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Comp II Science Final Exam Study Guide Safety and Scientific Investigations 1. How do scientists work safely? ANS: Scientist follow set safety rules like wearing goggles in order to ensure their safety and the safety of others working around them. 2. How are scientific investigations conducted? ANS: Scientific investigations are conducted in the following manner: 3. 4. 5. 6. The scientist states the problem The scientist forms a hypothesis, a possible solution to the problem. Next, a scientist might want to perform a controlled experiment. A controlled experiment can give a scientist more information about his or hers hypothesis. Results are recorded and analyzed. Using the data the scientist can develop a conclusion Science __Changes_____ all the time because of new evidence, new discoveries, and new technology. What is credibility? What is repetition? What is replication? ANS: Credibility – trust worthy, respectful, honest, believable; repetition – a repeated action; replication – duplicate or copy your experiment What is the difference between a testable experiment and a field study? ANS: A testable experiment follows the steps of the scientific method with a variable. Field study- collects data and analyzes it making observations What is an independent variable? If you are measuring how much carbonation there is in a 12 oz. can and a 24 oz. can of coke, what is the independent variable in this experiment? ANS: Independent – the variable that we change – the size of the can of coke. 7. What are two benefits of models in Science? ANS: 1. You can show relationships between ideas and concepts 2. Models are cheaper to build. Earth’s Structures 8. What forces change the surface of the Earth? ANS: Despite our tendency to consider Earth as static, it is actually a dynamic and ever-changing planet. Wind, water, and ice erode and shape the land. Volcanic activity and earthquakes alter the landscape in a dramatic and often violent manner. And on a much longer timescale, the movement of earth’s plates slowly reconfigures oceans and continents. 9. What kinds of forces cause rocks to change? ANS: Magma subjected to cooling becomes igneous rock. Igneous rock then is subjected to weathering and erosion forming sediment which becomes compacted and cemented as sedimentary rock. Both sedimentary rock as well as igneous rock when subjected to heat and pressure become metamorphic rock. This cycle goes on and on and is called the rock cycle. 10. What makes each layer of the earth different from the other layers? ANS: Their composition 11. How do the layers interact with each other? ANS: Heat flow and movement of materials within the Earth cause earthquakes, volcanoes, creates mountains and ocean basins. 12. How has the movement of tectonic plates caused changes to Earth’s surface? ANS: The theory of plate tectonics has shaped the surface of the Earth through collision and shifting movements as said previously. Consequently, mountain ranges and faults form on the surface of the Earth. Additionally, Earth has seven or eight major plates, depending on how one would define them, as well as minor plates. The boundary, whether it is convergent, divergent, or transform, is determined by the relative motion. Forming along these boundaries are earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountains, and ocean trenches. The lateral relative movement of the plates can range from 0-100 mm each year. 13. What causes mountains to form? ANS: Tectonic plates moving under each other- they push at each other, gradually forming ridges. 14. How do mountains become taller? ANS: They grow taller because the tectonic plates shift upwards and cause them to move slowly taller they rise taller because the earth’s tectonic plates are ever shifting, with one shifting underneath its adjacent mate, producing a massive uplift of the mate. This typically results in tidal waves (in recorded history), climate change, and of course, landmass upheaval, producing many of the mountainous ranges we know today. 15. What causes earthquakes? ANS: An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. 16. Why don’t earthquakes happen in Florida very often? ANS: Florida should not get many earthquakes due to the lack of fault lines. 17. How do volcanoes change Earth’s surface? ANS: Volcanoes can change the surface of the earth in several ways. The lava that is ejected for the volcano may dry and form a new layer of sediment on the ground. The chambers of magma underground can become too pressurized and make a whole new volcanic mountain. 