Download Human Anatomy and Physiology

Human Anatomy and Physiology
2nd Semester Exam
1. These cells are the structural and
functional units of the nervous
system and are specialized to react
to physical and chemical changes
in their surroundings.
A. Nerve fibers
B. Axons
C. Neuroglial cells
D. Neurons
2. These cells function like
connective tissue in the nervous
system.
A. Nerves
B. Neuroglial cells
C. Cell bodies
D. Ependymal cells
3. The nervous system helps to maintain
homeostasis by ____________ the
effects of the changes detected outside
and within the body.
A. Reinforcing
B. Counteracting
C. Coinciding with
D. Multiplying
4. The term used to denote muscles
and glands outside the nervous
system that respond to nerve
impulses from motor neurons.
A. Motor Functions
B. Sensory Receptors
C. Effectors
D. Motor end plates
5. These structures of the neuron
always carry impulses away from
the cell body.
A. Schwann Cells
B. Nerve Fibers
C. Axons
D. Neurofibrils
6. These are the narrow gaps between
Schwann cells on an axon.
A. Synaptic clefts
B. Schwann gaps
C. Nodes of Ranvier
D. Synaptic gaps
7. These neurons carry nerve
impulses from peripheral body
parts into the brain or spinal cord.
They have specialized receptor
ends at the tips of their dendrites.
A. Interneurons
B. Motor Neurons
C. Astrocytes
D. Sensory neurons
8. A nerve fiber that that Schwann cells
would conduct an impulse faster than
a nerve fiber without Schwann cells
because _______?
A. Schwann cells have high
concentrations of neurotransmitters
B. Schwann cells have highly
electrically reactive coatings like a
bandage on a finger
C. The nerve impulse will jump from
one Node of Ranvier to another
D. Nerve fibers with Schwann cells
are more densely packed causing
the neurons to have more sensory
connections
9. Like muscle fiber contractions,
nerve impulse conduction is an all
or none response. So, a greater
stimulation does not produce a
stronger impulse, but rather,
__________?
A. More impulses per second
B. Fewer impulses per second
C. The impulse ends
D. The impulse speeds up
10. The junction between two
communicating neurons is called a
____?
A. Neuromuscular junction
B. Synapse
C. Neuromuscular gap
D. Synaptic gap
11. The _________ is a slender nerve
column that passes downward from
the brain and into the vertebral canal.
A. Ascending tract
B. Descending tract
C. Meninges
D. Spinal cord
12. The brain can be divided into three
major portions, they are _________?
A. Insula, cerebral cortex,
corpus callosum
B. Cerebrum, cerebellum,
brain stem
C. Brain stem, insula,
cerebellum
D. Insula, cerebellum,
corpus callosum
13. This substance is a liquid that acts as
a shock absorber around the CNS.
A. Subarachnoid fluid
B. Cerebrospinal fluid
C. Infundibulum fluid
D. Glandular fluid
14. The hypothalamus maintains
homeostasis by regulating a variety
of visceral activities and by linking
the ________ systems.
A. Nervous and digestive
B. Nervous and respiratory
C. Nervous and endocrine
D. Nervous and circulatory
15. The peripheral nervous system
consists of ___________?
A. Nerves wholly contained
within the brain and
spinal cord
B. Nerves within the spinal
cord only
C. Nerves within the brain
only
D. Cranial nerves and spinal
nerves that branch out
from the CNS
16. The somatic nervous system is
conscious activities as
____________?
A. the autonomic nervous
system is to the
hypothalamus
B. the parasympathetic
nervous system is to the
sympathetic nervous
system
C. the autonomic nervous
system is to unconscious
activities
D. the parasympathetic
system is to the thalamus
17. Which of the following is NOT a
general characteristic of the
endocrine system?
A. They control the rates of certain
chemical reactions.
B. They aid in transport of
substances across membranes.
C. They are used extensively in the
nervous system, most commonly
in sensory neurons, to carry
biochemical signals across the
synaptic gaps
D. They help regulate water and
electrolyte balances.
18. A hormone is defined as:
A. A biochemical produced by the
body that speeds up a chemical
reaction.
B. A biochemical that a cell
secretes that affects the
functions of another cell.
C. A biochemical that carries nerve
impulses across the synapse.
D. A cell with a chemical receptor
designed to respond to a certain
stimulus.
19. Hormones affect ____________.
A. All body cells equally.
B. Only cells in the nervous
system.
C. Only cells with specific
receptors for the hormone
molecules.
D. Only the cells a short distance
from the secretory cells, due to
paracrine secretion.
