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APPENDIX C
HAZARDS
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
TITLE: HAZARDS
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: At the completion of this PE the student will:
ACTION: Plan a flight mission IFR and VFR in accordance with weather conditions.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS: None.
RISK ASSESSMENT LEVEL: Low.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS: None.
EVALUATION: At the end of this PE the instructor will conduct an after action review (AAR) concerning
the PE.
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS: Students need a pen or pencil and this PE.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS: None.
PROCEDURES:
1. This is a written exercise covering the instruction you received on weather hazards.
2. Record your answers on this PE.
3. All work must be done on your own. If you have a question, the instructor will provide assistance.
4. Upon completion of this PE, compare your answers with the solution provided.
5. If unable to complete this PE during the allotted class time, complete it prior to the next class.
6. Clear up any misunderstandings with the instructor.
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QUESTIONS
1. Before fog can form, there must be a cooling factor and the air must contain a very high percentage of
_______________ and condensation nuclei.
2. After a late afternoon thunderstorm, the sky at your destination has cleared, and a light wind is
blowing. The 2300Z record report shows the wind at 4 knots with the temperature 17, dew point
15. You will arrive at your destination shortly after midnight. What weather could you expect?
___________________________________ (clear/foggy/low stratus)
3. In question No. 2, would your visibility be restricted? __________ Would your plans include a
possible landing at an alternate airport? ____________________ (not necessarily/yes).
4. In question Number 2, assume the same conditions except the forecast wind for 2400 hours was
stronger--12 to 15 knots. You would expect ________________ (clear/low stratus/fog).
5. Radiation fog formed at your destination in the early morning hours. Clear skies prevail, and you will
arrive about 4 hours after sunrise. Will this fog present a problem for you? _______________
(Yes/No)
6. The ground is cold; warm, moist air is flowing inland from the Gulf. You would expect
_____________ fog to form, possibly covering a _____________ (large/small) area.
7. Warm, moist, stable air is being forced up an incline, expanding and cooling. What type weather
phenomena will occur when this air reaches the saturation point? ___________________
(upslope fog/thunderstorms)
8. On a clear, calm night, fog has formed over a wide area. Would this layer of fog be _____________
(deep/shallow)?
9. Fog has formed during the early morning hours and before sunup an overcast moves in. What effect
will this have on the dissipation of this fog? It will _______________ (lengthen/shorten) the time it
takes to dissipate.
ICING
10. There is a stratus deck from 1,500 feet to 9,000 feet, and the surface temperature is +10 Celsius.
Using the standard lapse rate, at what altitude would you expect to encounter icing?
_______________
11. In question No. 10, what type icing would you most likely accumulate? _______________
(rime/clear)
12. Clear icing will occur in __________________ (cumulus/stratus) clouds where water droplets are
_________________ (larger/smaller) than those in stratiform clouds.
13. When moisture is present, a temperature of ____ to ____C will produce the most dangerous icing
conditions.
14. If it becomes necessary in icing conditions to add power to maintain altitude, you should _________
immediately, as an ice accumulation of this magnitude could affect your ability to _________
safely.
15. While flying in ice pellets, there is no immediate danger from icing; however, you know that if
necessary to climb to a higher altitude, you will very likely encounter a very dangerous icing
condition. Name that condition. __________________
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16. Ice, in addition to being a hazard to vision by covering windshields, can cause loss of vital instrument
readings by covering the ___________________.
17. Ice adds weight, increases __________, and causes loss of ___________.
18. Freezing rain is always associated with a temperature __________, if the temperature in the cold air
is below freezing.
19. While flying at 5,000 feet with the freezing level on the ground, you encounter freezing rain. The
terrain at this point is not suitable for landing. You should immediately __________
(climb/descend).
THUNDERSTORMS
20. The most severe area of turbulence in a mature thunderstorm will be found at or near the _________
levels.
21. If you must penetrate a thunderstorm, the area of least turbulence should be between the _________
foot level AGL.
22. The most severe thunderstorms are usually associated with what type activity? ____________ (air
mass/warm front/cold front)
23. Could you safely circumnavigate a large air mass thunderstorm at a distance of four miles?
________ (Yes/No)
24. You have penetrated a thunderstorm at the recommended airspeed and now the most important
factor to consider is what type of control? _____________ (altitude/attitude)
25. While inside the storm, your cockpit lights should be on __________ (low/high) intensity.
26. The three stages of thunderstorm in the order of development are __________, __________, and
____________.
27. Warm front thunderstorm bases may be high, and the storms may be difficult to locate because of
_________ (high/low) ceilings.
28. A fast moving cold front is approaching your destination and is about 75 miles northwest. You will
arrive in about an hour. Would this storm be a serious threat to you? ________ (Yes/No) If not,
why not? ___________________________________________________________ If so, why?
____________________________________________________________________
29. In the development of a thunderstorm, only updrafts are found in the __________ stage.
30. A microburst occurring in the rain shaft of a thunderstorm would be classified as a ________
(wet/dry) microburst, while one occurring in a virga condition would be classified as a _____
(wet/dry) microburst.
31. In mountainous terrain, with strong winds, the most turbulent conditions would be found on the
_____________ (windward/lee) side of the mountain.
32. Name the clouds associated with mountain waves. ____________, __________, and
_______________
33. Which of the clouds in question No. 32 would be the best indicator of the mountain wave?
___________ Which is the most turbulent? ___________________
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APPENDIX C
HAZARDS
PRACTICAL EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
1. moisture
26. cumulus, mature, dissipating
2. foggy
27. lower clouds
3. Yes, Yes
28. Yes, possible squall line preceding the front
4. clear
29. cumulus
5. No
30. wet, dry
6. advection, large
31. lee
7. upslope fog
32. cap, lenticular, rotor
8. shallow
33. lenticular, rotor
9. lengthen
10. 5,000
11. rime
12. cumulus, larger
13. 0 to -10C
14. land, autorotate
15. freezing rain
16. pitot tube
17. drag, lift
18. inversion
19. climb
20. middle
21. 4,000 to 6,000
22. cold front
23. No
24. attitude
25. high
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