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Name: ______________________________________________ Period: ___________ 12SN-22-6 Common Reactions of Alkanes COMPLETE COMBUSTION -All hydrocarbons will burn in oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water. Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water vapour Write the complete balanced chemical equations for the complete combustion of; a) butane b) octane CRACKING Is the process by which large hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, more usable fragments. This process requires heat and/or a catalyst. It is not easy to predict the products that will be formed. What is a catalyst? Large molecules smaller molecules Example: C17H36 (l) C9H20(l) + C8H16(l) REFORMING Is the process by which larger molecules are formed from smaller ones. This is a process that can produce higher grade gasoline. This process also requires a catalyst. Small molecules larger molecules Example: 2 Pentane decane + hydrogen HYDROCARBONS FROM EARTH’S CRUST (READ pages 712–715 and complete the following) This section describes the origin, composition, and uses of natural gas, petroleum, and coal. 1. What are fossil fuels? T hey are carbon–based fuels derived from the decay of organisms. 2. List three factors needed to produce fossil fuels from organic residue. pressure a. ______________________ bacterial action b. ______________________ h eat c. ______________________ 3. Petroleum and natural gas contain mostly ______________________hydrocarbons. 4. What are the four main components of natural gas? methane, ethane, propane, and butane 5. Which noble gas is found in natural gas? ______________________ xylenes helium 6. Fill in the missing reactants and products in the equation for the combustion of methane. CH4(g) �+ 2 _______ (g) _______ (g) �+ 2 _______ (g) �+ heat O CO HO liquid 7. Propane and butane are sold in ______________________ form to be used as ______________________ fuels. Complete 8. ______________________ combustion of a hydrocarbon produces a blue flame; incomplete ______________________ combustion produces a yellow flame. 9. What toxic gas is formed during incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon? carbon monoxid 10. The first oil well was drilled in ______________________ in the late 1850s. 11. Is the following sentence true or false? Petroleum is commercially useful without refining. ______________________ 12. How is petroleum refined? It is refined by fractional distillation. Compounds are collected according to their boiling points. 13. Circle the letter of the distillation fraction that represents the highest percent of crude oil. a. natural gas b. gasoline c. kerosene d. lubricating oil 14. Using a catalyst and heat to break hydrocarbons down into smaller molecules is called _______________________. 15. Complete the table below about four fractions obtained from crude oil. Indicate where each fraction will be collected from the fractionating column shown at the below. Fration Fuel oil Gasoline Lubricating oil Composition of Carbon Chains Where in the column? 16. ______________________ is the intermediate material that is the first stage in coal formation. Peat 17. Name the three types of coal and the carbon content of each. lignite; about 50% a. ________________________________ b ituminous; 70–80% b. ________________________________ anthracite; � 80% c. ________________________________ 18. Is the following sentence true or false? Coal mines in North America are usually at least a kilometer below Earth’s surface. ______________________ 19. Coal consists primarily of ______________________ compounds of extremely high molar mass. SO and 20. Aromatic compounds produce more ______________________ when burned than do ______________________ fuels. 21. What major air pollutants are produced by burning coal that contains sulfur? ______________________ as 22. List four products that can be obtained by distilling coal. ___________, __________, __________, ____________ ._______ 23. Which of these products can be distilled further? ____________