20. Hormone secretion is controlled in
three ways, all of which employ
negative feedback. Which of the
following is NOT one the ways in
which hormone secretion is
controlled.?
A. The hypothalamus controls the
anterior pituitary gland’s release
of hormones that stimulate other
endocrine glands to release
hormones.
B. Another group of glands
responds directly to changes in
the composition of the internal
environment.
C. Releasing hormones from the
hypothalamus control secretion
from the pancreas
D. The brain stimulates some
glands directly.
21. A _____ is a chemical that
increases urine production,
whereas an ______ decreases urine
formation/
A. Antidiuretic/Diuretic
B. Thyroxine/triiodothyronine
C. Triiodothyronine/thyroxine
D. Diuretic/Antidiuretic
22. Where is the thyroid gland located?
A. Just below the larynx and on
either side and in front of the
trachea.
B. Just below the pharynx and on
either side and in front of the
esophagus.
C. Just below the larynx and on
either side and in front of the
esophagus.
D. None of the above
23. Epinephrine (adrenaline) is
secreted by the _________?
A. Adrenal medulla
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Pituitary gland
D. Pancreas
24. The pancreas is functioning as a
_________ gland when it secretes
glucagon and insulin.
A. Endocrine
B. Exocrine
C. Both endocrine and exocrine
D. Neither endocrine or exocrine
25. ________ are patterns of repeated
activity associated with the
environmental cycles of day and
night.
A. Circadian rhythms
B. Melatonin
C. Thymosins
D. Thyroid gland secretions
26. Survival depends on the
maintenance of __________.
A. Digestive glands
B. Physical factors
C. Homeostasis
D. Progesterone
32. Internally, the heart is divided into
______ hollow chambers.
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
27. Blood is made up of liquid and
formed elements. Which of the
following would NOT be a formed
element component of blood?
A. Plasma
B. Red blood cells
C. White blood cells
D. Platelets
33. Which of these valves does not
ensure one way blood flow
between the atria and ventricles?
A. A-V valves
B. Tricuspid valves
C. Bicuspid valves
D. Pulmonary valves
28. Hemoglobin combines with
oxygen in which type of blood
cell?
A. White blood cells
B. Platelets
C. Red blood cells
D. Plasma cells
29. These blood cells aid in clotting of
blood.
A. Red blood cells
B. White blood cells
C. Plasma cells
D. Platelets
30. This type of blood cell fights
infections.
A. Red blood cells
B. White blood cells
C. Plasma cells
D. Platelets
31. The thick muscular layer of the
heart is called the __________?
A. Myocardium
B. Endocardium
C. Epicardium
D. Oudocardium
34. When the left ventricle contracts,
blood leaves the heart in _______?
A. The pulmonary trunk
B. Either the right or left
pulmonary artery
C. The aorta
D. The pulmonary vein
35. The first two branches of the aorta,
supply blood to the ________?
A. lungs
B. heart
C. brain
D. left atria
36. A complete heartbeat is referred to
as a ____________?
A. Cardiac arrest
B. Cardiac rhythm
C. Lubb-dupp
D. Cardiac cycle
37. The _____________ coordinates
the events of the cardiac cycle.
A. S-A nodes
B. Sinoatrial tissue
C. Cardiac conduction
system
D. Pacemaker
38. These blood vessels are very strong
and elastic. They move blood away
from the heart.
A. Venules
B. Veins
C. Capillaries
D. Arteries
39. Trace the progression of vessels
from the time blood leaves the left
ventricle until it arrives in the right
atrium.
A. Arteries, arterioles,
venules, veins
B. Veins, venules,
capillaries, arterioles
C. Arteries, venules,
arterioles, veins,
capillaries
D. Arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, veins
40. The walls of which of blood
vessels are sometimes one cell
thick, making exchanges between
the blood and surrounding tissues
relatively easy.
A. Venules
B. Veins
C. Arteries
D. Capillaries
41. What provides the force necessary for
filtration to take place?
A. Active transport
B. Passive transport
C. Blood pressure
D. Osmotic pressure
42. When excess fluids enter the area
around tissue cells the area
becomes swollen and painful. This
condition is called ________?
A. Edema
B. Fluidextrema
C. Systemic swelling
D. Arterial swelling
43. The systolic blood pressure is
recorded when _______?
A. The atria contract
B. The atria relax
C. The ventricles contract
D. The ventricles relax
44. The diastolic blood pressure is
recorded when ______?
A. The atria contract
B. The atria relax
C. The ventricles contract
D. The ventricles relax
45. The ___________ carries blood
from the heart to the lungs and
back again.
A. Pulmonary conduit
B. Systemic conduit
C. Pulmonary circuit
D. Systemic circuit
46. The ________ is the largest artery
in the body.
