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CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Cyber Ed® Student Study Guide
Invertebrates
Page 1
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
The following National Science Education Life Science Content Standards relate to this study
guide:
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
o Biological classifications are based on how organisms are related. Organisms are
classified into a hierarchy of groups and subgroups based on similarities which reflect
their evolutionary relationships. Species is the most fundamental unit of classification.
o The millions of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms that live on earth
today are related by descent from common ancestors.
REPRODUCTION AND HEREDITY
o Reproduction is a characteristic of all living systems; because no individual organism
lives forever, reproduction is essential to the continuation of every species. Some
organisms reproduce asexually. Other organisms reproduce sexually.
THE BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMS
o Multicellular animals have nervous systems that generate behavior. Nervous systems are
formed from specialized cells that conduct signals rapidly through the long cell extensions
that make up nerves. The nerve cells communicate with each other by secreting specific
excitatory and inhibitory molecules. In sense organs, specialized cells detect light, sound,
and specific chemicals and enable animals to monitor what is going on in the world
around them.
Organisms have behavioral responses to internal changes and to external stimuli.
Responses to external stimuli can result from interactions with the organism's own
species and others, as well as environmental changes; these responses either can be
innate or learned. The broad patterns of behavior exhibited by animals have evolved to
ensure reproductive success. Animals often live in unpredictable environments, and so
their behavior must be flexible enough to deal with uncertainty and change.
Page 2
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Table of Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Origins of Diversity........................................................................................................................... 5
Animal Characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 6
Classifying Animals ......................................................................................................................... 8
Invertebrate Phyla.......................................................................................................................... 12
Resources Referenced in this Study Guide
Software Programs
CyberEd Biology Course Title: Invertebrates
Quizzes & Tests
All quizzes and tests referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources
section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Lab Activities
All lab activities referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources section
of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Web Links
All web links referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources section of
the CyberEd Oasis website.
Page 3
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Introduction
Introduction
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Invertebrates
View scene # 1 and answer the following questions.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 1
1. Approximately how many different types of animals do we have on earth? D
A. 1000
B. 10,000
C. 100,000
D. 1,000,000
2. 95 % of the animals on earth lack a back bone, and are known in the scientific community as
invertebrates.
Page 4
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Origins of Diversity
Origins of Diversity
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Invertebrates
View scenes # 2 - 5 and answer the following questions.
Multimedia
Presentation
Find out how life began, and how the animals that roam our earth came
to be.
Scene 2
3. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false, write
an accurate statement in the last column.
True or
False
Statement
Bacteria are vertebrates.
False
Blue-green algae derive their energy
from photosynthesis.
True
Single celled organisms arose 4.6 billion
years ago.
False
Bacteria are single celled organisms.
True
Accurate statement
Bacteria are invertebrates.
Single celled organisms arose 3.5 billion
years ago.
Oxygen in our atmosphere increased as
more organisms stopped using oxygen.
False
Oxygen in our atmosphere increased as
more organisms began using
photosynthesis.
The earth formed about 4.6 million years
ago.
False
The earth formed about 4.6 billion years
ago.
Scene 3 - 5
4. Use the Word Bank below to fill in the blanks and complete the following paragraph. Words
from the Word Bank may be used more than once.
About 2 billion years ago a new type of cells arose. These cells, called eukaryotes, are the
descendents of prokaryotic cells. The genetic material of eukaryotic cells is held inside of a
capsule, which is called a membrane bound nucleus. About 570 million years ago, these
eukaryotic cells assembled into the first multi-celled organism. Over time, this led to an
abundance of animal diversity, which is known as the Cambrian Explosion. All this diversity was
followed by a chain of mass extinctions. Volcanic eruptions and asteroids colliding with earth
wiped out nearly 99% of the animal diversity! The only organisms to survive were those
creatures that were simple enough to tolerate the harsh conditions within a changing
environment, or creatures that evolved adaptations suited for the changing environment.