18. Know the four layers of the earth in order ANS: crust, mantle, outer core, inner core 19. Be familiar with the composition of the four earth layers. ANS: core = iron, nickel, mantle = molten rock, crust - thin, rock and soil, mantle 20. Igneous rock is produced from what kind of molten material? ANS: lava 21. Give an example of physical (mechanical) weathering. ANS: rocks are heated and cooled - cracks 22. What can occur where tectonic plates come together? ANS: earthquakes 23. Be able to name the 5 largest tectonic plates from their shapes. ANS: NA, SA, ,Indian, Eurasian, African 24. The continental drift theory is supported by the movement of __tectonic______________ ______plates______________. 25. Explain sea-floor spreading. ANS: Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. When oceanic plates diverge, tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. Magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new sea floor. Older rocks will be found further away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone. 26. Which part of the core is solid? Which is liquid? Where would the seismic waves occur at? ANS: solid- inner core, liquid- outer core, seismic waves- mantle 27. Where would the oldest fossils be at in the Earth? ANS: bottom layer of sediment 28. Explain where and how igneous rocks change into metamorphic rocks? ANS: Igneous rock undergoes heat and pressure deep in the earth 29. As you think of the theory of plate tectonics, has the weather of places on Earth changed? Explain ANS: yes- Constantly changing over time. There is fossil evidence of climate change. 30. How did the Grand Canyon form? Is it still changing its shape today? Explain. ANS: erosion by water; Natural geologic process that supports the scientific theory of Earth’s evolution. 31. Explain what land features you might have there are mid-ocean ridges? What makes this happen? What type of plate boundary is this? ANS: volcanoes; molten rock rises from the mantle and forces itself up to the surface; divergent Earth’s History 32. How do scientists know what changes occurred long ago in and on Earth’s surface? ANS: The weather, meteor and asteroid impacts, and plate tectonics cause changes in the surface features of the Earth. 33. How are the relative ages of rocks measured? ANS: law of superposition- younger rocks lie above the older rocks, laid down in layers. Radioactive dating. 34. How are the absolute ages of rocks measured? ANS: using radioactive isotopes. 35. Where would the oldest fossils be found in sediment layers? ANS: bottom layer 36. What are some ways that people try to keep land from eroding? ANS: They plant vegetation Human Impact on Earth 37. How have humans negatively impacted the environment? ANS: Humans are a part of the natural environment. Unfortunately, we have not yet learnt to moderate our activities in such a way as to help the environment. Human activities often lead to degradation of the environment. Impact of humans include: pollution - land, freshwater creeks and rivers, seas and oceans, and air deforestation and destruction of habitats endangerment and extinction of flora and fauna species introduction of invasive and parasitic fauna and flora species to new areas increased desertification of land - this often occurs because, when humans try to increase fertile land in one area, they must divert needed resources from another area altering natural waterways which can increase the risk of flooding Interfering with the natural fire cycles of an area (one cause of increased bushfire problems in Australia) overuse of natural resources, resulting in depletion of some of these resources climate change and the development of extreme weather conditions: scientists continue to debate how much humans actually contribute to climate change and/or global warming, but there is evidence that our activities do contribute in some part rising sea levels increased erosion of land as a result of mining or agricultural activities mining activities not only can destroy the vegetation of the area, but can contribute to instability in the earth's crust. 38. People have disrupted the natural flow of the Everglades. How? What are we doing today to try and fix the damage we have caused? ANS: disturbed how: housing, pollution, building Fixing: restoring the natural flow of water and controlling flooding 39. What impact can human activities have on water quality? ANS: Water pollution, thermal pollution, biological pollution, chemical pollution. 