A. Pulmonary artery
B. Carotid artery
C. Aorta
D. Femoral artery
47. If a person had surgery and some
lymph nodes or lymph vessels
were destroyed or removed, what
could be an expected side effect of
the surgery?
A. There should be no side effects
caused by this situation.
B. The venous circulation in this
area would be greatly increased
C. The lymph produced in the area
around the surgical site would be
greatly reduced.
D. There would likely be edema in
areas surrounding the surgical
site and in areas where lymph
movement has been disrupted.
48. ________________ is resistance to
particular pathogens or to their
toxins or metabolic byproducts.
A. Immunity
B. Immunoglobulin
C. Antigen
D. Antibodies
49. T cells and B cells begin as
___________ released from red
bone marrow.
A. Red blood cells
B. Undifferentiated cells
C. Antibodies
D. Antigens
50. When B cells or T cells become
activated after first encountering
the antigens for which they are
specialized to react, their actions
constitute a ______________?
A. Naturally acquired active
immunity
B. Naturally acquired passive
immunity
C. Primary immune response
D. Secondary immune response
51. A tissue rejection reaction is
_____________________?
A. when the body accepts the
donor’s tissues as “self”
B. when the body rejects the
donor’s tissue and attempts to
destroy it
C. when the body reacts to a nonspecific allergen
D. when the body reacts to a
specific tissue allergen
52. Analyze the following
information and then choose the
best possible explanation.
Taylor, a 23 year old male, is
walking through a room and passes
by a 6 year old child that has just
sneezed. This particular child is
infected with epidemic parotitis
(mumps). (Mumps is a contagious
disease that is spread from personto-person through contact with
respiratory secretions such as
saliva from an infected person.
When an infected person coughs or
sneezes, the droplets aerosolize and
can enter the eyes, nose, or mouth
of another person.) Although
Taylor does not contract the
mumps virus, antibodies for this
disease are found in his blood
sometime later. Why?
A. Taylor has naturally occurring
species resistance to the parotitis
virus.
B. Taylor may have had a high
fever prior to passing by the
child; this fever would have
given him temporary immunity
to parotitis infection.
C. Taylor had previously been
infected by the parotitis virus
and had produced B cells that
reacted to the parotitis antigens.
D. Taylor’s lymphocytes and
macrophages immediately
phagocytized the parotitis virus
as it entered his lymphatic
system.
53. When a mother is pregnant she can
transfer limited immunity to her
unborn child. This type of
immunity is called.
A. Naturally acquired active
immunity
B. Artificially acquired passive
immunity
C. Artificially acquired active
immunity
D. Naturally acquired passive
immunity
54. When the immune system fails to
distinguish self from nonself and
begins producing autoantibodies
and cytotoxic T cells that attack
and damage tissues it is called?
A. passive immunity
B. erroneous immunity
C. autoimmunity
D. attacking immunity
55. __________ circulation returns
blood to the heart after blood and
body cells exchange gases,
nutrients, and wastes.
A. Arteriolar
B. Pulmonary
C. Nervous system
D. Venous
56. _________ is the mechanical and
chemical breakdown of foods into
forms that cell membranes can
absorb.
A. Absorption
B. Active transport
C. Digestion
D. Peristalsis
57. While on his first world tour,
Colandus aka “Landoe the Great”
was afraid that he could possibly
contract the rare, but occasionally
deadly, twelvewordsrapadapaditis
in the home county of one of his
backup singers, Katja. He
consulted a German doctor that
injected him with an antiserum
produced from the blood plasma of
the local people that had already
contracted, recovered from, and
developed immunity to
twelvewordrapadapaditis. The
type of immunity Colandus could
expect to receive from this
treatment is called
_______________?
A. Naturally acquired active
immunity
B. Artificially acquired
active immunity
C. Artificially acquired
passive immunity
D. Naturally acquired
passive immunity
58. Peristalsis is a motor function of
the alimentary canal. It is most
accurately described as a ________
type movement.
A. Mixing
B. Propelling
C. Gastroesophogeal
D. Pancreatic
59. When Taylor opens her mouth to
laugh, we can see the posterior end
of her soft palate and a cone
shaped projection that hangs
downward. When she laughs and
eats at the same time, this
projection keeps food from
entering her nasal cavity.
A. Frenulum
B. Papillae
C. Uvula
D. Palatine tonsils
60. Ana was curious as to what
percentage of digestion takes place
in the pharynx and esophagus. She
found out that________________.
A. Approximately 6% of all
digestion takes place in the
pharynx and esophagus.
B. As much as 25% of all digestion
takes place in the esophagus and
pharynx.
