Download Chapter Nineteen India, China, and Japan: From the Medieval to the

Chapter Nineteen
India, China, and Japan:
From Medieval to Modern Times
Culture and Values
Cunningham and Reich and
Fichner-Rathus, 8th Ed.
Pre-Medieval India
500-=1000 c.e. in North & South India
establishment of major cities
Hinduism & Buddhism dominate religions
Periods of peace & prosperity linked with
religious dominance and flourishing of
culture like architecture, poetry,
Hindu temples cave temples
Statues in Copper alloys or Bronze
Seated Crowned and jeweled Buddha,
Pala period (ca. 700–1200), late 10th
century; Kurkihar style
Bihar, India
Bronze with silver, lapis lazuli, and rockcrystal inlays
Seated Buddha Expounding
the Dharma, Late
Anuradhapura period (750–
850), late 8th century
Sri Lanka
Copper alloy
Pre-Medieval India 1000-1400 c.e.
 In the North, Buddhism wanes while Islam moves in with Muslim
expansion
 1000-1250 miniature paintings become popular—religious manuscript
paintings. Buddhist and Jainism work: linear, flat style, and limited palette.
 Jain temples erected
 Urdu language develops
 1225: The Qutb Minar, tallest minaret—a tower from which the adhan, or
call to prayer, is announced, built in Delhi
Pair of manuscript covers with Buddhist deities, late 11th century
Nepal Distemper on wood; Each: 2 1/8 x 22 1/8 in. (5.4 x 56.2 cm) Fletcher and Rogers F
The Qutb
Minar
Pre-Medieval India: South 1000-1400 c.e.
Buddhism declines; Islam becomes dominate
religion except for Sri Lanka
Brihadeshvara Temple 1000 ce built
1000-1300 Metal sculptures produced in
Chola kingdom
Jain temple of Mount Abu 1030 ce.
1290 Marco Polo lands in Tamil Nadu and
sails up Malabar Coast on return from China.
1343 Vijayanagar, capital city, is built
Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja), Chola
period (ca. 860–1279), ca. 11th century, Tamil
Nadu, India, Copper alloy; H. 26 7/8 in. (68.3
cm), Diam. 22 1/4 in. (56.5 cm)Gift of R. H.
Ellsworth Ltd., in honor of Susan Dillon, 1987
(1987.80.1)
Dilwara Jain Temple - Mount Abu
India: The Mughal Empire
 1398 Monguls sack Dehli led by Timur
 1414-1451 battles between Indian and Monguls
 Babur, succeeds/son of Timur (1483-1530)
 1498 Portuguese arrive on west coast of India
 1510 Portuguese control of East India spice trade
 1523 Battle of Panipat=rule of Mughal dynasty
 Akbar (1542-1605) Akbar ruler of Mughal dynastypolicy of religious tolerance
 India as center of civilization
 Urdu language
 Artistic blend of Hindu, Persian, and Islamic elements
India
Mughal Art
Architecture
Mosques, palaces, walled cities, forts
Indian techniques, Arabic innovations
Dome, pointed arch, minaret
Taj Mahal at Agra (Shah Jehan)
Tomb, monument for Banu Begam
19.2 The Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Built 1632–1649
India
Mughal Art
Literature
Babur’s Baba-nama (Turkish)
Literary devotion of Homayun
Poetry (Persian)
India
Mughal Art
Visual Arts
Book illustrations, miniatures
Secular
Realistic scenes from courtly life
Persian influences
calligraphy
Calligraphic dish,
'Adil Shahi period
(1490–1686), ca.
1600
India, Deccan,
Bijapur
Copper alloy; cast;
H. 1/4 in. (0.6 cm),
Diam. 5 7/8 in.
