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BIOTECHNOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
Biotechnology:
Technology based on a biological system or organism. This technology uses organisms to solve
real world human problems and make useful products.
BIOTECHNOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
Biotechnology:
Technology based on a biological system or organism. This technology uses organisms to solve
real world human problems and make useful products.
Terms:
Terms:
Cloning: creating a genetically identical organism
Genetic Modification: transferring a gene from one species into the DNA of a completely
different species.
Transgenic: another term for a genetically modified organism (GMO)
Selective Breeding: selecting parents with desirable traits and breeding them to produce
offspring with the desired traits. This is commonly done in agriculture and livestock
production (corn, wheat, fruit, dogs, cows, etc). This is also called artificial selection
Cloning: creating a genetically identical organism
Genetic Modification: transferring a gene from one species into the DNA of a completely
different species.
Transgenic: another term for a genetically modified organism (GMO)
Selective Breeding: selecting parents with desirable traits and breeding them to produce
offspring with the desired traits. This is commonly done in agriculture and livestock
production (corn, wheat, fruit, dogs, cows, etc). This is also called artificial selection
3 Divisions of biotechnology:
Medical: use of biotechnology to treat disease and repair injury. Examples are:
o gene therapy – using genetically modified viruses or bacteria to combat
disease
o tissue culturing – cloning body parts (skin, bladders, heart valves) to replace
those damaged by injury or disease
o Drug development – manufacture of vaccines and other medications using
living plants or animals
o genetic testing – screening individuals for genetic markers that cause disease,
crime scene analysis, paternity testing
Agricultural: use of biotechnology to change crops or livestock. Examples are:
o transgenic crops that resist disease and pests, have increased nutritional value
o selective breeding to create crops with the “preferred” traits (turkeys with
increased breast size, corn with larger kernels)
Microbiology: using microbes in environmental or household uses. Examples are:
o to clean oil spills and toxic waste
o creation of foods (yogurt, cheese..)
o industrial cleaners
3 Divisions of biotechnology:
Medical: use of biotechnology to treat disease and repair injury. Examples are:
o gene therapy – using genetically modified viruses or bacteria to combat
disease
o tissue culturing – cloning body parts (skin, bladders, heart valves) to replace
those damaged by injury or disease
o Drug development – manufacture of vaccines and other medications using
living plants or animals
o genetic testing – screening individuals for genetic markers that cause disease,
crime scene analysis, paternity testing
Agricultural: use of biotechnology to change crops or livestock. Examples are:
o transgenic crops that resist disease and pests, have increased nutritional value
o selective breeding to create crops with the “preferred” traits (turkeys with
increased breast size, corn with larger kernels)
Microbiology: using microbes in environmental or household uses. Examples are:
o to clean oil spills and toxic waste
o creation of foods (yogurt, cheese..)
o industrial cleaners
Ethics: concerns about the misuse or unintended consequences of biotechnology, especially in
the field of cloning and transgenic (GMO) organisms. The major concerns about transgenic crops
are the introduction of a new species to an ecosystem that may harm native species, creation of
pesticide/herbicide resistant insects and weeds, potential allergies in humans.
Currently, GMO foods are NOT required to be labeled as such if sold in the United States.
Ethics: concerns about the misuse or unintended consequences of biotechnology, especially in
the field of cloning and transgenic (GMO) organisms. The major concerns about transgenic crops
are the introduction of a new species to an ecosystem that may harm native species, creation of
pesticide/herbicide resistant insects and weeds, potential allergies in humans.
Currently, GMO foods are NOT required to be labeled as such if sold in the United States.
Benefits of Biotechnology:
Increased nutritional value of crops and the use of fewer pesticides & herbicides
More efficient creation of vaccines and other drugs, and in larger quantities
Creation of more successful and less damaging medical treatments for a variety of diseases
Benefits of Biotechnology:
Increased nutritional value of crops and the use of fewer pesticides & herbicides
More efficient creation of vaccines and other drugs, and in larger quantities
Creation of more successful and less damaging medical treatments for a variety of diseases
Biotechnology in North Carolina:
North Carolina is a world leader in the field of biotechnology. The Research Triangle Park (in the
Raleigh area, anchored by UNC, Duke, NC State and Wake Forest) was intentionally created by
the state legislature to bring cutting edge technology and high quality jobs to North Carolina.
Biotechnology in North Carolina:
North Carolina is a world leader in the field of biotechnology. The Research Triangle Park (in the
Raleigh area, anchored by UNC, Duke, NC State and Wake Forest) was intentionally created by
the state legislature to bring cutting edge technology and high quality jobs to North Carolina.
Biotechnology Careers: any job that involves the use of living organisms to solve problems or
create a useful product.