C. No digestion takes place in the
pharynx and esophagus, but they
are important passageways
whose muscular walls function
in swallowing.
D. None of the above
61. This part of the alimentary canal
passes through the mediastinum
and the diaphragm.
A. Esophagus
B. Trachea
C. Pharynx
D. Stomach
62. This part of the digestive system is
J-shaped, receives food from the
esophagus, mixes food with gastric
juice, and carries on a limited
amount of absorption.
A. Pharynx
B. Stomach
C. Large Intestine
D. Small Intestine
63. Kyle was studying a human
anatomy chart and discovered that
his pancreas is connected to, and
secretes pancreatic juice into his
_________.
A. Liver
B. Small intestine
C. Large intestine
D. Gall bladder
64. When Brett masticates a chicken
tender at lunch, he swallows it in
the form of a ________, which
then travels to his stomach where it
mixes with gastric juice and
becomes ________.
A. Bolus/chyme
B. Bolus/amylase
C. Chyme/amylase
D. Chyme/bolus
65. The livers functional units are
called _______?
A. Central veins
B. Hepatic ducts
C. Hepatic lobules
D. Liver quadrants
66. Considering the secretions of the
stomach, liver, pancreas, and
salivary glands, ________ could
be considered the most important
because it contains enzymes that
digest carbohydrates, fats, nucleic
acids, and proteins.
A. Bile
B. Saliva
C. Pancreatic juice
D. Gastric juice
67. Lindsay, while trying to decide
what type of doctor to be,
researched the alimentary canal.
She found that the _______ is the
most important absorbing organ in
the digestive system. This organ is
so effective that very little
absorbable material reaches its
distal end.
A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Small intestine
D. Large intestine
68. Which of the following substances
is absorbed into the blood stream
from the small intestine?
A. Monosaccharides
B. Amino acids
C. Water and electrolytes
D. All of the above
69. The large intestine normally
absorbs ________?
A. Water
B. Electrolytes
C. Digestive products
D. Both A and B
70. Trace the movement of chyme
from its entrance into the large
intestine to its exit from the body.
A. Cecum, ascending colon,
sigmoid colon, descending
colon, anus, anal canal
B. Ascending colon, transverse
colon, rectum, anal canal, anus
C. Cecum, ascending colon,
transverse colon, descending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum,
anal canal, anus
D. None of the above
71. The entire process of gas exchange
between the atmosphere and body
cells is called _________?
A. Inspiration
B. Expiration
C. Respiration
D. Breathing
72. The _________ is the passageway
behind the oral cavity and between
the nasal cavity and the larynx.
A. Trachea
B. Paranasal sinuses
C. Bronchiole
D. Pharynx
73. Olivia observed one of her friends
coughing. Olivia’s friend also had
some tightness in her chest,
difficulty breathing, and was
occasionally coughing up some
colored mucus. Olivia’s friend
most likely is suffering from an
_______________?
A. Upper respiratory infection
B. Lower respiratory infection
C. Migraine headache
D. Rapadapaditis
74. This structure of the respiratory
system is a flexible tube composed
of cartilage rings.
A. Alveoli
B. Nose
C. Trachea
D. Epiglottis
76. The alveoli have a large surface
area covered in ________
epithelium.
A. Simple cuboidal
B. Simple columnar
C. Simple squamous
D. None of the above
75. Tyler was sneaking a sip of
Mountain Dew, a drink considered
contraband at Lake Cormorant
High School, during break when
Mr. Chase rounded the corner.
This caused Tyler to become
startled and some of his drink
“went down the wrong way”. He
gasped for breath and felt a
burning sensation in his chest and
began coughing. The best
explanation of Tyler’s discomfort
is ______?
A. Tyler’s paranasal sphincter did
not function properly, due to
being startled, and this allowed a
small amount of his soda to
enter his upper respiratory tract
and resulted in the burning and
coughing.
B. Tyler’s drink likely passed
through his false and true vocal
cords and caused the burning
sensation in his chest.
C. Tyler likely inhaled slightly
upon seeing Mr. Chase
approaching which caused his
epiglottis to fold upward
allowing some of his drink to
enter his larynx and then his
lower respiratory tract.
D. Both B and C
77. ____________ due to the weight of
the air is the force that moves air
into the lungs.
A. Inspiration
B. Expiration
C. Atmospheric pressure
D. Expanding chest muscles
78. If Lauren wants to fill her lungs
with air, she must _________?
A. Open her mouth
B. Concentrate on inhaling
C. Move her epiglottis into position
D. Lower the air pressure inside her
chest
79. The _______________ controls the
basic rhythm of inspiration.