(14.9 cm)
19.3 Basawan and
Chatar Muni, Akbar
and the Elephant
Hawai, c. 1590

The Gopis Beseech Krishna to Return Their Clothing: Page from the Dispersed
"Isarda" Bhagavata Purana(Ancient Stories of Lord Vishnu), ca. 1560–65
India, probably Delhi–Agra area Ink and opaque watercolor on paper; 7 5/8 x 10 1/8
in. (19.4 x 25.7 cm) Gift of the H. Rubin Foundation, Inc. 1972 (1972.260)
Carpet with palm trees, ibexes, and birds, Mughal period (1526–1858),
late 16th–early 17th century
Present–day Pakistan, Lahore
Cotton (warp and weft), wool (pile); asymmetrically knotted pile; L. 328 in.
(833.1 cm), W. 108 in. (274.3 cm)
Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917 (17.190.858)
India
The End of Mughal Rule
and the Arrival of the British
 1600 Queen Elizabeth I grants charter to East India Company
 1605-1627 Jahangir succeeds Akbar: blends Indian & Persian
cultures-flourishing of art
 Aurangzeb (1618-1707)
 Islam vs. Hindu




Sikhism
1627-1658 Shah Jahan succeeds Jahangir-builds Taj Mahal
1641 British East India Trading Company sets up first factories
1741 Battle of Plassey: East India Company gains control of
Bengal.
 India as “Jewel in the Crown” of Britain
 Controlled by British government by 1849
The Glorification of Akbar:
Leaf from the Shah Jahan
Album, Mughal, period of
Jahangir (1605–27)
Attributed to Govardhan
(active ca. 1596–1645)
Ink, opaque watercolor, and
gold on paper
Four Portraits: Leaf from the
Shah Jahan Album, Mughal,
period of Jahangir (1605–27),
ca. 1610–15
By Balchand, Daulat, Murad
India
Ink, opaque watercolor, and
gold on paper
India
The Rise of Nationalism
India’s National Congress Party
Strive for self-rule
Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
Satyagraha
Visual Arts
Subodh Gupta (b. 1964)
Satyajit Ray (1921-1992)
Escapade at Night: A Nobleman Climbs a Rope to Visit His
Beloved, ca. 1800–1810 Attributed to Chokha (Indian, active 1799–
1825) India (Rajasthan, Mewar) Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold
on paper; overall 12 1/4 x 16 1/8 in. (31.1 x 41 cm)
A Syce Holding Two Carriage Horses, mid-19th
century India (Calcutta) Ink and opaque watercolor on
paper; 12 x 20 in. (30.5 x 50.8 cm)
View of a Mosque and Gateway in Motijhil Bengal, British period (1858–
1947), ca. 1814–23 Attributed to Sita Ram (Indian, active 1814–23) India,
Bengal Opaque watercolor on paper; painting: H. 13 in. (33 cm), W. 19 1/4 in.
(48.9 cm)
Pavement School,
Jaipur, 1948 Henri
Cartier–Bresson
(French, 1908–2004)
India
Gelatin silver print; 13
7/16 x 8 7/8 in. (34.2 x
22.6 cm)
Chess Players, Banaras Floods, 1967, printed 1991
Raghubir Singh (Indian, 1942–1999) Chromogenic print; 10 x 14 7/8 in.
(25.4 x 37.8 cm)
19.6 Subodh Gupta, Silk Route, 2007
Japan
Early Japanese History and Culture
Capital from Nara to Kyoto
Shift from Buddhism to Shintoism
Japanese writing system, literature
Poetry
Theater (Noh plays)
Murasaki’s novel Tale of Genji
Shonagon’s pillow-book
Japan
The Period of Feudal Rule
Kakamura (1185)
Samurai-dokoro, Shogun
Control of samurai
Rise of the warrior class
Age of the Warring States (1467-1568)
Daimyo vs. Shogun
Introduction of firearms
Japan
The Period of Feudal Rule
Landscapes, portraits, and narrative
scrolls
The Three Sacred Shrines at Kumano
Homage to Japanese landscape
The Sage Kuya Invoking the Amida
Buddha
Realism
Attempt to render speech
19.20 The Three Sacred
Shrines at Kumano:
Kumano Mandala, ca.
