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Content TAMU Average Permeability, Flow in layered systems- Lecture 12 Linear flow, Pressure profile Linear, Parallel flow Linear, Serial Flow Radial Flow, Pressure profile Radial, Parallel flow Radial, Serial flow Integration of darcy’s law Capillary pressure – Lecture 15-21 Introduction to capillary pressure (Lecture 15) Applications of capillary pressure data Drainage and imbibition capillary pressure curves Drainage process Imbibition process Effect of permeability on shape Effect of grain size distribution on shape Capillary pressure- definition Capillary tube – conceptual model air-water system Capillary Tube Model – Air/Water system Capillary pressure – oil/water system Laboratory measurement of capillary pressure (Lecture 16) Porous diaphragm method for capillary pressure Mercury injection method for capillary pressure Centrifuge method for determining capillary pressure Dynamic method of measuring capillary pressure Averaging capillary pressure data using the Leverett J-function Definition of Leverett J-function Leverett J-function for conversion of Pc data Use of Leverett J-function Capillary pressure and saturation history, Capillary pressure in reservoir rock (Lecture 17) Drainage and imbibition capillary pressure curves Saturation history Rock type Thomeer’s parameters for capillary pressure curves Capillary pressure in reservoir Fluid distribution in reservoirs Relation between capillary pressure and fluid saturation Saturation in reservoir vs. depth Capillary pressure: reservoir seal, Capillary pressure / Saturation relationship (Sw*Model) Reservoir Seal Sw* Power Law Model Capillary Pressure - Brooks and Corey Type Curve (Lecture 19) Review: Sw* Power Law Model Type Curves Brooks and Corey Type Curve Capillary Pressure / Permeability Relations (Lecture 20) Single Capillary Tube Bundle of Capillary Tubes Model Purcell’s Equation Application of Sw* Model Purcell’s Equation with Sw* Model Dimensionless capillary pressure type curves (Lecture 20. doc) Effects on flushing by mud filtrates (Lecture 21) Conversion factors for oilfield units (Lecture 11) Need for unit conversions Oilfield units Learning objectives Darcy’s law – Darcy units Darcy’s law – Oilfield units Static pressure gradient – SI units Static pressure gradient – Oilfield units Conversion factors for oilfield units (Lecture 11.doc) Incompressible Fluid Real Gas Flow in Channels and Fractures Analogies to Darcy’s Law Channels and Fractures Channels Fractures Average Porosity Average Permeability Introduction to Petrophysics (Lecture 01) •Lithology • Porosity • Compressibility • Permeability • Fluid saturations • Capillary characteristics • Rock stress • Fluid-rock interaction DEFINITIONS - SEDIMENTARY ROCK CLASTIC AND CARBONATE ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCK TYPES Grain-Size Classification for Clastic Sediments DUNHAM’S CLASSIFICATION - CARBONATES GENERATION, MIGRATION, AND TRAPPING OF HYDROCARBONS DESCRIBING A RESERVOIR STRUCTURAL HYDROCARBON TRAP DOMAL TRAP WATER DRIVE GAS EXPANSION DRIVE TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBONS FLUID DENSITY FLUID VISCOSITY DRILLING RIGS ROTARY DRILL BIT, WORN Factors Affecting Permeability Determination Non-Darcy Flow – Lecture 10 Air Permeability Measurement Non-Darcy Flow - Gas Slippage Non-Darcy Flow - Klinkenberg Effect Non-Darcy Flow - High Flow Rates Non-Darcy Flow – Turbulence Non-Darcy Flow - Forchheimer Equation PERMEABILITY Sources for Permeability Determination Darcy’s Apparatus for Determining Permeability Review - Derived Units Permeability Dimensions & Units Darcy Units Differential Form - Darcy’s Law Flow Potential PERMEABILITY Flow of Liquids in Porous Media Linear Flow, Incompressible Liquid PERMEABILITY Gas Flow in Porous Media Gas Flow vs. Liquid Flow Gas Formation Volume Factor Linear Gas Flow Integral of Pressure Dependent Terms (zmg )=Constant (zmg )=Constant, Linear Flow Real Gas Pseudopressure Real Gas Pseudopressure, Linear Flow Radial Gas Flow LABORATORY DETERMATION OF PERMEABILITY LABORATORY METHODS FOR DETERMINING ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY WHOLE-CORE METHOD CORE PLUG METHOD LAB PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING PERMEABILITY PERM PLUG METHOD LIQUID FLOW Laboratory Determination of Absolute Permeability, Liquid Flow ISSUES AFFECTING LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY CORE HANDLING PROCESSES AFFECT PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS FLUID-ROCK INTERACTIONS AFFECT MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY PRESSURES AFFECT LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY CORE HETEROGENEITIES AFFECT MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY FLUID-ROCK INTERACTIONS AFFECT MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY PRESSURES AFFECT LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY CORE HETEROGENEITIES AFFECT MEASUREMENTS OF PERMEABILITY EXAMPLE CORE REPORT Laboratory Analysis of Gas Flow Mean Pressure Method Porosity RESERVOIR POROSITY POROSITY DEFINITION OBJECTIVES CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FOUR MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SANDSTONE ORIGINS OF POROSITY IN CLASTICS AND CARBONATES PRIMARY (ORIGINAL) POROSITY SECONDARY (INDUCED) POROSITY SANDSTONES POROSITY TYPES FACTORS THAT AFFECT POROSITY GRAIN PACKING IN SANDSTONE CUBIC PACKING OF SPHERES Porosity Calculations - Uniform Spheres RHOMBIC PACKING OF SPHERES Packing of Two Sizes of Spheres Grain-Size Sorting in Sandstone LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF POROSITY Relative Permeability