Download 1 - Cell Theory and Organelles (Student Version)

 Cells are the basic building blocks of life
 There are approximately 100 trillion cells in the human body
 In 1665, Robert Hooke used the word “cell” to describe the honeycomb structures he observed while
viewing a thin slice of cork
 In 1674, Anton Van Leeuenhoek looked at living blood cells, bacteria and single-celled organisms in a
drop of water.
 In 1820, Robert Brown discovered a dark tiny sphere in plants which he later called the “nucleus”
 Schwann and Schleiden concluded that plant and animal tissues are made of units called cells
 Rudolph Virchow in 1858 theorized that all cells come from preexisting cells due to Louis Pasteur’s
work with microorganisms.
THE CELL THEORY:
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the smallest entity that retains the properties of life
3. New cells arise only from cells that already exist
ORGANELLE
Cell Membrane
STRUCTURE
-Made of a
sandwich)
-outermost boundary of the cell
Protoplasm
Nucleus
Dark tiny sphere found inside the cell
surrounded by a nuclear membrane
FUNCTION
(fat membrane, allows controlled
movement of materials in/out of the
cell
-contain receptor sites to identify the
cell and the function of that cell
-the entire contents of the cell
including the
of the cell
- directs all of the cells activities
-holds the genetic material DNA
-nuclear membrane contains pores
that allow for the movement of RNA
and other chemicals to pass through
in/out of the cytoplasm
Simple single celled organisms such as
-does
have a membrane
bound nucleus (not a true nucleus)
Chromosomes
-part of larger, complex species
- kingdoms:
-found within the nucleus
Genes
-sections of chromosomes
-contain a membrane bound nucleus
-much larger than prokaryotic cells
-long threadlike structures that
contain the genetic information.
-made of DNA
-contain 2 sets of genetic information
that regulate the production of all
proteins
-every nucleus is composed of DNA
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cells
DNA
-made up of nucleotides (ribose, nitrogen
(Deoxyribonucleic base, phosphate)
Acid)
Nucleolus
-dark sphere found within the nucleus
Cytoplasm
-cell content outside of the nucleus
-Jell-O like substance
Flagella & Cilia
-found on the cell membrane and used for
locomotion
Mitochondria
(mitochondrionsingular)
-oval shaped (hot dog with mustard)
Ribosomes
- tiny spheres found in the cytoplasm or near
the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
-long interconnected canals
-smooth endoplasmic reticulum have NO
ribosomes attached to their membranes
(SER)
-rough ER contain ribosomes (RER)
-flattened/layered sacs (stack of pancakes)
Golgi Apparatus
-makes rRNA which is responsible
for making
-many of the cells chemical activities
occur here
-absorbed nutrients are transported
and processed here
-wastes are stored here until they are
properly excreted
Flagella (singular: flagellum) are
whiplike tails that move the cells in a
corkscrew motion (sperm cells)
Cilia (singular: cilium) tiny hairs that
move in a coordinated fashion
-power plant of the cell
occurs
here to create
-inner membrane contains folds
called cristae which are the major site
for cellular respiration
-contain their own DNA and are self
replicating
- help to synthesize
-are the smallest organelle found in
the cytoplasm
- “highway” of the cell
-normally found close to the nucleus
-used for
and
other nutrients throughout the cell
proteins from the RER
-membranous sacs piled on top of
each other
- modified proteins are then pinched
off from the Golgi into vesicles
Golgi (cont’d)
Lysosomes
-membrane bound vesicles formed by the
Golgi
Microfilaments &
Microtubules
Microfilaments- long pipelike structures
Microtubules- tiny tubelike fibres
Peroxisomes
-similar in structure to lysosomes (vesicles)
which than fuse with the cell
membrane and excrete their contents
in a process called exocytosis
-contain enzymes that help digest
materials in the cell
-only found in
-also used to destroy harmful
substances that enter cells
-also used to destroy damages or
worn-out cells (Kamikaze’s)
Microfilaments are found in the
cytoplasm and used to give the cell
shape and movement
Microtubules help to transport
materials throughout the cytoplasm.
Cilia and Flagella are composed of
microtubules
-breaks down
-detoxifies
-found in the liver, kidney & brain
SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES OF PLANTS
ORGANELLE
Plastids
STRUCTURE
-vesicles that contain food and
colour pigments
Chloroplasts
-green plastid
Large central vacuole
-huge vacuole that takes up most
of the cell
Chromoplasts
-yellow/orange plastid
Amyloplasts
-colourless plastid
Cell Wall
-found outside of the cell
membrane
FUNCTION
-chemical factories and
storehouses for the reproduction
of sugars , starch and some
pigments
-contians the pigment
and is the major site of
-contain their own DNA and are
self replicating
-large fluid-filled compartment
that stores sugars, mineral,
proteins, and water and maintains
turgor pressure (support)
-store orange and yellow
pigments found in flowers and
fruit
-storehouse for starch
-many are found in seeds &
potatoes
-made of a polysaccharide called
cellulose
-used to protect & support the
plant
-may have a 1o or 2o cell wall
/
ANIMAL CELL
DIAGRAM:
Cell membrane
PLANT CELL DIAGRAM: