Download Exam 1 Q2 Review Sheet

Exam 4 Q4 Review Sheet
Honors Biology
Exam 4 will cover:
Chapters 24 – innate (nonspecific) immunity
Chapter 25: ALL
Chapter 24 (immune system)
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Use the figures in the book to help you!!
Compare nonspecific immunity to specific immunity.
Give another name for the two immune system forms identified in question 1
Define pathogen.
Identify and describe the various types of nonspecific (innate) immunity present in
vertebrates.
Which cells types are considered phagocytes? How do phagocytes compare to
natural killer cells?
Explain in detail the process of inflammation. Why does an infection show signs of
edema, rubor and calor?
Why is the inflammatory response considered innate immunity?
Explain how the lymphatic system is involved in both innate and acquired
immunity.
Explain the two main functions of the lymph system, Make sure you can identify the
various organs on a diagram that are part of this system and know their functions.
Explain the function of lymph nodes. Where does the lymph in the lymph system
come from and where is it going?
Chapter 25 (excretory system)
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Identify the function of the excretory system.
Compare excretion to egestion.
Give two examples of metabolic waste.
Identify the three majors ways by which we excrete metabolic waste from our
bodies and what metabolic waste is being eliminated at each locale.
Compare the toxicity, solubility and cost of making ammonia, urea and uric acid.
Explain why certain animals have been naturally selected to secrete urea or uric
acid if it costs more to make. Make sure you know which animals secrete what and
why.
Where do the amino groups we are trying to get rid of originate from in our bodies
(In other words, what molecules are we taking the off of and why?) Where is this
happening?
Why would certain amphibians have the ability to secrete urea and uric acid?
When bird droppings are sitting on your car, that white paste is largely what
molecule?
Make sure you can label the human urinary system.
Be able to label the anatomy of the kidney.
Be able to label the anatomy of the nephron.
ESSAY QUESTION: Start out with an amino acid in the capillaries of the small
intestines and describe how the amino group ends up being excreted in your urine.
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The following terms are required: proximal convoluted tubule, hepatic vein, hepatic
portal vein, loop of Henle, heart, right atrium, right ventricle, the valves, pulmonary
artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, distal convoluted tubule,
aorta, glomerulus, inferior vena cava, Bowman’s (renal) capsule, collecting duct,
renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, bladder, urethra, ureter, renal artery.
Identify the four key processes of the urinary system.
Explain how molecules are selected for passage from the Glomerulus into Bowman’s
capsule.
Explain what is happening in each part of the nephron tubule.
Where do molecules reabsorbed from the nephron tubule go after being taken back
up?
IMPORTANT: You are dehydrated. Explain what your body is doing to help
preserve the remaining water starting with the Hypothalamus.
Explain why molecules like caffeine and alcohol make us urinate more than usual
and potentially lead us to dehydration.
Where did ADH get its name?
Various diseases like diabetes can cause kidney damage. These individuals would
require dialysis. Explain what dialysis is and how it works. How often would one
need dialysis and for how long if their kidneys are damaged?
Make sure you know the anatomy of the skin. Identify the exocrine glands present
in the skin. Why are these called exocrine?
MAKE SURE YOU KNOW EVERY BOLD WORD IN EVERY SECTION
ASSIGNED AS WELL AS THE TITLES OF EACH SECTION AND
FIGURES/TABLES IN EACH SECTION.