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Plant and Animal Behavior Adapted from Chapters 26 and 36 in Holt Biology Plant and Animal Behavior Objectives Plant and Animal Behavior • Assess and examine plant tropisms and other responses including: phototropism, thigmotropism, geotropism. • Evaluate the survival of organisms and suitable adaptive responses to environmental pressure such as: parental behavior, responses to environmental change. • Assess, describe and explain types of animal behaviors such as: chemotaxis, phototaxis, reflexes, imprinting, and types of learned behavior. • Analyze the biological clocks and rhythmic behavior of organisms. • Evaluate and explain the evolution of behavioral adaptations and survival of populations. Plant Hormones and Response Plant Hormones and Response PLANT HORMONES • Hormones = chemicals that are produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part, where it causes physiological change. – Auxins – promote cell elongation • Accumulate on dark side of a stem causing those cells to elongate more than cells on the light side. • Cause stems to bend toward light. – Gibberellins – plant growth hormone • Stimulate cell elongation • Increase rate of seed germination • Increase rate of bud and fruit development The Went Experiment Some chemical that can pass into an agar block from the tip stimulates elongation of the shoot when the block is substituted for the tip. If the block is place off-center on the top of the decapitated shoot kept in the dark, the shoot bends as if responding to illumination from one side. The chemical is the hormone auxin, which stimulates elongation of cells in the shoot. Effect of Gibberellins The plant on the right was treated with gibberellin. The plant on the left was not. This effect is seen only in dwarf plants. Plant Hormones and Response – Cytokinins –stimulate cell division and slow the aging of some plant organs. – Ethylene gas –speeds ripening of fruit PLANT RESPONSES • Tropism – Response to external stimulus that comes from a particular direction. – Positive tropism—plant grows toward the stimulus – Negative tropism—plant grows away from the stimulus Plant Hormones and Response – Types • Phototropism – response to light (positive) Plant Hormones and Response – Types • Gravitropism (aka geotropism) – response to gravity –Positive in roots –Negative in stems Plant Hormones and Response – Types • Thigmotropism – response to touch Plant Hormones and Response • Nastic responses – not dependent on the direction of stimulus (response of hinged leaf of Venus fly trap is example) Plant Hormones and Response • Photoperiodism – Refers to the response of flowering plants to differences in the duration of light and dark periods in a day. – Controls flowering Animal Behavior Animal Behavior • Behavior – Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment. – Environmental stimuli such as day length and temperature can affect animal behavior. • Inherited behavior – Behavior affects an animal’s ability to survive. Such behaviors are favored by natural selection – Inherited behaviors are called innate behaviors Animal Behavior • Taxes (tax-eez) – Are behaviors that involve movement toward or away from a stimulus. • Movement toward a stimulus is described as a positive taxis. • Movement away from a stimulus is described as a negative taxis. – Types • Phototaxis—response to light • Gravitaxis (geotaxis)—response to gravity • Thigmotaxis—response to touch • Thermotaxis—response to temperature • Chemotaxis—response to chemicals Animal Behavior • Innate Behaviors – Reflex = a simple automatic response that involves no conscious control. – Instinctive Behavior • An instinct – Is a complex pattern of behavior – May have several parts – May take weeks to complete • Types of instinctive behavior – Courtship behavior – Territoriality – Aggressive behavior – Dominance hierarchies – Rhythmic behaviors Animal Behavior • Courtship behavior – The behavior that males and females of a species carry out before mating. – Insures that individuals of a species can recognize one another. • Territoriality – An animal may establish, maintain, and defend a specific territory. – A territory is a physical space an animal defends against all other members of the same species. – May contain the animal’s breeding area, feeding area, and/or potential mates. – May be marked by pheromones (chemicals that communicate information among individuals of the same species) Courtship behaviors may involve: Food sharing Elaborate “dances” Territorial behavior often involves ritual displays Animal Behavior • Aggressive Behavior – Used to defend young, territory, and/or food resources. – Usually symbolic, not intended to cause injury – Includes: bird calls, teeth baring, growling • Dominance hierarchy – a form of social ranking within a group in which some individuals are more subordinate than others (pecking order) Animal Behavior • Rhythmic Behaviors – Circadian rhythm – behavior based on a 24-hour day/night cycle such as wakesleep cycle. – Migration • It is the instinctive seasonal movement of animals. • May be seasonal or yearly. • May be in response to changing day length, temperature, or hormones Animal Behavior – Hibernation – a state of reduced metabolism that occurs in animals during cold winter months. – Estivation – a state of reduced metabolism that occurs in animals living in conditions of intense heat. • Learned Behavior – Takes place when behavior changes through practice or experience Animal Behavior – Types of Learned Behavior • Habituation • Imprinting • Trial and Error Learning • Conditioning • Insight • Communication • Habituation – A simple form of learning – When an animal is repeatedly given a stimulus that is not associated with any punishment or reward it finally stops responding to the stimulus Konrad Lorenz with his imprinted geese If newly-hatched geese are exposed to a moving object of reasonable size and emitting reasonable sounds, they will begin to follow it just as they would normally follow their mother. Animal Behavior • Imprinting – A form of learning in which an animal forms a social attachment to another object. – Occurs at a specific, critical time of its life. • Trial and error learning – Occurs through experience, trying one solution and then another. – The animal receives a reward for making a particular response. Animal Behavior • Trial and error learning (cont.) – Happens more quickly when motivation is involved. • Motivation is an internal need that causes an animal to act. • Motivation is necessary for learning to take place. • Conditioning – Is learning by association – An animal begins to respond to a stimulus other than the one that normally initiates that response. Conditioned Behavior In the example shown here, the pigeon — presented with two spots of light — pecks at the brighter and reaches down to pick up the grain of food that is its reward. Animal Behavior • Insight – The most complex type of learning. – Learning in which an animal uses previous experience to respond to a new situation. – Involves reasoning, the ability to analyze a problem and think of possible solutions. – Much human learning is based on insight Animal Behavior • Communication – An exchange of information that results in a change of behavior – Several channels of communication • Sound • Sight • Touch • Smells – Involves both innate and learned behavior – Language – the use of symbols to represent ideas Plant and Animal Behavior Adapted from Chapters 26 and 36 in Holt Biology