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APUSH WWII Timeline Event/Battle Location Significance 1922 USA The U.S. and nine other countries discussed naval disarmament. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies. Mussolini becomes Italian 1922 fascist dictator Italy Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922-1943. Wanted to recreate the Roman Empire. Washington Naval Conference Date Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 Clark Memorandum 1928 USA Revokes the Roosevelt Corollary “Good Neighbor Policy” 1928-1936 U.S. & Latin America Refers to the Hoover-Roosevelt policy of refraining from armed intervention in Latin America. Franklin D. Roosevelt is usually credited with setting the policy, but President Herbert Hoover coined the phrase and put the policy into practice. NY Stock Market Crashes 10-29-1929 NYC, NY NY Stock Market Crashes causing a world wide depression. Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930 USA Congressional compromise serving special interest, it raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It may have contributed to the spread of the international depression. Japan invades Manchuria 1931 Manchuria It was the first step on the path to World War II. Violates all Kellogg Treaty & League of Nations. Nobody stops them. (Imperialism: needs resources & more space.) Stimson Doctrine 1931 USA U.S. reaction to Japan’s invasion of Manchuria. It stated that the U.S. would not recognize any treaty that impinged on the sovereignty of China. FDR elected President 1932 USA FDR pledges “a new deal for the American people.” -U.S. extends diplomatic recognition to U.S.S.R. (communist) in 1933. Hitler becomes Chancellor 1933 of Germany Outlaws war unless attacked Germany 1. 2. Germany and Japan resign from League of Nations Germany and Japan begin rearmament 1 Nye Munitions Report 1934-1937 U.S.A. Italy invades Ethiopia 1935 Ethiopia Spanish Civil War 1935-1936 A Senate Committee under Sen. Nye examined the influence of eco. interests on America’s decision to enter WWI. Concluded that profiteers, “merchants of death,” maneuvered the U.S. into the war to save their investments. Resulted in isolationist sentiment & laws regulating foreign arms & munitions sales. Mussolini invaded, conquering it in 1936. The League of Nations failed to take any effective action against Mussolini, and the U.S. just looked on. Spain -Spain had established a leftist, democratic government in the 1930s. -A civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by Russia) and Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini and Hitler) later resulted. -The U.S., France & U.K. offered official no assistance to either side BUT American volunteers, the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, assisted the Loyalists. -Fascists win. U.S.A. Authorized the president to declare an embargo of up to 6 months on arms shipments to any country where a state of war existed. Also, he could forbid U.S. citizens from traveling on vessels of such countries except at their own risk. The act did not prohibit the sale of steel, copper, or oil. Neutrality Act 1935 Neutrality Act 1936 Gave the president the authority to determine when a state of war existed and prohibited loans to belligerents. Germany occupies the Rhineland March 1936 Violates the Treaty of Versailles 2nd Sino-Japanese War begins Jan. 19371945 Neutrality Act May 1937 Chamberlain elected British Prime Minister May 1937 China Japan invades China's northern provinces and eventually occupies much of China's coastal regions. -Gave the president the authority to determine whether a civil war was a threat to world peace and prohibited arms sales to belligerents. -Stated the warring nations wishing to trade with the U.S. would have to pay cash and carry the goods away in their own ships. Benefited the Allies, since German ships could not reach the U.S. due to the Allied blockades. U.K. Neville Chamberlain becomes the New British Prime Minister 2 Concentration Camps begin “Quarantine” Speech Aug. 1937 Oct. 1937 Germany The 1st concentration camp at Buchenwald opens in Germany for people who oppose the Nazi Party. USA FDR indicated his opposition to the isolationist attitude of the neutrality acts. -In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist aggression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine aggressor nations. -He recommended a “quarantine” of aggressors to preserve peace. -The speech was a response to Japan’s aggression against China. Panay incident Dec. 1937 China Japanese planes bombed the U.S. gunboat Panay and 3 