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Eighth Grade Expansion and Reform Unit Lesson 3 Title: A place in the world Grade Level: 8 Unit of Study: Expansion and Reform GLCE: U4.1.2 Establishing America’s Place in the World – Explain the changes in America’s relationships with other nations by analyzing treaties with American Indian nations, Jay’s Treaty (1795), French Revolution, Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), Louisiana Purchase, War of 1812, Transcontinental Treaty (1819), and the Monroe Doctrine. Abstract: New nations face many challenges as they grow and develop. Key Concepts: How has America’s foreign policy and ratification of treaties shaped the nation? Sequence of Activities: 1. Discuss feelings of being “new” (kid at school, step-family, natural order in animal kingdom, etc) to connect to the United States being the new country in the world. 2. Introduce the expansion of the United States by watching the short animated map film at http://www.animatedatlas.com/movie.html 3. Introduce the idea that the United States was able to make treaties with foreign nations and Native American nations. 4. Hand out descriptions of various treaties such as treaties with Jay’s Treaty (1795), French Revolution, Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), Louisiana Purchase, War of 1812, Transcontinental Treaty (1819), Northwest Ordinance (1787), and the Monroe Doctrine. 5. Students will make a time line and have a graphic map attached to their timeline which outlines various regions that were affected by the Expansion and treaties of the United States. In addition the students should also have a one to two sentence summary of each treaty created with the United States. Extension: Place the Presidents during this time period onto your timeline and provide a sentence that describes their contributions to foreign policy. Connections: English Language Arts Mathematics Instructional Resources: Equipment/Manipulative Poster paper Calhoun ISD Social Studies Curriculum Design Project Eighth Grade Expansion and Reform Unit Rulers Markers Student Resources Blank Map of the U.S. Blank Map of the World Project Guidelines for Timeline Assignment Descriptions of Jay’s Treaty, Louisiana Purchase, The War of 1812, The Monroe Doctrine, and Northwest Ordinance Teacher Resources Animated film map at http://www.animatedatlas.com/movie.html Calhoun ISD Social Studies Curriculum Design Project Eighth Grade Expansion and Reform Unit Project Guidelines for Timeline Assignment: 1. Create a timeline from the time period of 1790 through 1860 for the Expansion and Reform time period. 2. Include the following events in your timeline and have a one to two sentence summary for each event: Louisiana Purchase Jay’s Treaty Monroe Doctrine Pinckney’s Treaty War of 1812 Northwest Ordinance Transcontinental Treaty 3. Include a map of the World and a Map of the United States and place icons on the areas affected by five of these events. 4. Include a title for your timeline. Extra Credit: Place the Presidents during this time period onto your timeline and provide a sentence that describes their contributions to foreign policy. Calhoun ISD Social Studies Curriculum Design Project Eighth Grade Expansion and Reform Unit Jay's Treaty Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation, between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, by their President, Ratified June 24, 1795 . Published by Neale and Kammerer, Philadelphia, 1795 Although the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the American War for Independence, the years following saw relations between America and England deteriorate precipitously. England refused to evacuate the frontier forts in the Northwest Territory; in addition, she seized American ships, forcing American sailors to serve in England's war against France. The United States, for her part, passed navigation laws that were potentially damaging to Great Britain. It was apparent that a commercial war between the two countries would undermine the health of the American economy. The American statesman John Jay, pressed into service as special envoy, went to England to negotiate disagreements between the two governments. On November 19, 1794 Jay's Treaty was signed, averting the threat of war. The Treaty eliminated British control of western posts within two years, established America's claim for damages from British ship seizures, and provided America a limited right to trade in the West Indies. Although Jay's Treaty provoked a storm of controversy (Jay was burned in effigy by mobs of outraged Americans), President Washington pressed for ratification. The treaty passed the Senate in June, 1795. Among John Jay's many accomplishments — president of Congress in 1778, minister to Spain, one of three Americans who negotiated the Paris Peace Treaty, an author of The Federalist and the first chief justice of the Supreme Court — none was more important than his negotiation of the Treaty with Great Britain in 1794. Source: http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/jaytreaty/ The Louisiana Purchase Jefferson's plans for the nation depended upon western expansion and access to international markets for American farm products. This vision was threatened, however, when France regained control of Louisiana. Napoleon, who had now risen to power in the French Revolution, threatened to block American access to the important port of New Orleans on the Mississippi River. New American settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains depended upon river transport to get their goods to market since overland trade to the east was expensive and impractical. Blocking American access to New Orleans was such a grave threat to American interests that President Jefferson considered changing his traditional foreign policy stance to an anti-French Calhoun ISD Social Studies Curriculum Design Project Eighth Grade Expansion and Reform Unit alliance with the British. At the same time that he sent diplomats to France to bargain for continued trade access along the Mississippi, he also sent diplomats to Britain to pursue other policy options. James Monroe, the top person negotiating in Paris, was empowered to purchase New Orleans and West Florida for between two and ten million dollars. Surprisingly, however, Napoleon offered much more. He was militarily overextended and needing money to continue his war against Britain. Knowing full well that he could not force Americans out of the land France possessed