40. What impact can human activities have on air quality? ANS: air pollution from vehicles, factories, acid rain 41. How can human activities and natural events have major impacts on ecosystems? ANS: change water flow, erosion of land, building dams. Waves and Light 42. What are waves? ANS: A wave is a disturbance that propagates through space and time, usually with transference of energy. While a mechanical wave exists in a medium (which on deformation is capable of producing elastic restoring forces), waves of electromagnetic radiation (and probably gravitational radiation) can travel through vacuum, that is, without a medium. Waves travel and transfer energy from one point to another, often with little or no permanent displacement of the particles of the medium (that is, with little or no associated mass transport); instead there are oscillations around almost fixed positions. 43. What are the properties of waves? ANS: The wavelength is the distance from one peak to the next, or from one trough to the next. The amplitude is the maximum height of a wave from its rest position. The frequency is the number of waves per second. The period and the frequency are related by the equation: (f = 1/T) 44. How do we classify the Sun’s energy? ANS: Electromagnetic spectrum 45. What is the relationship between various EM waves? ANS: Review the EM spectrum 46. How does light interact with different types of matter? ANS: Waves can be absorbed, refracted, reflected 47. Define energy. ANS: ability to do work 48. What colored clothes reflect most sunlight? ANS: light colored clothes 49. Define light reflection. ANS: bouncing back of light 50. When light bends we say it ________refracts__________________. 51. Ocean waves are caused by earthquakes and ____wind______________. 52. What is the electromagnetic spectrum (Also-be able to identify it) and how is it organized? ANS: Radiation energy produced by the sun. It is organized by wavelength. 53. What is radiation? ANS: the transfer of energy as electromagnetic (EM) waves 54. What part of the sun’s energy do we see? ANS: Visible light (ROYGBIV) 55. How do we use electromagnetic radiation in our lives? ANS: cell phones, microwaves 56. The color that we “see” is the color that is reflected the most. What color is reflected most by grass? ANS: green 57. How does sound move through solids, liquids, and gases? ANS: solids- fastest movement (mostly vibrations because molecules are closer together), liquids – slower than solids (molecules are not as close together as in solids, gases – greatest movement and very slow (molecules are far apart from each other). 58. Why do sound waves sound different on wood than in air? ANS: Sound travels faster through wood. The more dense the material the better the sound carries. Because wood is more dense than a gas such as oxygen the sound travels faster through the wood. 59. You are going to the beach. You have to choose between a black and a white beach towel. Which one are you going to choose and why? ANS: White reflects more heat 60. Explain how a prism works with white light. ANS: light passes through it and refracts into different wave lengths and colors. Energy and Heat 61. What happens when you add or remove heat from a system? ANS: You can usually warm something by adding energy. The added energy can be from light, electricity, friction, a chemical reaction, nuclear reaction, or any other kind of energy. When first added to a substance, energy might be concentrated in one atom, but this one will soon bump into others and spread the energy. Eventually, every atom or molecule in the substance will move a bit faster. When the added energy is spread throughout a substance, it is then called heat energy, thermal energy, or, simply heat. It is usually the case that when you add energy to a bunch of atoms they move faster and get hotter. Similarly, if you remove energy from a bunch of atoms, they usually move less and get cooler. Because adding heat energy usually results in a temperature rise, people often confuse heat and temperature. Adding heat, however, does not always increase the temperature. For instance, when water is boiling, adding heat does not increase its temperature. This happens at the boiling temperature of every substance that can vaporize. At the boiling temperature, adding heat energy converts the liquid into a gas WITHOUT RAISING THE TEMPERATURE. 62. How is energy conserved? Pg 254, 329 ANS: turn off lights, energy efficient cars. Remember that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only change forms. 63. How is temperature related to kinetic energy? ANS: as energy increases so does the temperature; particles move faster. 64. Where does energy go when it moves within a system? ANS: high energy to low 65. Be familiar with the boiling point and freezing point of water in degrees Celsius. ANS: 100˚ C boils, 0˚ C freezing 66. When water changes from a solid to a liquid it is a __physical_____ change. 