oil tankers on the Yangtze River in China, killing 2 Americans. -Yielding to U.S. public pressures on the administration, the Japanese agrees to apologize for this “accident.” Germany & Austria unite March 1938 Austria Hitler invades Austria and unites it with Germany. Germany Hitler wanted to annex the Sudetenland, a portion of Czechoslovakia whose inhabitants were mostly German-speaking. On Sept. 29, Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain signed the Munich Pact, which gave Germany the Sudetenland. British Prime Minister Chamberlain justified the pact with the belief that appeasing Germany would prevent war. Munich Conference Sept. 1938 Germany invades Sudetenland Oct. 19381939 Kristallnact Nov. 1938 Germany Night of the Broken Glass… Italian forces invade Albania April 1938 Albania Italian forces invade Albania Germany & USSR Germany and Russia agreed not to attack each other, which allowed Hitler to open up a second front in the West without worrying about defending against Russia. Granted Western Poland to Germany, but allowed Russia to occupy Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Eastern Poland. Hitler intended to break the pact. Nonagression pact between Aug. 1939 Germany and U.S.S.R. Hitler invades Sudetenland, and then occupies all of Czechoslovakia. Germany invades Poland September 1, 1939 PolishGerman border Following non-aggression treaty with Soviet Union, German troops invade Poland. England and France declare war on Germany. Soviets invade Poland from East. American First Commitee 1940 USA Formed by die-hard isolationists, by Charles Lindbergh and Sen. Nye, who feared the U.S. going to war. Western Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France Germany's blitzkrieg takes March-June 3 western Europe 1940 Europe crushed by German offensive Germany defeats France June 1940 France Germany invaded France and set up the Vichey government, which lasted until the Allies invaded in 1944. Battle of Britain Begins July 1940 Great Britain German bombers ruin British cities in attempt to obtain British surrender before U.S. entry. Britain's breaking of German code ("Ultra") helps overcome air attacks. Tripartite Pact Sept. 1940 Destroyers for Bases Sept. 1940 US & UK U.S. agreed to "lend" its older WWI destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies.) Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war. Selective Service & Training Act September 1940 Washington D.C. 1st peacetime military draft in US History passed. Registration of all men between 21 and 35 (later 18 & 64). Limit of 900,000 men in time of peace. FDR elected to 3rd term Nov. 1940 USA Democrat - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Republican - Wendel Wrillkie (lost by almost 5 million votes). The issue was the New Deal, about which there was a major debate. Four Freedom Speech Jan. 1941 USA FDR speech to Congress: Freedom of speech, religion, freedom of want, and freedom from fear. Germany, Italy, and Japan sign it creating the “Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis” Lend Lease Act March 1941 USA Authorized the president to transfer, lend, or lease any article of defense equipment to any government whose defense was deemed vital to the defense of the U.S. Allowed the U.S. to send supplies and ammunition to the Allies without technically becoming a co-belligerent. -Act was designed to help Great Britain who was running out of cash, extended to USSR in 1941. Germany attacks USSR June 1941 PolishRussian border Germany begins two-front war with invasion of Russia. Germans halt 15 miles from Moscow in December 1941. Germany breaks non-aggression pact and invades USSR after failure of Battle of Britain. Japan takes control of French Indochina July 1941 Indochina Easy target after France is taken by Germany. (Indochina = Laos, Cambodia & Vietnam) Aug. 1941 Document issued by FDR & Churchill during their secret meeting near Newfoundland. It had these 8 main principles: 1. Renunciation of territorial aggression Newfoundland 2. No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned 3. Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government 4. Access to raw material for all nations Atlantic Charter 4 5. World economic cooperation 6. Freedom from fear and want 7. Freedom of the seas 8. Disarmament of aggressors U.S. undeclared naval war Fall 1941 with Germany 4 significant events: 1. In Sept., a German U-boat fired on U.S. destroyer Greer. 2. FDR ordered U.S. ships to fore on German subs “on sight.” 3. U.S. destroyer, Reuben James, sunk by Nazi sub killing Americans in October. 