in North America, Napoleon offered all of Louisiana to the U.S. for 15 million dollars. The massive territory stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and more than doubled the size of the United States. Napoleon's asking price worked out to be about four cents an acre. The deal was struck in April 1803, but it brought a good deal of controversy. While American development in the 19th century depended on western expansion, it also raised controversial issues that might lead to the disunion of the United States. Some New England Federalists, for example, began to talk of seceding from the U.S. since their political power was dramatically reduced by the purchase. Further, Jefferson had clearly not followed his own strict interpretation of the Constitution. Federalist critics howled that the Constitution nowhere permitted the federal government to purchase new land. Jefferson was troubled by the inconsistency, but in the end decided that the Constitution's treaty-making provisions allowed him room to act. Most of the Senate agreed and the Louisiana Purchase easily passed 26 to 6. The dramatic expansion also contradicted Jefferson's commitment to reduce the national debt as swiftly as possible. Although 15 million dollars was a relatively small sum for such a large amount of land, it was still an enormous price tag for the modest federal budget of the day. The Louisiana Purchase demonstrates Jefferson's ability to make pragmatic political decisions. Although contrary to some of his central principles, guaranteeing western expansion was so important to Jefferson's overall vision that he took bold action. The gains were dramatic, as the territory acquired would in time add 13 new states to the union. In 1812, Louisiana became the first state to join the union from land bought in the purchase. Louisiana was allowed to enter the United States with its French legal traditions largely in place. Even today, Louisiana's legal code retains many elements that do not follow English common law traditions. The federal system could be remarkably flexible. Source: http://www.ushistory.org/us/20c.asp The War of 1812 The War of 1812 was a conflict between the fairly new nation called the United States of America, and on the other side the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and its North American colonies in Canada. Calhoun ISD Social Studies Curriculum Design Project Eighth Grade Expansion and Reform Unit The war began in 1812 and ended in 1815. Over 1,600 British and 2,260 American soldiers, marines, and sailors perished in this war on both land and on the ocean. While at war with the United States, Britain was also fighting against France and her allies in Europe. Due to their war with France, the British sought to restrict American trade with France, and imposed a set of restrictions which the U.S. considered illegal under international law. The U.S. declared war on Britain on July 18, 1812 after years of enduring British restrictions and attacks on American shipping, the forcible impressments of thousands of American sailors into service with the British navy, increasing anger at British restraints on American trade with France and other European nations, and frustration at continuing British military support for Native Americans fighting against the expanding United States. Also fueling the desire for war with Britain was a feeling that Britain never truly gave up thinking of America as a "lost" colony that should be punished. Many pro-war American saw a new war with Britain as a reaffirmation of American independence; in fact, the war became known as the Second War of Independence. Source: http://www.historyguy.com/war_of_1812_links.html The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was an American policy put forth by the 5th President of the United States of America, James Monroe. It was a clear cut statement issued by the United States which stated that the United States would neither interfere in the conflicts between European nations, nor allow these nations to meddle in the affairs of the 'New World' i.e. the hemisphere that included the continents of North America and South America. Monroe Doctrine sent across the message that any attempt by the European nations to colonize the New World would amount to aggression, which would be met by U.S. intervention. It was one of those U.S. policies which had profound effects on various American foreign policies to follow. At the same time, Monroe Doctrine was also responsible for establishing a cordial relationship between the United States and Great Britain, which was one of the major European powers back then. The Monroe Doctrine was introduced by James Monroe in a speech before the United States Congress on 2nd December, 1823. It was put forth unilaterally by the United States in response to Great Britain's proposal of mutually coming up with a policy which would separate the New World from the Old World. (The term 'Old World' refers to those regions of the world that were known to Europeans before the Americas were discovered.) For Great Britain, allowing Spain to regain control of its former colonies was not a viable option as it would have hampered their profitable trade with this region. For the United States, it was the question of national security with the newly formed 'Holy Alliance' comprising of Austria, Prussia and Russia trying to gain an upper hand in this region. The main objective of Monroe Doctrine was to make sure that the European nations don't colonize the newly independent colonies of Latin America. It was introduced at a point of time Calhoun ISD Social Studies Curriculum Design Project Eighth Grade Expansion and Reform Unit when quite a few Latin American colonies under the Spanish Empire had become independent and several were about to become independent. When the United States realized that European colonization of these Spanish colonies in Latin America would be a threat for its national security, President Monroe introduced this policy and made sure that the national security of the country was not threatened. While the Foreign Minister of Great Britain, George Canning, did put forth the proposal of going ahead together, the United States administration under the leadership of Monroe was wary of this, especially after of the war of 1812. Monroe Doctrine didn't just put a check of European colonization of the Americas, but also asserted that the European nations should stop interfering in the matters of the western hemisphere. It also made