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Comp II Science Final Exam Study Guide
Safety and Scientific Investigations
1. How do scientists work safely?
ANS: Scientist follow set safety rules like wearing goggles in order to ensure
their safety and the safety of others working around them.
2. How are scientific investigations conducted?
ANS: Scientific investigations are conducted in the following manner:
3.
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6.
 The scientist states the problem
 The scientist forms a hypothesis, a possible solution to the problem.
 Next, a scientist might want to perform a controlled experiment. A
controlled experiment can give a scientist more information about
his or hers hypothesis.
 Results are recorded and analyzed.
 Using the data the scientist can develop a conclusion
Science __Changes_____ all the time because of new evidence, new discoveries,
and new technology.
What is credibility? What is repetition? What is replication?
ANS: Credibility – trust worthy, respectful, honest, believable; repetition – a
repeated action; replication – duplicate or copy your experiment
What is the difference between a testable experiment and a field study?
ANS: A testable experiment follows the steps of the scientific method with a
variable.
Field study- collects data and analyzes it making observations
What is an independent variable? If you are measuring how much carbonation
there is in a 12 oz. can and a 24 oz. can of coke, what is the independent variable
in this experiment?
ANS: Independent – the variable that we change – the size of the can of coke.
7. What are two benefits of models in Science?
ANS: 1. You can show relationships between ideas and concepts 2. Models are
cheaper to build.
Earth’s Structures
8. What forces change the surface of the Earth?
ANS: Despite our tendency to consider Earth as static, it is actually a dynamic and ever-changing planet. Wind,
water, and ice erode and shape the land. Volcanic activity and earthquakes alter the landscape in a
dramatic and often violent manner. And on a much longer timescale, the movement of earth’s plates
slowly reconfigures oceans and continents.
9. What kinds of forces cause rocks to change?
ANS: Magma subjected to cooling becomes igneous rock. Igneous rock then is subjected to
weathering and erosion forming sediment which becomes compacted and cemented as
sedimentary rock. Both sedimentary rock as well as igneous rock when subjected to heat and
pressure become metamorphic rock. This cycle goes on and on and is called the rock cycle.
10. What makes each layer of the earth different from the other layers?
ANS: Their composition
11. How do the layers interact with each other?
ANS: Heat flow and movement of materials within the Earth cause
earthquakes, volcanoes, creates mountains and ocean basins.
12. How has the movement of tectonic plates caused changes to Earth’s surface?
ANS: The theory of plate tectonics has shaped the surface of the Earth through collision and
shifting movements as said previously. Consequently, mountain ranges and faults form on the
surface of the Earth. Additionally, Earth has seven or eight major plates, depending on how one
would define them, as well as minor plates. The boundary, whether it is convergent, divergent, or
transform, is determined by the relative motion.
Forming along these boundaries are earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountains, and ocean
trenches. The lateral relative movement of the plates can range from 0-100 mm each year.
13. What causes mountains to form?
ANS: Tectonic plates moving under each other- they push at each other, gradually forming
ridges.
14. How do mountains become taller?
ANS: They grow taller because the tectonic plates shift upwards and cause them to move slowly taller
they rise taller because the earth’s tectonic plates are ever shifting, with one shifting underneath its adjacent
mate, producing a massive uplift of the mate. This typically results in tidal waves (in recorded history), climate
change, and of course, landmass upheaval, producing many of the mountainous ranges we know today.
15. What causes earthquakes?
ANS: An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden
release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
16. Why don’t earthquakes happen in Florida very often?
ANS: Florida should not get many earthquakes due to the lack of fault lines.
17. How do volcanoes change Earth’s surface?
ANS: Volcanoes can change the surface of the earth in several ways. The lava that is ejected
for the volcano may dry and form a new layer of sediment on the ground. The chambers of
magma underground can become too pressurized and make a whole new volcanic mountain.