4. Congress passes a bill allowing merchant ships to be armed & sail into belligerent ports. US oil embargo on Japan Sept. 1941 REALLY upsets Japan. In response to Japanese aggression in Asia. Japans plans to attack U.S. U.S.- Japanese negotiations Nov. –Dec.7, 1941 Negotiations between Japan & the U.S. over Indochina, China, and oil fail. Dec. 7, 1941 7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by 361 Japanese warplanes on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. They disabled 19 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft (no aircraft carriers). American losses were 2300, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declares war on Japan. Japanese attack Pearl Harbor Japanese attack Philippines, Guam & Hong Dec. 7, 1941 Kong Japan simultaneously attacks Pearl Harbor and the U.S.’s territories Guam and the Philippines. Japan takes the territories. The Japanese force the U.S. soldiers on the Bataan Death March in the Philippines. Gen. MacArthur has to evacuate the island. U.S. declares war on Japan Dec. 8, 1941 FDR - “A day which will live in infamy.” U.S. declares war on Germany & Italy Dec. 11, 1941 (**US are going to focus on war in Europe 1 st.) War Powers Acts passed Dec. 1941 & March 1942 USA Gave the president emergency authority to create new executive agencies & reorganize existing ones, est. control over trade, provide censorship, take property, establish ration controls to protect consumer’s interests and prevent inflation. Office of Price Administration (OPA) created Jan. 1942 USA Government agency which successful combated inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II. War Productions Board Jan. 1942 USA Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing 5 created output tripled. Pearl Harbor created widespread fear that the Japanese living in the U.S. were actually spies. FDR issued executive order 9066, which moved all Japanese and people of Japanese descent living on the west coast of the U.S. into internment camps in the interior of the U.S. Executive Order 9066 Feb. 1942 West Coast USA Battle of Coral Sea May 1942 South Pacific Carrier-based U.S. planes halt Japanese advance on Australia. Midway June 1942 Central Pacific Threat on Hawaii ended as 4 Japanese aircraft carriers are sunk. Turning point in the Pacific for U.S. 1. 2. US Homefront 1942 USA 3. 4. 5. Defense jobs begin to draw hundreds of thousands to West. Price Freezing and rationing go into effect as mobilization increases. 2nd Black Migration to industrial cities in the North. Race riots occur throughout the war in 41 cities. Women played an active role in the war effort. (Rosie the Riveter) Fair Employment Practices 1942 Commission USA In 1941, A. Philip Randolph, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, demanded that the gov’t require companies receiving defense contracts to integrate the work forces. He planned a march on Washington, but it was cancelled in return for FDR creating this commission, which would investigate discrimination against black people in war industries. C.O.R.E. USA Congress of Racial Equality (C.O.R.E.) est. to implement aggressive tactics, such as sit-ins and demonstrations against discrimination. 1942 FDR’s promise to Stalin May 1942 USA FDR promises USSR diplomat that the US would create a second front in Europe by the end of the year. Why? USSR was & had been fighting Germany alone. ** This will not be fulfilled though until D-Day, June 6, 1944. Allies attack Germans in North Africa November 1942 North Africa Huge Allied landing forces Germany to retreat to Tunisia, where they are surrounded by British and American forces. Morocco FDR and Churchill met to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the war would continue until the “unconditional surrender” of all Axis enemies. Casablanca Conference Jan. 1943 6 Guadalcanal February 1943 Solomon Islands, South Americans take first island in start of island-hopping strategy. Pacific Germans surrender at Stalingrad February 1943 Central Russia Germans surrender at Tunisia May 1943 Tunisia, North Over 250,000 German and Italian troops are captured and Allies prepare Africa to invade Sicily and Italy. Allies invade Sicily July 1943 Sicily In largest amphibious invasion in history, over 250,000 American and British troops land. Germans and Italians escape to mainland of Italy. Italy surrenders September 1943 Italy Although Italian troops quit fighting Allies, Germans continue in fierce fighting. Rome finally surrenders on June 4, 1944. Egypt A meeting of Allied leaders Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek in Egypt to define