it a point to state that the United States would not meddle with the existing European colonies in the Americas, nor would it interfere in the internal matters of the European nations. The policy established two separate spheres of influence for the United States and Europe. However, it did provide a platform for the development of cordial ties between the United States and Great Britain, and thus is considered by many to be a precursor to 'Special Relationship' between these two nations. Even though the Latin American nations knew that the Monroe Doctrine was nothing more than a tool of national policy, they did welcome it as they were aware of the fact that it was not possible for the United States alone to wield power in this region without the backing of Great Britain. The fact that Monroe Doctrine continued for the next two centuries, with a few minor changes here and there, hints at its impact in the geopolitical scenario back then. It did come under fire though, with critics terming it 'American hegemony', but that didn't really matter for the United States or Latin America - who benefited from it. Without Monroe Doctrine, Latin America would have been nothing but a region plagued by internal conflicts. It was Monroe Doctrine that provided Latin America with the much needed protection from European interests - with the United States acting as a protector for this region. Source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/monroe-doctrine-summary.html Pinckney's Treaty (1795) During the Revolutionary War, Spain reconquered Florida from Great Britain. Contrary to the border agreed to by the British and Americans (31° north latitude), Spain claimed that Florida extended into the Ohio valley. By this border claim, Spain sought to keep the expansive United States away from the Mississippi River and Spain's other major colony in the area, Louisiana. With Louisiana occupying the west bank of the Mississippi and Florida controlling the east bank from at least 31° southward, Spain in 1784 closed the mouth of the river to U.S. navigation. This made the river useless as a means of getting goods from U.S. territory west of the Appalachian Mountains to markets in the East. To further discourage settlement beyond the Appalachians, the Spanish also supported the hostile southwestern Indian tribes. By 1794, however, the Spanish feared that the Americans might use the opportunity of the ongoing European war to attack Spanish territory. Consequently, they negotiated a treaty with the U.S. minister Thomas Pinckney (1750–1828) that guaranteed Americans free navigation of Calhoun ISD Social Studies Curriculum Design Project Eighth Grade Expansion and Reform Unit the entire Mississippi and a three‐year renewable right to unload riverboat goods at New Orleans for reshipment on oceangoing vessels. The treaty (signed in Madrid on 27 October 1795) also set the Florida boundary at 31° and promised noninterference with the Indians along the border between Spanish territory and the United States. President George Washington and the Senate welcomed Pinckney's Treaty, and it was ratified in 1796. But it only temporarily settled Spanish‐U.S. border disputes because expansionists in the United States were determined to acquire Florida and New Orleans and gain sole control of the navigation of the Mississippi. Within twenty‐five years, both goals were accomplished. Source: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Pinckneys_Treaty.aspx Transcontinental Treaty Also called the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, the Adams-Onis Treaty was one of the critical events that defined the U.S.-Mexico border. The border between the then-Spanish lands and American territory was a source of heated international debate. In Europe, Spain was in the midst of serious internal problems and its colonies out west were on the brink of revolution. Facing the grim fact that he must negotiate with the United States or possibly lose Florida without any compensation, Spanish foreign minister Onis signed a treaty with Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. Similar to the Louisiana Purchase statutes, the United States agreed to pay its citizens’ claims against Spain up to $5 Million. The treaty drew a definite border between Spanish land and the Louisiana Territory. In the provisions, the United States ceded to Spain its claims to Texas west of the Sabine River. Spain retained possession not only of Texas, but also California and the vast region of New Mexico. At the time, these two territories included all of present-day California and New Mexico along with modern Nevada, Utah, Arizona and sections of Wyoming and Colorado. The treaty -- which was not ratified by the United States and the new republic of Mexico until 1831 -- also mandated that Spain relinquish its claims to the country of Oregon north of the 42 degrees parallel (the northern border of California). Later, in 1824, Russia would also abandon its claim to Oregon south of 54’40,’ (the southern border of Alaska.) Source: http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/2.html The Northwest Ordinance Considered to be one of the most significant achievements of the Congress of the Confederation, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 put the world on notice not only that the land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi would be settled but that it would eventually become part of the United States. Until then this area had been temporarily forbidden to development. Calhoun ISD Social Studies Curriculum Design Project Eighth Grade Expansion and Reform Unit Increasing numbers of settlers and land speculators were attracted to what are now the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. This pressure together with the demand from the Ohio Land Company, soon to obtain vast holdings in the Northwest, prompted the Congress to pass this Ordinance The area opened up by the Ordinance was based on lines originally laid out in 1784 by Thomas Jefferson in his Report of Government for Western Lands. The Ordinance provided for the creation of not less than three nor more than five states. In addition, it contained provisions for the advancement of education, the maintenance of civil liberties and the exclusion of slavery. Above all, the Northwest Ordinance accelerated the westward expansion of the United States. Source: http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/ milestones/ordinance/ Calhoun ISD Social Studies Curriculum Design Project