Salvation Army provided
entertainment for the troops to remind them of home
Propaganda was a massive campaign with the USA
Dogfights & plain fights were great shows on west front
When the US went into war, the Allies seemed bleak
Shipping was damaged by unrestricted U-Boats
A failed offensive on the French front caused many
mutinies
Near Paachendaele, Belgium in November, with 100,000
dead per mile
In 1917 Russia left the war to fight its own revolution
based on Marxist ideas
The tsar was overthrown by a provisional government,
which was not stable
On Nov. 6, 1917 the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin and Trotsky
overthrew and took control, letting go of many German
prisoners to have “peace” with Germany
In 1917 US troops reached France, but only in 1918
started to see combat
When Germans got great gains, the Allies put their forces
under 1 control of Gen. Ferdinand Foch
By spring of 1918 Germans broke through Marne and
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were on their way to Paris – 50 miles away
They were stopped by forces including USA near Belleau
Wood and Chateau-Thierry
The last try came at the ancient Rheims cathedral where
at large costs they lost the battle to defeat the Allies