Word Bank
million
billion
diversity
nucleus
extinctions
Page 5
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
adaptations
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Animal Characteristics
Animal Characteristics
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Invertebrates
View scenes # 6 – 9 and then answer the following questions.
Multimedia
Presentation
Find out which characteristics classify an organism as an animal.
Scene 6 – 9
5. Many people think of animals as warm fury creatures, but most animals are not warm and fury
at all. In fact, invertebrates are classified as animals! In the table below, determine which
characteristics are true of animals, and which organisms are considered animals.
Characteristics
obtains energy from sunlight
single eukaryotic cell
protists
ability to move
sexual reproduction
sponge
asexual reproduction
digests food outside of the
body
cells are bound by
membranes
mushroom
algae
eat organic material
lack a cell wall
butterfly
bacteria
are diploid
leech
Animal (yes or no)
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
6. Are developing sponge larvae sessile or active?
Explain your answer.
They are active. Developing sponge larvae have the ability to
swim.
7. Explain why a grasshopper is a heterotroph.
Grasshoppers do not make their own food. They get their nutrients from eating organic
material such as plants.
Page 6
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
8. Look at each of the pictures below, and determine which are diploid or haploid.
A. diploid
B. haploid
C. haploid
D. diploid
B
C
D
A
Animal Characteristics
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Invertebrates
Complete Interactive Lesson #1.
Interactive
Lesson
A review of animal characteristics.
Quiz: Introduction, Origins of Diversity, and Animal
Characteristics
Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz
Page 7
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Classifying Animals
Classifying Animals
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Invertebrates
View scenes #10 - 20 and answer the following questions.
Multimedia
Presentation
Find out how different types of animals are distinguished from each
other.
Scene 10
9. Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms. The classification system used today is
called binomial nomenclature, and was developed by Carolus Linnaeus.
10. The binomial nomenclature for each organism is shown below. State whether it is written
correctly or not. If it is written incorrectly, describe what needs to be changed in order to
make it correct, and then write it the correct way.
A. The first letter of the second word (species) needs to be lower case. Grapsus grapsus
B. Both words need to be italicized. Dermasterias imbricata
C. The first letter of the first word (genus) needs to be capitalized. Hippodamia convergens
A. Grapsus Grapsus
B. Dermasterias imbricata
C. hippodamia convergens
Scene 11
11. Use the terms from the Word Bank below. Rewrite the terms in the correct order. Begin with
the term that represents the broadest category, and end with the term that represents the
most specific category.
Word Bank
genus
kingdom
order
phylum
kingdom
class
species
order
order
family
family
phylum
genus
species
12. Humans belong to the genus Homo, and the species sapien. Define species.
Answers may vary. Species have the ability to reproduce only with members of their own
species. In other words, humans can only reproduce with humans. Species are structurally
similar; in simpler terms, it means they look a lot alike. Every organism belongs to a specific
species.
Page 8
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Scene 12
13. Explain what makes a nerve cell a tissue.
Several similar cells are working together to perform a specific
function, which in this case, is transmitting nerve impulses.
14. Explain what makes an eye an organ.
Several tissues such as nervous tissue and muscle tissue are
working together to allow vision.
Scene 13
15. Tissues and organs arise from germ layers. Based on the picture to the
left, what are the first two germ layers to develop, and what does each of
these germ layers develop into?
The ectoderm becomes the epidermis and the nervous
system, and the endoderm becomes the lining of the
digestive tract.
16. What results when a sperm fuses with an egg?
A zygote.
Scene 14
17. Why is a starfish considered a deuterostome?
Deutero means secondary. stome means mouth. Deuterostomes develop
their anus first, and their mouth second, therefore, starfish are called deuterostomes.
Scene 15
18. Muscles and organs found between the digestive tract and the outer body wall are formed by
which germ layer?
Mesoderm or third germ layer.
19. Complete the table below. Determine the types of germ layers found in animals that develop
at the tissue level, and at the organ level of organization.
Animal that develops at the…
tissue level
organ level
Germ Layers
ectoderm, endoderm
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
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© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Scene 16
20. Which portion of the gastrula develops into the coelom?
The space within the mesoderm.