67. What happens to the motion of molecules when temperatures change? ANS: add heat motion increases, remove heat it slows down 68. When cooking with an electric frying pan, what energy change needs to happen? ANS: electrical to heat 69. How does heat flow? ANS: Hot to cold 70. Heat moves from _____hot_______ to _____cold______. 71. What happens during evaporation? We always say heat is “added”. ANS: heat from the sun is added 72. What does a phase change diagram look like? ANS: liquid gas liquid solid Add heat remove heat remove heat 73. How do molecules move when heated? How are they arranged? ANS: molecules move faster when heated and are spread out. 74. How do molecules move when cooled? How are they arranged? ANS: molecules slow down when cooled and get closer to each other 75. Give two examples of good heat conductors. ANS: metals, copper, iron 76. What energy transformations occur when you turn on the computer? ANS: electrical heat sound light 77. What energy transformations occur when you play a guitar? ANS: mechanical Sound 78. What energy transformations occur when you use a battery-operated camp light? ANS: chemical heat and light 79. State the Law of Conservation of Energy? ANS: Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to another Life Over Time 80. Why does one species survive, while another species becomes extinct? ANS: it has the ability to adapt to change conditions 81. How do adaptations contribute to species survival? ANS: being able to adapt will help survival 82. What evidence supports the theory of evolution? ANS: populations gradually change overtime, shape of bird beaks Selective traits allow species to survive longer. 83. What do fossils tell us about organisms that lived long ago? ANS: species have evolved or changed over time. 84. How do genetic variation and environmental factors contribute to species survival? ANS: Natural differences in traits, parents pass traits to offspring; these traits can become beneficial to the survival of the species. 85. If two different animals have similar structures, then the animals are closely __share common ancestors________________. 86. What is natural selection? ANS: When organisms are better adapted to their environment and are able to reproduce more successfully. 87. Why have horses grown bigger over time? ANS: natural selection Reproduction and Heredity 88. Why do cells divide? ANS: growth, repair, 89. How does meiosis compare to mitosis? Pg 416 ANS: Meiosis Mitosis *Sex cells *body cells *2 nuclear divisions *1 nuclear division *4 cells produced *2 cells produced *Cells are different *Cells are the same From the parent to the parent *Haploid *Diploid 90. How do organisms reproduce? ANS: Asexually (binary fission, budding), sexually (fertilization and cell division (meiosis)). 91. How does genetic information pass from parent to offspring? ANS: Carried on the DNA 92. What is the probability that you will have the same characteristics as your sibling? ANS: It depends on the nature of the characteristic. Is the characteristic Dominant or a recessive trait; incomplete dominance, codominant, multiple alleles, etc. 93. What do patterns of inheritance tell scientists? ANS: every organism requires a set of instructions located on DNA, containing genes located on chromosomes of each cell. Heredity is the passing on of these traits from 1 generation to another. 94. Why do children share some characteristics with their parents? ANS: the parents sex cells 95. Show the possible offspring from the cross of two hybrid parents. ANS: T t T TT Tt Tt tt t 25% TT 50% Tt 25% tt 96. Draw a DNA molecule. ANS: twisted ladder 97. Show the cross of a homozygous recessive parent and a homozygous dominant parent and describe the genotypes of the offspring. ANS: T T t Tt Tt Tt Tt t 100% Tt 98. Egg and sperm cells are required for what kind of reproduction? ANS: Sexual Reproduction 99. A trait that remains hidden is called ______recessive____________. 100. A trait that is always expressed is ___dominant_________________. 101. Where is our generic information (Traits) stored? (Be specific) ANS: DNA in the nucleus 102. Name 2 phenotypes of an apple. ANS: red, round 103. If R is Round and r is wrinkled, write the genotype of a seed that is wrinkled. ANS: rr 104. What is the probability of the genotypes if you crossed wrinkled (rr) with round (RR)? What would be the phenotype of this cross? ANS: r r R Rr Rr Rr Rr R 105. 106. 107. 