1300
Japan
The Edo Period
Rule of the Tokugawa family (1543-1868)
Japanese versions of landscapes
Gentler colors, heightened abstraction
Hasegawa Tohaku (1760-1849)
Woodblock art
Hokusai Katsushika (1760-1849)
19.22 Hasegawa Tohaku, Pine Forest, late 16th century
19.23 Katsushika Hokusai, Under the Wave Off Kanagawa, c.
1831
Japan
The Edo Period
Basho’s Haiku
Buddhist, Zen Buddhist reflections
Crucial detail of landscapes
Saikaku, Life of an Amorous Woman
Overt eroticism, tales of homosexuality
Monzaemon, The Love Suicide at Amijima
Kabuki drama
Modern Japan:
The Meiji
Commodore Perry, trade with America
Mitsuhito’s “Enlightened Government”
Radical program of reform
Strong central government
Military program
Industrialization
Japan
Contemporary Japanese Arts
Akira Kurosawa (Japan)
Rashomon (1950), Seven Samurai (1954),
Kagemusha (1980), Throne of Blood
(1957), Ran (1985)
Hybridity in the Visual Arts
Godzilla: King of the Monsters!
Takashi Murakami (b. 1962)
Pop art
Chapter Nineteen: Discussion Questions
 To what extent did religious and cultural tolerance of the Moghal
empire affect the arts of the period? Explain, citing specific
examples. What was the effect of a loss of tolerance?
 What were the positive effects of China’s resistance to Western
cultural influences? How did the country’s isolation ultimately
serve to undo it political and social stability? Explain.
 What was the function of art in Communist China? Explain.
 What was the result of outside influence into Japanese culture
during the Period of Feudal Rule and beyond into the Meiji?
Consider the far-reaching effects (both positive and negative) of
this influence to the people and culture of Japan.
China
The Song Dynasty
 Instituted civil-service examinations
Meritocracy
 Ability and education important
 Created printing with moveable type
 Magnetic compasses
 Song Dynasty Art
Fan Kuan (ca. 960-1030)
Monumental style
Zhou Jichang
19.7 Travelers
Among
Mountains and
Streams, ca.
1000
China
The Ming Dynasty
Political, economic stability
Cultural enrichment
Confucianism
New literary genres
Huaben
Novels
Stage plays
China
The Ming Dynasty
Art and Architecture
Landscape paintings
Human form in natural setting
Artistic attitudes
“change within tradition”
No distinctions between major art forms
Painted ceramicware, “China”
Lacquerware
19.10 Lacquerware table with drawers, ca. 1426-1435
China
The Ming Dynasty
Art and Architecture
Architecture tied to Confucianism
Kublai Khan (c. 1216-1294)
Marco Polo (c. 1254-1324)
The Forbidden City
South vs. North
Traditional symbolic values
19.12 Hall of Supreme Harmony, The Forbidden City, Beijing,
China
China
The Qing Dynasty
Kangxi (1654-1722)
Synthesized local, central administration
Introduced Western arts, education
Jesuit missionaries
Qing Dynasty Literature
300 Tang Poems
Qing Dynasty Art
Further developed porcelain ceramics
Shitao (1641-1707)
19.13 Thousand
Flowers vase,
1736-1795
19.14
Shitao,“River-bank of
Peach Blossoms,” ca.
1700
The Qing Dynasty:
China and the Western Powers
Western Trade and Chinese Independence
Opium War (1839-1842)
Internal rebellions weakened gov’t
Tai Ping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion
The Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule
Republican Revolution
Sun Yat-sen
Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-tung
19.15 “Women Hold Up
Half of Heaven and,
Cutting Through
Mountains and Rivers,
Change to a New
Attitude,” 1970
China Today
21st century economic powerhouse
Hybrid communist/capitalist system
Some artists restricted and have lost
privileges
Zhang Xiogang (b. 1958)
Luo Brothers
Boomtowns for contemporary architecture
Oriental Pearl Broadcasting Tower
Jin Mao Tower
19.17 Luo Brothers, Welcome The World Famous Brand, 2000
19.18 Oriental Pearl
Broadcasting Tower
(left) and Jin Mao
Tower (right)