the Allies goals with respect to the war against Japan, they announced their intention to seek Japan's unconditional surrender and to strip Japan of all territory it had gained since WW I. Iran FDR, Stalin, and Churchill (“the big three”) agreed to a second front in the west to the relieve the Russians within 6 months. -USSR pledged to enter the war against Japan when Germany was defeated. -An international organization for peace was planned (future United Nations.) Cairo Conference Teheran Conference Nov. 1943 Nov-Dec. 1943 Germans surrender after fierce hand-to-hand fighting and huge casualties for each side. (Turning point in the war: Germans lose Eastern Front D-Day Invasion June 6, 1944 Normandy coast of France -Largest amphibious attack. Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. -The turning point of World War II. -Allies use 4600 ships to invade German-held France. Suffering heavy casualties, the Allies were able to retake Paris in August. (Fulfills FDR’s obligation to Soviets of creating a second frontal attack on Germany. This was promised in 1942 & at Tehran.) G.I. Bill of Rights 1944 USA Provided education, medical care, job training, unemployment pensions, compensation, and offered mortgage loans to male and female war veterans. Dumbarton Oaks Conference 1944 Representatives of the US, USSR, UK & China formulated a plan to create the United Nations (UN): -Every nation would be represented in the General Assembly. -5 permanent members (US, USSR, UK, China and France) would be the 7 Security Council (SC), along with temporary delegates from other nations. -Each major power could veto SC decisions *These agreements were the basis for the drafting of the UN charter at a conference of 50 nations in San Francisco in April 1945. The UN charter is ratified by the US Senate, Aug. 8, 1945. FDR wins 4th term Battle of the Bulge Nov. 1944 December 1944 USA FrenchGermanBelgian border FDR defeats Thomas E. Dewey, Republican Gov. of NY. Dewey received strong support from labor’s CIO Political Action Committee (PAC). FDR won on promise to begin postwar planning. After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Germans almost won, but the Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. -They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. -Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula. The USSR was given half of Poland and an occupation zone in Korea. -The plan for the UN was ratified. -Stalin gets a lot from this. Sets the stage for future Cold War clashes. Yalta Conference Feb. 1945 Tokyo Bombing Raids March 1945 FDR dies; Truman becomes President April 1945 Russians take Berlin April 1945 Berlin, Germany Russians take German capital after house-to-house fighting. Hitler commits suicide. V-E Day May 8, 1945 Europe V-E Day = Victory in Europe Day German government issues unconditional surrender to Allied forces. War in Europe in over. Okinawa April to June Southern tip The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" Tokyo, Japan American bombers destroy 250,000 buildings and kill 83,000 in massive fire-bombing. Truman becomes president and must end the war. Learns about the Manhattan Project. 8 Gen. MacArthur retakes Philippines 1945 of Japan campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. July 1945 Philippine Islands After Manila's fall to Americans in May, Japanese surrender here after inflicting 60,000 US casualties. Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill (Atlee) met in Germany to set up zones of control in Europe and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender unconditionally at once, they would face total destruction. Potsdam Conference July 1945 Hiroshima August 6, 1945 Japan U.S. drops “little boy” atomic bomb, secretly dev. during the war via the Manhattan Project. 180,000 killed, wounded, or missing after atomic bomb is dropped. 2 days later USSR enters war against Japan. UN charter ratified Aug. 8, 1945 USA Pres. Truman signs the UN charter. US joins UN. Nagasaki August 9, 1945 Japan Second atomic bomb, “fat man,” is dropped after Japanese delay surrender. 80,000 killed or missing. V-J Day August 15, 1945 Tokyo Bay V-J Day = Victory over Japan Day The war with Japan ended. On September 2, 1945, Japan signs surrender papers with one term: the emperor must retain his throne. They are signed on the battleship Missouri. Nuremberg War Crime Trials 1945-1948 Germany & Japan International military tribunal tried major war criminals at Nuremberg, Germany (1945-46) and in Tokyo, Japan (1946-48). In Germany, 12 criminals were sentenced to be hanged; in Japan, 7. 9