18. Know the four layers of the earth in order
ANS: crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
19. Be familiar with the composition of the four earth layers.
ANS: core = iron, nickel, mantle = molten rock, crust - thin, rock and soil,
mantle
20. Igneous rock is produced from what kind of molten material?
ANS: lava
21. Give an example of physical (mechanical) weathering.
ANS: rocks are heated and cooled - cracks
22. What can occur where tectonic plates come together?
ANS: earthquakes
23. Be able to name the 5 largest tectonic plates from their shapes.
ANS: NA, SA, ,Indian, Eurasian, African
24. The continental drift theory is supported by the movement of
__tectonic______________ ______plates______________.
25. Explain sea-floor spreading.
ANS: Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed
through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain
continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. When oceanic plates diverge, tensional stress causes fractures to
occur in the lithosphere. Magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new sea floor. Older
rocks will be found further away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the
spreading zone.
26. Which part of the core is solid? Which is liquid? Where would the seismic waves
occur at?
ANS: solid- inner core, liquid- outer core, seismic waves- mantle
27. Where would the oldest fossils be at in the Earth?
ANS: bottom layer of sediment
28. Explain where and how igneous rocks change into metamorphic rocks?
ANS: Igneous rock undergoes heat and pressure deep in the earth
29. As you think of the theory of plate tectonics, has the weather of places on Earth
changed? Explain
ANS: yes- Constantly changing over time. There is fossil evidence of climate
change.
30. How did the Grand Canyon form? Is it still changing its shape today? Explain.
ANS: erosion by water; Natural geologic process that supports the scientific
theory of Earth’s evolution.
31. Explain what land features you might have there are mid-ocean ridges? What
makes this happen? What type of plate boundary is this?
ANS: volcanoes; molten rock rises from the mantle and forces itself up to the
surface; divergent
Earth’s History
32. How do scientists know what changes occurred long ago in and on Earth’s
surface?
ANS: The weather, meteor and asteroid impacts, and plate tectonics cause changes in the
surface features of the Earth.
33. How are the relative ages of rocks measured?
ANS: law of superposition- younger rocks lie above the older rocks, laid down
in layers. Radioactive dating.
34. How are the absolute ages of rocks measured?
ANS: using radioactive isotopes.
35. Where would the oldest fossils be found in sediment layers?
ANS: bottom layer
36. What are some ways that people try to keep land from eroding?
ANS: They plant vegetation
Human Impact on Earth
37. How have humans negatively impacted the environment?
ANS: Humans are a part of the natural environment. Unfortunately, we have not yet learnt to moderate
our activities in such a way as to help the environment. Human activities often lead to degradation of the
environment.
Impact of humans include:
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pollution - land, freshwater creeks and rivers, seas and oceans, and air
deforestation and destruction of habitats
endangerment and extinction of flora and fauna species
introduction of invasive and parasitic fauna and flora species to new areas
increased desertification of land - this often occurs because, when humans try to increase fertile
land in one area, they must divert needed resources from another area
altering natural waterways which can increase the risk of flooding
Interfering with the natural fire cycles of an area (one cause of increased bushfire problems in
Australia)
overuse of natural resources, resulting in depletion of some of these resources
climate change and the development of extreme weather conditions: scientists continue to debate
how much humans actually contribute to climate change and/or global warming, but there is
evidence that our activities do contribute in some part
rising sea levels
increased erosion of land as a result of mining or agricultural activities
mining activities not only can destroy the vegetation of the area, but can contribute to instability in
the earth's crust.
38. People have disrupted the natural flow of the Everglades. How? What are we
doing today to try and fix the damage we have caused?
ANS: disturbed how: housing, pollution, building
Fixing: restoring the natural flow of water and controlling flooding
39. What impact can human activities have on water quality?
ANS: Water pollution, thermal pollution, biological pollution, chemical
pollution.
40. What impact can human activities have on air quality?
ANS: air pollution from vehicles, factories, acid rain
41. How can human activities and natural events have major impacts on ecosystems?
ANS: change water flow, erosion of land, building dams.
Waves and Light
42. What are waves?
ANS: A wave is a disturbance that propagates through space and time, usually with transference of
energy. While a mechanical wave exists in a medium (which on deformation is capable of producing
elastic restoring forces), waves of electromagnetic radiation (and probably gravitational radiation)
can travel through vacuum, that is, without a medium. Waves travel and transfer energy from one
point to another, often with little or no permanent displacement of the particles of the medium (that is,
with little or no associated mass transport); instead there are oscillations around almost fixed
positions.