Biotechnology Careers: any job that involves the use of living organisms to solve problems or
create a useful product.
Nutrient and Health Study Guide
Nutrients
Food is a nutrient that provides the body’s cells with energy. We measure that energy in calories.
Macronutrients are food.
Macronutrients:
Protein: 4 calories per gram, used primarily for your cells for building tissues (muscle,
etc). Proteins are a source of amino acids (which have nitrogen (N)), which are the
building blocks of protein. Complete proteins come from animal tissue, Incomplete
proteins are found in plants.
Carbohydrates: 4 calories per gram, used primarily by your cells for energy.
Carbohydrates are “burned” in cellular respiration. Simple carbs only provide energy, no
other nutrient value. Complex carbs contain vitamins, nutrients and fiber in addition to
energy.
Fats: 9 calories/gram. Your cells store unused energy as fat. Cell membranes are
made almost entirely of fat. Your body also uses fat to protect organs and as an
insulator.
Nutrient and Health Study Guide
Nutrients
Food is a nutrient that provides the body’s cells with energy. We measure that energy in calories.
Macronutrients are food.
Macronutrients:
Protein: 4 calories per gram, used primarily for your cells for building tissues (muscle,
etc). Proteins are a source of amino acids (which have nitrogen (N)), which are the
building blocks of protein. Complete proteins come from animal tissue, Incomplete
proteins are found in plants.
Carbohydrates: 4 calories per gram, used primarily by your cells for energy.
Carbohydrates are “burned” in cellular respiration. Simple carbs only provide energy, no
other nutrient value. Complex carbs contain vitamins, nutrients and fiber in addition to
energy.
Fats: 9 calories/gram. Your cells store unused energy as fat. Cell membranes are
made almost entirely of fat. Your body also uses fat to protect organs and as an
insulator.
Micronutrients: these nutrients are not food because they do not provide energy,
however they are still vital for cellular processes.
Vitamins: are made by plants, they act as catalysts for chemical reactions in the body.
Minerals: are abiotic, they are necessary structural components (like calcium for bones)
and are also necessary for many processes, such as muscle and nerve impulses (Ca
and Na) and movement of oxygen throughout the body (Fe in hemoglobin)
Fiber: a non-digestible carbohydrate that ensures that food moves through our digestive
systems properly. Fruits, vegetables and whole grains are high in fiber.
Water: water is necessary for maintaining body temperature and as a medium in which
chemical reactions occur.
Micronutrients: these nutrients are not food because they do not provide energy,
however they are still vital for cellular processes.
Vitamins: are made by plants, they act as catalysts for chemical reactions in the body.
Minerals: are abiotic, they are necessary structural components (like calcium for bones)
and are also necessary for many processes, such as muscle and nerve impulses (Ca
and Na) and movement of oxygen throughout the body (Fe in hemoglobin)
Fiber: a non-digestible carbohydrate that ensures that food moves through our digestive
systems properly. Fruits, vegetables and whole grains are high in fiber.
Water: water is necessary for maintaining body temperature and as a medium in which
chemical reactions occur.
Exercise and Human Health:
Regular exercise increases the health and efficiency of the cardiovascular and
respiratory system. Your blood can carry more oxygen faster and you can take in more
oxygen. Regular exercise also builds muscle, which means your muscle cells have more
mitochondria and your body has greater access to the energy the mitochondria produce.
Exercise and Human Health:
Regular exercise increases the health and efficiency of the cardiovascular and
respiratory system. Your blood can carry more oxygen faster and you can take in more
oxygen. Regular exercise also builds muscle, which means your muscle cells have more
mitochondria and your body has greater access to the energy the mitochondria produce.
Diseases related to dietary choices:
Obesity and cardiovascular disease (heart disease and high blood pressure) are related
to eating too much fat, and too many calories.
Type II diabetes has been linked to diets high in sugar and calories.
Diseases related to dietary choices:
Obesity and cardiovascular disease (heart disease and high blood pressure) are related
to eating too much fat, and too many calories.
Type II diabetes has been linked to diets high in sugar and calories.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis forms the basis of food chains. Plants use energy from the sun to
break apart CO2 and H2O molecules and create food—all living things depend on this
process.
CO2 + H2O + sun’s energy  C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis forms the basis of food chains. Plants use energy from the sun to
break apart CO2 and H2O molecules and create food—all living things depend on this
process.
CO2 + H2O + sun’s energy  C6H12O6 + O2
Cellular Respiration is a process in which the mitochondria in all cells burn food to
create energy, O2 and H2O. All living things (including plants!) go through cellular
respiration.
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O +energy (ATP)
Cellular Respiration is a process in which the mitochondria in all cells burn food to
create energy, O2 and H2O. All living things (including plants!) go through cellular
respiration.
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O +energy (ATP)