108. Rr = 100% - Round What does “Survival of the fittest” mean? ANS: The strongest and fastest of a population will have the best chance to survive and reproduce. My dog Tanner has blue eyes, but both his parents have brown eyes. How can that be? ANS: The parents carry blue as recessive (Bb) X (Bb) = BB – brown, Bb – brown, bb - blue What is mitosis? What is meiosis? How are they different? ANS: mitosis is cell reproduction that produces an exact copy of the parent cell, Meiosis is cell reproduction that produces cell with ½ the genetic information. There is a population of blue-eyed hippos, and you bring in a re-eyed hippo to the population. What color eyes could the next generation of hippos have? ANS: 109. What is genetic engineering? ANS: Scientist working with individual genes to create new substances or individuals, genes from one organism are transformed into the DNA of another organism. Ecology 110. How is energy transferred from the Sun through producers, consumers and decomposers in an ecosystem? ANS: Sun provides energy to plants (producers), consumers eat the plants, and decomposers break down dead matter. 111. How does matter cycle through a food web? ANS: Food chains and food webs show how matter and energy are moved from one organism to another. We often forget, however, about a very important part of this cycle: the decomposers. As decomposers break down their food, they use the last of the energy in the food chain. They also release nutrients. Nutrients are chemical substances that organisms need to grow and survive. Nutrients are released into the soil, water, or air. They can be taken up by plants and used again to help the plants grow. Decomposers keep matter moving between the living and non-living parts of an ecosystem. 112. How do symbiotic relationships among organisms impact each other and their environment? Pg. 526 ANS: mutualism – both benefit, commensalism- one benefits the other is unaffected, parasitism- one is harmed. 113. What impact does limiting factors have on native species? ANS: keeps a population from reaching its full potential ex. Limited nesting sites Ex. Food, shelter, disease, predation 114. What is a predator? ANS: anything that feeds on other animals 115. Define herbivore. ANS: eats plants 116. Define carnivore. ANS: eats animals 117. Give an example of mutualism. ANS: work together both benefitted. 118. Give an example of parasitism. ANS: Tick on a dog 119. Producers are always what link in the food chain? ANS: First 120. Give an example of a primary producer. ANS: green plant 121. Plants receive the energy they need from the ____Sun____________. 122. Be familiar with the links in a food chain and examples of each. ANS: producer-plant, consumer- eats plants or other consumers, decomposerbacteria & fungi 123. How is a food chain related to a food web? ANS: A web is a group of overlapping chains 124. Identify (in food web below), define, and give examples of different types of organisms in a food web. a. Producer- plant b. Consumer- eats plants or other animals 1. Herbivore – Eats plants 2. Carnivore – Eats animals c. Decomposition – Breaks down dead plants and animals How does the energy flow in the food web above? ANS: producer 125. 126. 127. Consumer decomposer Define predator. ANS: feeds on other animals Define prey. ANS: an organism that is killed and eaten by another organism. Describe and diagram the total amount of energy and the total number of organisms in an energy pyramid at each level. (Complete on a separate sheet of paper). ANS: Decreasing amount of energy Decreasing number of organisms 128. 129. What do herbivores eat? ANS: plants, seeds, roots, berries What does a food chain show? 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. ANS: How energy is passed from one organism to another What is a limiting factor? Give three examples. ANS: a resource whose availability limits the size of a populations food, space, nesting sites. Give an example of a predator-prey (Predation) relationship? What would happen to the prey if the predator decreased? ANS: increased Hawk eats duck What is competition? Give an example. ANS: 2 or more individuals trying to use the same resources What is symbiosis? ANS: 2 or more live in close relationship Define and give an example of: 1. Commensalism- One organism benefits, other is unaffected – Shark and remora. 2. Mutualism- Both organisms are benefitted – bacteria in humans 3. Parasitism- one organism benefits and the other is harmed –tick on a dog. Little Sally Sue gets a pet alligator for her birthday. She can no longer take care of it because it has grown so big and is living in her bathtub. What happens in the ecosystem when the alligator is released? ANS: upsets the normal balance of the ecosystem (homeostasis). During a forest fire, organisms are greatly affected. Explain how and what would happen in the future? ANS: Succession, replenishes the Earth