Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
4/20/2009 Chapter 3: Outline Chapter 3 Nature’s Building Blocks E h’ Life-Support Earth’s Lif S S Systems Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. Matter En Energy Laws of nature Earth’s major components Ecology and biodiversity Organisms Components and structure Species interactions Biomes Change Human impacts Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-1 3-2 Nature’s Building Blocks Nature’s Building Blocks Matter 2 chemical forms: i) elements; ii) compounds organic Ecosystems inorganic the Earth is a “closed closed system” system for matter matter, which is of both “high quality” and “low quality” - low quality matter: little potential use as a resource; it is either dispersed or diluted (in oceans or atmospheres) or too far underground Atoms Ions Protons Neutrons Electrons - high quality matter: usually concentrated and organized; found at or near the Earth's surface (such as coal) and has high resource potential Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-3 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-4 1 4/20/2009 Nature’s Building Blocks Energy 2 forms: i) kinetic; ii) potential Energy, the ability or capacity to do work, is of two qualities: - high quality energy: high velocity wind or coal, natural gas energy - low quality energy: dispersed and of little useful value for work (ocean energy) Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-5 Nature’s Building Blocks Nature’s Building Blocks Energy Physical and chemical changes Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-7 3-6 Law of conservation of matter - matter may change form, but it can neither be created nor destroyed (consider the residue from incineration) First law of thermodynamics - energy may be changed or moved from place to place, but during physical or chemical change it can neither be created nor destroyed Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-8 2 4/20/2009 Earth’s Major Components Nature’s Building Blocks Second law of thermodynamics - each change in energy, results in degradation to less useful forms - consider a single incandescent light bulb: 95% of the energy transmitted to light the bulb is dispersed heat (low quality energy) ; only 5% is used for light - Entropy: measure of disorder (high quality energy has low entropy) Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-9 3-10 Ecology Earth’s Major Components Atmosphere -troposphere -stratosphere - ozone layer Biosphere H d Hydrosphere h Lithosphere - crust - mantle - outer core - inner core Energy balance okios + logos - study of interactions of living (biotic) organisms with one another and with their nonliving (abiotic) environment of matter and energy Levels of f organization: g biome – the collection of ecosystem environments ecosystem – grasslands, wetlands (multiple communities) community – alpine meadow (multiple species) population – group of individuals of the same species organism – a single member of a species Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-11 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-12 3 4/20/2009 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-13 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-14 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-16 Biodiversity 3 classifications of biodiversity: species biodiversity - the number of different species and their relative abundance ecological g diversity y - the variety of biological communities that interact with one another and with their non-living environments human cultural - variety of human cultures that represent our adaptability in the face of changing conditions Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-15 4 4/20/2009 Components and Structure of Ecosystems Interspecific competition Competitive exclusion principle Law of tolerance Threshold effect Limiting factor principle Predator-prey relationships Indicator species and keystone species Ecological niche Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-17 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-18 Ecological niche: the role an organism plays within the structure and function of an ecosystem Fundamental niche: the full range of factors each species could use if there were no competition from other species Exotic species Resource partitioning: division of scarce resources in order that species with similar requirements can use that resource in different ways Keystone species Medicinal species Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-19 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-20 5 4/20/2009 Energy flows in ecosystems Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-21 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-22 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-24 Matter Cycling in Ecosystems Nutrient cycles - biogeochemical cycles; the means by which nutrient elements and their compounds cycle continuously through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere 5 main i nutrient t i t cycles l (d (driven i b by solar l energy and d gravity) carbon cycle nitrogen cycle phosphorous cycle hydrologic cycle oxygen cycle Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-23 6 4/20/2009 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-25 3-26 Biomes A “biome” is a kind of ecosystem - large, relatively distinct region Ch Characteristic i i determinants d i Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-27 climate precipitation soil organisms Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-28 7 4/20/2009 Major Biomes Terrestrial Aquatic Tundra Taiga Temperate forests, woodlands,shrublands, dl d h bl d grasslands Tropical forests, grasslands Deserts Ocean coastal, benthic, pelagic Freshwater littoral, limnetic zones Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-29 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-30 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-31 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-32 8 4/20/2009 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-33 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-34 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-35 Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-36 9 4/20/2009 The Constancy of Change The Constancy of Change The only “constancy” in nature is change a “nonchanging system” is likely a dead system! Population dynamics - biotic potential: the maximum rate at which a population can increase (exponential under ideal conditions) - - carrying capacity: the highest population that can be maintained for an i d fi it period indefinite i d of f time by a particular environment environmental resistance: limits set by the environment that prevent populations from increasing indefinitely at an exponential rate Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-37 3-38 The Constancy of Change - environmental resistance: limits set by the environment that prevent populations l from f increasing indefinitely at an exponential rate Biological evolution, adaptation, and natural selection - - - Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-39 biological evolution: changes in inherited features of a population from one generation to the next is the driving force of adaptation to environmental change adaptation: genetically controlled characteristics (e.g. coloration camouflage) that enhance the chances of survival and reproduction natural selection: certain organisms whose biological characteristics make them ‘more fit’ to their environment are better represented by descendents in future generations Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-40 10 4/20/2009 Human Impacts on Ecosystems The Constancy of Change Speciation and extinction - speciation: formation of two or more species from one as a result of “divergent” natural selection - g extinction background - extinction humans as part of ecosystems Features of living systems: interdependence, diversity, resilience, adaptability, unpredictability, limits mass extinction Ecological succession - primary - secondary - climax Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. Principle of connectedness: 3-41 Working with nature Examples of human impacts Copyright © 2009 by Nelson Education Limited. 3-42 11