A. Respiratory center
B. Pons
C. Dorsal respiratory group
D. Ventral respiratory group
80. The ________ is a reddish brown,
bean shaped organ that removes
substances from the blood stream.
A. Ureters
B. Urethra
C. Kidneys
D. Urinary bladder
81. Paulina was curious as to why
oxygen moved into the
bloodstream in her lungs and why
carbon dioxide moved out. Pick
the best possible answer from the
options below.
A. Because of the compressive
force provided by the lungs, air
is forced into the bloodstream in
the lungs.
B. Diffusion takes place because
the concentration of oxygen is
greater in the air and the
concentration of carbon dioxide
is greater in the blood.
C. The movement takes place
because the atmosphere is 78%
nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and .04%
carbon dioxide.
D. Diffusion takes place because
the concentration of carbon
dioxide is greater in the air and
the concentration of oxygen is
greater in the blood.
82. The ________ are the functional
units of the kidneys.
A. Renal Medulla
B. Renal cortex
C. Nephrons
D. Renal sinus
83. The tubes that transport urine from
the kidneys to the urinary bladder
are called ___________.
A. Urethra
B. Ureters
C. Nephrons
D. Major calyces
84. The blood vessels, nerves,
lymphatic vessels, and ureters enter
at the hilum, which is part of the
_________.
A. Renal medulla
B. Renal pelvis
C. Renal cortex
D. Renal sinus
85. Which of the following is NOT a
function of the kidneys?
A. Regulation of the volume,
composition, and pH of body
fluids
B. Secretes digestive enzymes to
consume various components of
urine
C. Combines metabolic wastes with
excess water to form urine
D. Excretes urine to the outside
86. When a person is rest, the renal
arteries usually carry about
__________ of the total cardiac
output into the kidneys.
A. 5-10%
B. 10-20%
C. 15-30%
D. 15-35%
87. Each of the approximately 1
million nephrons in each kidney
consists of a __________ and a
________.
A. Glomerular arteriole/renal
corpuscle
B. Glomerulus/renal corpuscle
C. Renal vein/renal corpuscle
D. Renal corpuscle/renal tubule
88. Approximately __________ of
glomerular filtrate is produced
every 24 hours.
A. 125 mL per minute
B. 180,000 mL per day
C. 45 gallons in 24 hrs.
D. All of the above
89. The __________ of blood forces
substances through the glomerular
capillary wall.
A. Tubular reabsorption
B. Filtration rate
C. Hydrostatic pressure
D. Glomerular filtrate
90. _____________ moves fluid
through the epithelium of the renal
tubule and into the blood of the
peritubular capillary.
A. Renal Absorption
B. Tubular Reabsorption
C. Filtration absorption
D. Hydrostatic pressure
91. In ___________, certain
substances move from the plasma
in the peritubular capillary into the
fluid of the renal tubule.
A. Tubular reabsorption
B. Capillary conduction
C. Urine elimination
D. Tubular secretion
92. Tubular reabsorption uses which of
these types of transport?
A. Active transport
B. Osmosis
C. Nitrogenous transport
D. Both A and B
93. Which of the following would be a
normal urine output per hour?
A. 0.6-2.5 Liters
B. 50-60 mL
C. <30 mL
D. None of the above
94. All of the following are common
reasons for the variation in urine
production except?
A. Urethral constriction
B. Environmental temperature
C. Respiratory rate
D. Body temperature
95. Trace the proper path of urine after
its formation in the nephrons of the
kidneys.
A. nephrons ureters bladder
calyceselimination
B. nephronsrenal papillae
calyces renal pelvis
uretersbladderurethra
C. urethrabladderureters
renal pelviscalyces renal
papillaenephrons
D. None of the above
96. The ______ is the hollow,
distensible organ that stores urine
and forces it into the urethra.
A. Urethra
B. Ureters
C. Urinary Bladder
D. Gall Bladder
97. The process that expels urine from
the bladder is called.
A. Micturition
B. Go Potty
C. Defecation
D. None of the above
98. A person usually feels the urge to
urinate when the bladder
accumulates approximately
_______ ml of urine. A person
would normally feel pain at
approximately _______ ml of urine
in the bladder.
A. 600/150
B. 350/900
C. 900/350
D. 150/600
99. The __________ is composed of
smooth muscle and is not under
conscious control.
A. Internal urethral sphincter
B. External urethral sphincter
C. Terminal urinary bicep
D. Lateral urinary tricep
100. The _________ is composed of
skeletal muscle and is under
conscious control.
A. Internal urethral sphincter
B. External urethral sphincter
C. Terminal urinary bicep
D. Lateral urinary tricep