21. Evaluate the following paragraph. After you have finished, rewrite the
paragraph so that it is entirely accurate.
Coelomates are simple organisms that develop at the tissue level of organization.
Coelomates have a body cavity that is filled with fluid. Sometimes the pressure inside their
body cavity is high and unable to be compressed. It is that pressure that helps them maintain
their shape. Other times the fluid within their body cavity becomes thick and creamy, and is
referred to as the creamostatic skeleton. Muscles that push up against the creamostatic
skeleton allow coelomates to move around. Due to their simple structure, in this case the
presence of a coelom, coelomates are more likely to survive a changing environment than
complex organisms.
Coelomates are complex organisms that develop at the organ level of organization.
Coelomates have a body cavity that is filled with fluid. The pressure inside their body cavity
is high and unable to be compressed. It is that pressure that helps them maintain their
shape. This fluid filled body cavity is known as the hydrostatic skeleton. Muscles that push
up against the hydrostatic skeleton allow coelomates to move around. Although coelomates
are complex organisms, it does not necessarily mean that they can survive a changing
environment more than simple organisms. It just means that their structure, in this case the
presence of a coelom, is more complex.
Scene 17 - 20
22. Many sea creatures have radial symmetry. Complete the table below by stating whether the
animal has radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry.
Object or Organism
Jellyfish
Squid
Fish
Whale
Sea snake
Starfish
Octopus
Sea slug
Sea anemone
23. Identify the labeled regions of the animal.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Symmetry
radial
bilateral
bilateral
bilateral
bilateral
radial
radial
bilateral
radial
B
anterior
dorsal
posterior
ventral
C
A
D
Page 10
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
24. Most of the nerves found in a beatle are located in the anterior region. What term best
describes this characteristic?
Cephalization
Germ Layers
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Invertebrates
Complete Interactive Lesson #2.
A review of embryonic development.
Interactive
Lesson
Symmetry
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Invertebrates
Complete Interactive Lesson #3.
A review of radial and bilateral symmetry.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Classifying Animals
Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz
Page 11
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Invertebrate Phyla
Invertebrate Phyla
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Invertebrates
View scenes # 21 - 54 and answer the following questions.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 21 – 23
25. Show your knowledge of sponges by completing the table below.
Common Name
Phylum
Type of
Symmetry
Tissue Level or
Organ Level
Sponge
Porifera
None
None
Living
Environment
Salt or fresh
water
26. List three characteristics of sponges (not mentioned in the table above), and their function.
Characteristic
100’s to 1000’s of tiny pores
Flagella
Specialized cells
Function
Pores act as channels for water to move in and out.
Flagella beat back & forth to draw water in and out through pores.
Cells produce flexible fibers called spongin.
27. The sponge in the picture is a hermaphrodite. Explain how this sponge reproduces that is
different from sponges that
are not hermaphrodites.
This sponge has both eggs
and sperm. The eggs can
be fertilized internally (inside
the sponge), or the eggs
can be fertilized externally
(outside the sponge).
28. How do the sperm from one
sponge get inside of another
sponge to fertilize the eggs
internally?
The sperm enter through
tiny pores, which lead into
the sponge.
29. A living sponge is broken up into tiny pieces, and still has the ability to reproduce. Explain
how this is possible, and explain the different ways that it can reproduce.
Individual sponge cells can live independently, and then spontaneously organize themselves
into new multicellular sponges, which is a form of asexual reproduction. There are two types
of asexual reproduction: budding and gemmules. Budding occurs when a piece of a sponge
breaks off and develops into a new sponge. Whereas, gemmules are a cluster of cells in a
capsule that are produced by a sponge, and may sit dormant before developing.
Page 12
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Scene 24 – 27
30. Identify the different types of cnidarians in the pictures below.
A. Sea anemone
B. Coral
C. Jellyfish
D. Hydra
31. Many animals eliminate their wastes through the anus. How do cnidarians eliminate their
wastes? Explain your answer.
