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NAME:_________________________________________PERIOD:_____________DATE:______________
Chapter 1
Geography, History, and
Social Sciences
th
8
Grade Social Studies
NAME:_________________________________________PERIOD:_____________DATE:______________
Chapter 1 – Section 1 – Thinking Geographically
Key Terms to know:
 Geography
 Latitude
 Longitude
 Natural resources
 Irrigation
 Cartographer
 Map projection
 Thematic map
Questions to be able to answer for the test:
1. How do the five themes of geography help define the connections between geography and history?
2. How did geography influence population trends in United States history?
3. How are maps made and used?
Guided Notes
What is Geography?
• Geography is the study of ____________________, their ____________________, and their ____________________.
• Geographers ask how the environment affects people and how people affect the environment.
• Geography is linked to ____________________.
The 5 Themes of Geography:
1. Location
Exact location describes ____________________________________.
• Lines of ____________________measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian (Greenwich, England).
• Lines of ____________________measure distance north and south from the Equator.
Relative location describes the location of a place in relation to some other place.
2. Place – describes ____________________.
• Physical features—climate, soil, vegetation, animal life, bodies of water, and natural resources, for example.
• Human features—types of housing, transportation, jobs, languages, and religions, for example.
3. Interaction
• People ____________________to the land
• People ____________________the land, through crops, irrigation, pest control, and drilling for oil, for example
Key Terms:
____________________ - materials humans take from the environment to satisfy their needs
____________________ - bringing water to dry lands
4. Movement
• People
• Goods
• Ideas
• It occurs because people and resources are ____________________
• Examples in history:
5. Regions
• Unifying ____________________characteristics-climates, landforms
• Unifying ____________________characteristics-language, culture
Geography and Population Trends – Use Nystrom Atlas and book to fill in the blanks.
• ____________________ - People lived along the Atlantic coast or near other water transportation.
• ____________________ - With new forms of transportation, people moved westward and cleared land for farms.
• ____________________ - White settlers overcame Native Americans and settled the West.
• ____________________ - People were attracted to cities with mild climates in the south and west.
NAME:_________________________________________PERIOD:_____________DATE:______________
Cartographers Make Maps and Globes
Cartographers make maps using different map projections for different purposes.
• Cartographer- ____________________
• ____________________– A drawing of the surface of the Earth or part of the Earth.
• ____________________– A sphere with a map of the Earth printed on it.
• Map projections—ways to show the earth on a flat surface. Types of map projections are ____________________and
____________________.
Cartographers make different types of maps for different purposes.
• ____________________maps show physical features such as mountains and bodies of water.
• ____________________maps show countries, states, and capitals and other cities.
• ____________________deal with specific topics-population, rainfall, vegetation, or elections, for example.
NAME:_________________________________________PERIOD:_____________DATE:______________
Chapter 1 – Section 2 - Land Climates of the United States
Key Terms:
 Isthmus
 Elevation
 Erosion
 Tributary
 Weather
 Climate
 Precipitation
 Altitude
Question answer for the test:
• What are the main physical regions of the United States?
• How do rivers and lakes affect American life?
• How do climates vary across the United States?
Guided Notes
Where is the United States?
• Arctic Ocean and Canada to the ____________________.
• Atlantic Ocean to the ____________________.
• Pacific Ocean to the ____________________.
• Mexico, Central America, and the Isthmus of Panama to the ____________________.
Key Terms:
____________________.—narrow strip of land linking two larger areas of land
Physical Regions of the United States
Region
Key Term: ____________________ - height above sea level
Where
What
NAME:_________________________________________PERIOD:_____________DATE:______________
How Rivers and Lakes Affect Climates
• Provide water for _____________________.
• Serve as a means of _____________________.
• Used as _____________________.
Important American Waterways
 Mississippi-Missouri River System
• Main branches
• _____________________.
• _____________________.
• Tributaries
• _____________________.
• _____________________.
• _____________________.
• _____________________.
• _____________________.
• Other major rivers
• _____________________.
• _____________________.
• _____________________.
•
Great Lakes- ________________________________________________
• _____________________.
• _____________________.
• _____________________.
• _____________________.
• _____________________.
Key Term: _____________________ - stream or smaller river that flows into a larger one
Climate and Weather Terms
• _____________________.- condition of the atmosphere at any given time or place
• _____________________. - the average weather of a place over 20 or 30 years
• _____________________. - water that falls as rain, sleet, hail, or snow
• _____________________. - height of the land above sea level
• What factors influence the climate of a region?
Varying Climates of the United States
Climate
Where
What
NAME:_________________________________________PERIOD:_____________DATE:______________
Chapter 1 – Section 3 – Tools of History
Key Terms to know:
• Primary source
• Secondary source
• Authenticity
• Bias
• Artifact
• Archaeology
• Culture
• Chronology
Questions to be able to answer for the test:
• How do historians evaluate and interpret historical evidence?
• How do archaeologists add to our knowledge of history?
• What can we learn about history by understanding chronology and eras?
Three steps historians use to evaluate and interpret historical evidence:
1. Collecting Evidence
• _____________________.-firsthand information – Examples:
• _____________________.-accounts by people who did not witness an event; based on primary sources – Examples:
2. Evaluating Evidence
• _____________________ - whether the source is what it seems to be
• _____________________ - whether the source is accurate
• _____________________ - leaning toward or against a certain person, group, or idea
3. Interpreting Evidence
• Determine the cause of a development or event – History repeats itself
• Historians have their own biases – interpretations change over time
• Remember: So what and why????
Archaeologists add knowledge to history:
• Archaeology is ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• Archaeologists study ______________________________ which are __________________________________________.
• Archaeologists form theories about the _____________________(a people’s way of life) of ancient peoples.
• What types of techniques do archaeologists use to analyze artifacts?
Why do we study history?
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
Chronology is important to understanding history:
• ______________________________ —sequence of events over time
• Answers the question of ______________________________
• ______________________________ —exact time, in centuries, years, days, and so forth
• ______________________________ —time of an event in relation to the time of another event – helps understand connections between
events
NAME:_________________________________________PERIOD:_____________DATE:______________
Chapter 1 – Section 4 – Economics and Other Social Sciences
Key Terms:
• Economics
• Consumer
• Cash economy
• Free enterprise system
• Social sciences
• Political science
• Civics
• Anthropology
• Sociology
• Psychology
Questions to be able to answer:
• What basic questions do economists ask about society?
• What are the benefits of free enterprise?
• How can the social sciences support the study of history?
Guided Notes
Economists Ask Three Basic Questions About Society:
1. What goods and services should we produce?
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
2. How should we produce them?
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
3. For whom should we produce them?
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
Key Terms:
______________________________ —the study of how people manage their limited resources to satisfy their wants and needs
______________________________ —user of goods and services
______________________________ —economic system where people exchange money for goods and services – Income and wealth determines
what you can consume
The Free Enterprise System
Characteristics:
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
Benefits:
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________.
Social Sciences - studies that relate to human society and social behavior
Social Science
Study of….
Example