43. What are the properties of waves?
ANS:
The wavelength is the distance from one peak to the next, or from one trough to the next.
The amplitude is the maximum height of a wave from its rest position.
The frequency is the number of waves per second.
The period and the frequency are related by the equation:
(f = 1/T)
44. How do we classify the Sun’s energy?
ANS: Electromagnetic spectrum
45. What is the relationship between various EM waves?
ANS: Review the EM spectrum
46. How does light interact with different types of matter?
ANS: Waves can be absorbed, refracted, reflected
47. Define energy.
ANS: ability to do work
48. What colored clothes reflect most sunlight?
ANS: light colored clothes
49. Define light reflection.
ANS: bouncing back of light
50. When light bends we say it ________refracts__________________.
51. Ocean waves are caused by earthquakes and ____wind______________.
52. What is the electromagnetic spectrum (Also-be able to identify it) and how is it
organized?
ANS: Radiation energy produced by the sun. It is organized by wavelength.
53. What is radiation?
ANS: the transfer of energy as electromagnetic (EM) waves
54. What part of the sun’s energy do we see?
ANS: Visible light (ROYGBIV)
55. How do we use electromagnetic radiation in our lives?
ANS: cell phones, microwaves
56. The color that we “see” is the color that is reflected the most. What color is
reflected most by grass?
ANS: green
57. How does sound move through solids, liquids, and gases?
ANS: solids- fastest movement (mostly vibrations because molecules are closer
together), liquids – slower than solids (molecules are not as close together as in
solids, gases – greatest movement and very slow (molecules are far apart from
each other).
58. Why do sound waves sound different on wood than in air?
ANS: Sound travels faster through wood. The more dense the material the better
the sound carries. Because wood is more dense than a gas such as oxygen the
sound travels faster through the wood.
59. You are going to the beach. You have to choose between a black and a white
beach towel. Which one are you going to choose and why?
ANS: White reflects more heat
60. Explain how a prism works with white light.
ANS: light passes through it and refracts into different wave lengths and colors.
Energy and Heat
61. What happens when you add or remove heat from a system?
ANS: You can usually warm something by adding energy. The added energy can be from light,
electricity, friction, a chemical reaction, nuclear reaction, or any other kind of energy. When first
added to a substance, energy might be concentrated in one atom, but this one will soon bump
into others and spread the energy. Eventually, every atom or molecule in the substance will
move a bit faster. When the added energy is spread throughout a substance, it is then called
heat energy, thermal energy, or, simply heat. It is usually the case that when you add energy to
a bunch of atoms they move faster and get hotter. Similarly, if you remove energy from a bunch
of atoms, they usually move less and get cooler. Because adding heat energy usually results in
a temperature rise, people often confuse heat and temperature. Adding heat, however, does not
always increase the temperature. For instance, when water is boiling, adding heat does not
increase its temperature. This happens at the boiling temperature of every substance that can
vaporize. At the boiling temperature, adding heat energy converts the liquid into a gas
WITHOUT RAISING THE TEMPERATURE.
62. How is energy conserved? Pg 254, 329
ANS: turn off lights, energy efficient cars. Remember that energy cannot be
created nor destroyed, only change forms.
63. How is temperature related to kinetic energy?
ANS: as energy increases so does the temperature; particles move faster.
64. Where does energy go when it moves within a system?
ANS: high energy to low
65. Be familiar with the boiling point and freezing point of water in degrees Celsius.
ANS: 100˚ C boils, 0˚ C freezing
66. When water changes from a solid to a liquid it is a __physical_____ change.
67. What happens to the motion of molecules when temperatures change?
ANS: add heat motion increases, remove heat it slows down
68. When cooking with an electric frying pan, what energy change needs to happen?
ANS: electrical to heat
69. How does heat flow?
ANS: Hot to cold
70. Heat moves from _____hot_______ to _____cold______.
71. What happens during evaporation? We always say heat is “added”.
ANS: heat from the sun is added
72. What does a phase change diagram look like?
ANS: liquid
gas
liquid
solid
Add heat
remove heat
remove heat
73. How do molecules move when heated? How are they arranged?
ANS: molecules move faster when heated and are spread out.