Cnidarians do not have an anus so their mouth is used for both eating and eliminating
wastes.
32. Compare and contrast the mouth and tentacles of polyps and medusas.
Medusas (jellyfish) have a mouth and tentacles that hang downward. Whereas, polyps have
a mouth and tentacles that reach upwards.
33. How do comb jellies capture their food without stinging their prey, or do they?
Comb jellies do not have cnidocytes, which means they are not capable of stinging. They
have long sticky tentacles that allow them to capture prey.
34. Compare and contrast cnidarians and comb jellies.
Characteristics
Phyla
germ layers present
level of organization
arises from the endoderm
arises from the ectoderm
jelly layer
protostome or deuterostome
symmetry
type of reproduction
sessile or active
habitat
method of excretion
cnidocytes present (yes / no)
Cnidarians
Cnidaria
endoderm & ectoderm
tissue
gastrovascular cavity
epidermis
mesoglea
protostome
radial
sexual or asexual
sessile or active
salt or fresh water
through the mouth
yes
Page 13
Comb jellies
Ctenophora
endoderm & ectoderm
tissue
gastrovascular cavity
epidermis
mesoglea
protostome
radial or biradial
sexual or asexual
active
salt water, warm water
through anal pores
no
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Scene 28 – 31
35. Give the common name for each flat worm and describe its habitat (where does it live?).
A
B
C
A. Planarian; lives in the water, or on land in moist places
B. Liver fluke; lives inside a host
C. Tape worm; lives inside a host
Questions # 36 - 40: Match each question to the letter that it is most closely associated. You may
use an answer more than once, once, or not at all.
36. cephalization
B
A. detect sound
37. auricles
C
B. ganglia
38. simple brains
B
C. detect scent
39. eye spots
D
D. detect light
40. interpret the environment
B
41. Explain why flukes and tapeworms do not have a digestive system?
Flukes and tapeworms are parasites, which means they rely on a host to digest their food for
them. These parasites absorb nutrients from the digested food of the host, therefore, they do
not need a digestive system.
42. Complete the table by comparing and contrasting the characteristics of parasitic flatworms.
Characteristic
Disease caused
Primary Host
Lifecycle / developmental stage in primary host
Organs inhabited in primary host
secondary host
lifecycle / developmental stage in secondary host
Fluke
schistosomaisis
human
adult fluke
liver, bladder, lungs
snail / slug
larvae
Tapeworm
none
vertebrate
adult tapeworm
intestines
pig
larvae
43. How do flatworms breath? In other words, how do they get their oxygen?
They absorb oxygen (gas exchange) from the environment through their cells.
44. Describe the events that take place in the asexual reproduction of a flat worm.
The worm splits itself into two pieces, and develops into two identical worms. It may also be
split into two pieces by another organism, and will still develop into two identicle worms.
Page 14
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
45. Compare and contrast the characteristics of all three types of flat worms by completing the
table below.
Characteristics
Phyla
germ layers present
level of organization
arises from the
mesoderm
symmetry
type of reproduction
sessile or active
habitat
Planarians
Platyhelminthes
ectoderm, endoderm &
mesoderm
organ level
muscle & reproductive
organs
bilateral
sexual or asexual
active
water, or moist place
Flukes
Platyhelminthes
ectoderm, endoderm &
mesoderm
organ level
muscle & reproductive
organs
bilateral
sexual or asexual
active
inside or outside host
Tape Worms
Platyhelminthes
ectoderm, endoderm &
mesoderm
organ level
muscle & reproductive
organs
bilateral
sexual or asexual
active
inside host
Scene 32 – 34
46. Describe how the endoderm develops in the phyla Rotifera and
Nematoda.
The endoderm develops into the digestive system, which runs the entire
length of the body. The digestive system is surrounded by a body cavity
called the pseudocoelom, which separates the digestive system from
the mesoderm (third germ layer).
47. Explain how a pseudocoelom is different from a coelom.
In a pseudocoelom, the mesoderm does not line the body cavity. Instead, the mesoderm
only forms the body wall. Therefore, the body cavity is considered a false body cavity, or
pseudocoelom.
48. Explain how rotifers get their name.
Rotifers have a rotor-like crown of cilia at their mouth, which allows them to move. Cilia are
also used to draw food into the mouth.
49. Answer the following questions about the lifecycle of the round worm, Ascaris.
A) Where are the eggs found before they are ingested?
Eggs are found on food, or dirt that has been contaminated with feces.
B) What occurs once the larvae enter the intestines?
The larvae hatch and enter the blood stream where they travel to the lungs.
C) How do the larvae get into the throat, and where do they go from there?
The larvae climb up into the throat where they get coughed up and swallowed.
D) What happens once mature worms enter the intestines?
Mature worms mate in the intestines, and their eggs are passed out of the body with the
host’s feces. From here, the cycle continues.
E) How do parasitic roundworms survive in the intestines of their host without getting digested?
Parasitic roundworms have a layer of tough flexible material that covers the epidermis (the
outside of their body), which is called the cuticle. This cuticle protects them while in the
intestines.
Page 15
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
50. Compare and contrast the characteristics of types of flat worms by completing the table
below.
Characteristics
germ layers present
level of organization
symmetry
type of reproduction
cephalization (yes / no)
type of body cavity
body plan
type of skeleton
Rotifers
Rotifera
endoderm, ectoderm,
mesoderm
organ
bilateral
sexual & asexual
yes
pseudocoelom
tube within a tube
hydrostatic
habitat
marine & fresh water
Phyla
Page 16
Round Worms
Nematoda
endoderm, ectoderm,
mesoderm
organ
bilateral
sexual
yes
pseudocoelom
tube within a tube
hydrostatic
marine & fresh water, land, and
inside living or dead tissue.
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Mollusc or Mollusk?
When you use the proper phylum name it is spelled Mollusca with the
letter “c,” and a capital “M.” In all other situations, it is spelled
mollusk with the letter “k,” and a lower case “m.”
Note from the
Teacher
Scene 35 – 38
51. Use the diagram to describe the features of a coelom.
A coelom is a body cavity that is completely lined from tissue that arises from the mesoderm
layer during embryonic development.
52. Identify the three features shared by all mollusks, and a description of each feature?
A) Foot – muscular organ used for movement or
capturing prey in some animals
B
C
B) Visceral mass – soft body mass that contains organs
(heart, digestive, excretory & reproductive organs).
C) Mantle – tissue layer that covers the visceral mass
53.
A
List three features of the mantle cavity.
1) Protection
2) Gills
3) Anus or excretory pores
54. The Word Bank below includes the different developmental stages of some mollusks: rewrite
the developmental stages in the correct order.
juvenile
trochophore
Word Bank
trochophore
adult
veliger
juvenile
veliger
adult
55. Compare and contrast the characteristics within the different groups of mollusks.
Characteristic
Phylum
Common names
Type of shell
Tentacles present
Tissue or organ level of
organization
Type of reproduction
Level of cephalization
Gastropods
Mollusca
snails, nudibranchs,
slugs
single large shell;
no shell
none
Bivalves
Mollusca
Cephalopods
Mollusca
clams & scallops
two half shells that
open & close
none
nautilus, squid, octopi
no shell, or thin
remnant of shell
tentacles
organ level
sexual (internal or
external)
not covered
organ level
sexual (internal or
external)
few ganglia
organ level
sexual (internal or
external)
well developed brains
Page 17
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Scene 39 – 41 PIC 39 SEPTA
56. What are the different organ systems that run the length of an annelid’s body?
Circulatory, digestive, and nervous system
57. If septa divide an annelids body into
segments, how it is possible for organ
systems to run the length of the body?
Although the septa divide an annelid’s body
into segments, organ systems actually
penetrate the septa, allowing the organ
systems to run the entire length of the body.