74. How do molecules move when cooled? How are they arranged?
ANS: molecules slow down when cooled and get closer to each other
75. Give two examples of good heat conductors.
ANS: metals, copper, iron
76. What energy transformations occur when you turn on the computer?
ANS: electrical
heat
sound
light
77. What energy transformations occur when you play a guitar?
ANS: mechanical
Sound
78. What energy transformations occur when you use a battery-operated camp
light?
ANS: chemical
heat and light
79. State the Law of Conservation of Energy?
ANS: Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to
another
Life Over Time
80. Why does one species survive, while another species becomes extinct?
ANS: it has the ability to adapt to change conditions
81. How do adaptations contribute to species survival?
ANS: being able to adapt will help survival
82. What evidence supports the theory of evolution?
ANS: populations gradually change overtime, shape of bird beaks
Selective traits allow species to survive longer.
83. What do fossils tell us about organisms that lived long ago?
ANS: species have evolved or changed over time.
84. How do genetic variation and environmental factors contribute to species
survival?
ANS: Natural differences in traits, parents pass traits to offspring; these traits
can become beneficial to the survival of the species.
85. If two different animals have similar structures, then the animals are closely
__share common ancestors________________.
86. What is natural selection?
ANS: When organisms are better adapted to their environment and are able to
reproduce more successfully.
87. Why have horses grown bigger over time?
ANS: natural selection
Reproduction and Heredity
88. Why do cells divide?
ANS: growth, repair,
89. How does meiosis compare to mitosis? Pg 416
ANS:
Meiosis
Mitosis
*Sex cells
*body cells
*2 nuclear divisions
*1 nuclear division
*4 cells produced
*2 cells produced
*Cells are different
*Cells are the same
From the parent
to the parent
*Haploid
*Diploid
90. How do organisms reproduce?
ANS: Asexually (binary fission, budding), sexually (fertilization and cell division
(meiosis)).
91. How does genetic information pass from parent to offspring?
ANS: Carried on the DNA
92. What is the probability that you will have the same characteristics as your
sibling?
ANS: It depends on the nature of the characteristic. Is the characteristic
Dominant or a recessive trait; incomplete dominance, codominant, multiple
alleles, etc.
93. What do patterns of inheritance tell scientists?
ANS: every organism requires a set of instructions located on DNA, containing
genes located on chromosomes of each cell. Heredity is the passing on of
these traits from 1 generation to another.
94. Why do children share some characteristics with their parents?
ANS: the parents sex cells
95. Show the possible offspring from the cross of two hybrid parents.
ANS:
T
t
T
TT
Tt
Tt
tt
t
25% TT
50% Tt
25% tt
96. Draw a DNA molecule.
ANS: twisted ladder
97. Show the cross of a homozygous recessive parent and a homozygous dominant
parent and describe the genotypes of the offspring.
ANS:
T
T
t
Tt
Tt
Tt
Tt
t
100% Tt
98. Egg and sperm cells are required for what kind of reproduction?
ANS: Sexual Reproduction
99. A trait that remains hidden is called ______recessive____________.
100. A trait that is always expressed is ___dominant_________________.
101. Where is our generic information (Traits) stored? (Be specific)
ANS: DNA in the nucleus
102. Name 2 phenotypes of an apple.
ANS: red, round
103. If R is Round and r is wrinkled, write the genotype of a seed that is wrinkled.
ANS: rr
104. What is the probability of the genotypes if you crossed wrinkled (rr) with round
(RR)? What would be the phenotype of this cross?
ANS:
r
r
R
Rr
Rr
Rr
Rr
R
105.
106.
107.
108.
Rr = 100% - Round
What does “Survival of the fittest” mean?
ANS: The strongest and fastest of a population will have the best chance to
survive and reproduce.
My dog Tanner has blue eyes, but both his parents have brown eyes. How can
that be?
ANS: The parents carry blue as recessive (Bb) X (Bb) = BB – brown, Bb – brown,
bb - blue
What is mitosis? What is meiosis? How are they different?
ANS: mitosis is cell reproduction that produces an exact copy of the parent
cell, Meiosis is cell reproduction that produces cell with ½ the genetic
information.
There is a population of blue-eyed hippos, and you bring in a re-eyed hippo to
the population. What color eyes could the next generation of hippos have?
ANS:
109.
What is genetic engineering?
ANS: Scientist working with individual genes to create new substances or
individuals, genes from one organism are transformed into the DNA of another
organism.
Ecology
110. How is energy transferred from the Sun through producers, consumers and
decomposers in an ecosystem?
ANS: Sun provides energy to plants (producers), consumers eat the plants, and
decomposers break down dead matter.
111. How does matter cycle through a food web?
ANS: Food chains and food webs show how matter and energy are
moved from one organism to another. We often forget, however, about a
very important part of this cycle: the decomposers. As decomposers
break down their food, they use the last of the energy in the food chain.
They also release nutrients. Nutrients are chemical substances that
organisms need to grow and survive. Nutrients are released into the
soil, water, or air. They can be taken up by plants and used again to
help the plants grow. Decomposers keep matter moving between the
living and non-living parts of an ecosystem.
112. How do symbiotic relationships among organisms impact each other and their
environment? Pg. 526
ANS: mutualism – both benefit, commensalism- one benefits the other is
unaffected, parasitism- one is harmed.
113. What impact does limiting factors have on native species?
ANS: keeps a population from reaching its full potential ex. Limited nesting sites
Ex. Food, shelter, disease, predation
114. What is a predator?
ANS: anything that feeds on other animals
115. Define herbivore.
ANS: eats plants
116. Define carnivore.
ANS: eats animals
117. Give an example of mutualism.
ANS: work together both benefitted.
118. Give an example of parasitism.
ANS: Tick on a dog
119. Producers are always what link in the food chain?
ANS: First
120. Give an example of a primary producer.
ANS: green plant
121. Plants receive the energy they need from the ____Sun____________.
122. Be familiar with the links in a food chain and examples of each.
ANS: producer-plant, consumer- eats plants or other consumers, decomposerbacteria & fungi
123. How is a food chain related to a food web?
ANS: A web is a group of overlapping chains
124. Identify (in food web below), define, and give examples of different types of
organisms in a food web.
a. Producer- plant
b. Consumer- eats plants or other animals
1. Herbivore – Eats plants
2. Carnivore – Eats animals
c. Decomposition – Breaks down dead plants and animals
How does the energy flow in the food web above?
ANS: producer
125.
126.
127.
Consumer
decomposer
Define predator.
ANS: feeds on other animals
Define prey.
ANS: an organism that is killed and eaten by another organism.
Describe and diagram the total amount of energy and the total number of
organisms in an energy pyramid at each level. (Complete on a separate sheet
of paper).
ANS:
Decreasing amount of
energy
Decreasing number
of organisms
128.
129.
What do herbivores eat?
ANS: plants, seeds, roots, berries
What does a food chain show?
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
ANS: How energy is passed from one organism to another
What is a limiting factor? Give three examples.
ANS: a resource whose availability limits the size of a populations food, space,
nesting sites.
Give an example of a predator-prey (Predation) relationship? What would
happen to the prey if the predator decreased?
ANS: increased
Hawk
eats duck
What is competition? Give an example.
ANS: 2 or more individuals trying to use the same resources
What is symbiosis?
ANS: 2 or more live in close relationship
Define and give an example of:
1. Commensalism- One organism benefits, other is unaffected – Shark
and remora.
2. Mutualism- Both organisms are benefitted – bacteria in humans
3. Parasitism- one organism benefits and the other is harmed –tick on
a dog.
Little Sally Sue gets a pet alligator for her birthday. She can no longer take care
of it because it has grown so big and is living in her bathtub. What happens in
the ecosystem when the alligator is released?
ANS: upsets the normal balance of the ecosystem (homeostasis).
During a forest fire, organisms are greatly affected. Explain how and what
would happen in the future?
ANS: Succession, replenishes the Earth