58. What are setae, and how do they work?
Setae are stiff bristles found on the segments of many annelids. Setae are used in
movement, and provide traction.
59. Provide two methods of movement in leeches. Explain your answer.
Leeches have an anterior and a posterior sucker that allows them to move by suctioning
objects. They also have a hydrostatic skeleton, which is a body cavity that is filled with fluid,
and maintains a constant pressure so that it stays firm. Muscles push up against the
hydrostatic skeleton in order to move.
60. Identify the labeled structure in the picture: explain how its function.
A. Cocoon; after cross fertilization (occurs in oligochaetes & leeches), a cocoon forms
around land dwelling annelids. Inside the cocoon are developing young. The
cocoon slips off the end of the adult, and eventually the young hatch.
A
Page 18
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
61. Compare and contrast the characteristics among the different classes of annelids.
Characteristics
Phylum
Germ layers
present?
body cavity
Amount of setae
present?
body plan
symmetry
gender
type of reproduction
trochophore larvae
(yes / no)
protostome or
deuterostome
cephalization
(yes/no)
habitat
Oligochaetes
Annelida
endoderm, ectoderm,
mesoderm
coelom
Polychaetes
Annelida
endoderm, ectoderm,
mesoderm
coelom
Herudinea
Annelida
endoderm, ectoderm,
mesoderm
coelom
few
tube within a tube
bilateral
hermaphrodite
cross fertilization
yes, in water dwelling
annelids only
many
tube within a tube
bilateral
male & female
asexual
yes, in water dwelling
annelids only
none
tube within a tube
bilateral
hermaphrodite
cross fertilization
yes, in water dwelling
annelids only
protostome
protostome
protostome
yes
marine & fresh water;
moist places
yes
marine & fresh water;
moist places
yes
marine & fresh water;
moist places
Page 19
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Scene 42 – 45
62. What are the different types of food that arthropods can eat, and what structures allow them
to eat such a variety?
Arthropods have specialized mouthparts, which allow them to capture and devour their prey
several different ways. They may drink nectar, pierce through tough tissue, or crush their
prey with their mouthparts.
63. Identify the labeled regions on the beetle and the spider below.
A. head
A
B. thorax
C. abdomen
D. cephalothorax
E. abdomen
B
D
C
E
64. Describe the components that make up the exoskeleton?
The exoskeleton is made up of a strong carbohydrate called chitin, and protein.
65. When is an arthropod most vulnerable. Explain your answer.
To grow, an arthropod must shed its exoskeleton, and
grow a larger one. During shedding / molting they do not
have their hard outer covering for protection, which makes
them easy prey for other animals. Without their
exoskeleton, their muscles do not have anything hard to
push up against so they lack the strength to protect
themselves.
66. Describe the function of each of the following structures found on arthropods in the table
below.
Structure
antennae
compound eyes
stretched membrane
photoreceptors
Function
detect touch, taste, or scent
thousands of tiny facets that each create an image and detect movement
detect sound waves
detect light
Page 20
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
67. Describe the characteristics of each type of respiratory system, and list the type of arthropod
that uses that system in the table below.
Respiratory
System
Book lungs
Tracheal system
Gills
Characteristics of Respiratory System
sacs in the abdomen with page-like
partitions
branched network of tiny interconnected
tubes
highly branched
Arthropod
spiders
many land dwelling
arthropods
water dwelling arthropods
68. Explain the difference between incomplete and complete metamorphosis.
Arthropods that do not go through a larval stage express incomplete metamorphosis.
Instead, the young look like miniature versions of the adults. On the other hand, arthropods
that do go through a larval stage express complete metamorphosis, and look nothing like the
adult.
69. Compare and contrast the characteristics among the different groups of arthropods.
Characteristics
Phylum
body cavity
symmetry
type of skeleton
protostome or deuterostome
cephalization (yes/no)
type of reproduction
habitat
Insects
Crustaceans
Spiders
Arthropoda
Arthropods
Arthropods
coelom
coelom
coelom
bilateral
bilateral
bilateral
exoskeleton
exoskeleton
exoskeleton
protostome
protostome
protostome
yes
yes
yes
some reproduce asexually, majority reproduce sexually
water & land
mostly water
water & land
70. Compare the arthropods in the pictures below. Describe the similarities that you can
physically see with your own eyes.
They all have jointed legs, antennae, and segmented bodies.
Scene 46 – 47
71. Complete the table below on the embryonic development of invertebrates.
Embryonic
Development
Deuterostomes
Protostomes
Structure that
develops first
anus
mouth
Type of
Cleavage
radial /
indeterminant
spiral /
determinate
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Examples of Invertebrates
echinoderms, cnidarians,
comb jellies, humans
mollusks, arthropods
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
72. Below is a picture of a developing embryo undergoing indeterminate cleavage: What will be
the fate of this embryo if cells are removed from it?
The cells of this embryo are not predetermined, which means the new cells that arise will
take on the role of the missing cells. In other words, the embryo will continue to develop.
Scene 48 – 51
73. Describe the endoskeleton of each animal
Echinodermata
sea urchin
sand dollar
sea star / starfish
sea cucumber
Features of Endoskeleton
round & rigid; holds spines in place
hardened & plate-like
flexible; allows each arm to move independently
pliable; supports soft body
74. Identify the structure to the right, and describe its function.
Pedicellariae are spines shaped like pinchers that extend out of the
endoskeleton and through the epidermis. They are used for
gathering food, and eliminating waste.
75. How might a sea star be affected if its tube feet were removed?
It would not be able to move, or attach to objects. It would also affect its ability to pull open
bivalves with its sucker-like tube feet.
76. List 4 other structures, or mechanisms that echinoderms depend on for movement.
Ampullae, muscles that surround the ampullae, water vascular system, and hydrostatic
pressure.
77. List the characteristics of echinoderms in the table below.
Characteristics
Phylum
symmetry as larva
symmetry as adult
type of skeleton
protostome or deuterostome
gender
type of reproduction
habitat
Echinoderms
Echinodermata
bilateral
radial
endoskeleton
deuterostome
hermaphrodites & separate sexes
sexual (external) & asexual
marine water
Scene 51 – 54
78. Look at the picture below and explain what has happened to this sea star.
=
It has been cut into several pieces. Fortunately for echinoderms they can regenerate parts of
their body. As long as a piece of the central disc (the center of the body) is attached to the
arm, the sea star will regenerate its entire body.
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© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
79. Sea cucumbers can eject their internal organs out of their body to protect themselves from
predators. How does this affect the sea cucumber?
First, it may save its life. Second, even if it does not get eaten by the predator, it will live
because it has the ability to regenerate the parts that it ejected out of its body.
80. Compare and contrast the characteristics among the phylum Chordata in the table below.
Tunicates / Sea
Squirts
Chordata
Urochordata
coelom
yes
bilateral
deuterostome
marine water
Characteristics
Phylum
Subphyla
body cavity
segmented (yes / no)
symmetry
protostome or deuterostome
habitat
hollow, fluid filled nerve cord
(embryo, larva, or adult)
notochord (embryo, larva, or adult)
gill slits (embryo, larva, or adult)
tail that extends beyond the anus (embryo, larva or,
adult)
Lancelets
Chordata
Cephalochordata
coelom
yes
bilateral
deuterostome
water
larva
larva
embryo, larva, and
adult
embryo, adult
embryo, adult
larva
embryo, adult
embryo, adult
Organization of Invertebrates
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Invertebrates
Complete Interactive Lesson #4.
Interactive
Lesson
An overview of how invertebrates are organized.
Reproduction
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Invertebrates
Complete Interactive Lesson #5.
A review of the different types of reproduction in invertebrates.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Protostomes
Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz
Page 23
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
Quiz: Deuterostomes
Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz
Comprehensive Exam: Mendel’s Principles of Heredity
Please take the exam provided by your teacher.
Test
Page 24
© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
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© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Inside the Cell
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© 2004 Cyber Ed, Inc.