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Jakub Basista, PhD, DLitt Institute of History Jagiellonian University COLD WAR 2016/2017 Meeting 2 Lecture Notes Allies at War Synopsis The Second World War started with Nazi Germany attacking Poland on September 1st 1939. Stalin and his USSR followed on September 17th. Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3rd, but failed to act and chance the course of events. One year later Hitler’s attack annihilated France. Great Britain remained alone facing Nazis in Europe. Its troops were backed and supplemented by the Polish army in exile – in 1940-41 the second largest force fighting against Nazi Germany. Great Britain was helped enormously by the USA, which supplied economic and military assistance (also through the Land Lease Act). In June 1942 Hitler enters a war against USSR, thus pushing Stalin into a strange and unwelcome alliance with Great Britain and later USA. Thus strange “Allies at War” were born – neither natural allies, nor ideological friends, nor partners trusting each other. The time of alliance brings three important conferences – at Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam, as well as several ideas for post war peace. These were – among others – formulated by the American president – FDR in the “Four Freedoms Speech”, as well as the “Atlantic Charter”. No one could know and expect, that Stalin’s agenda was somewhat different. Pre-1939 • Appeasement policy by West European powers • Anschluss of Austria by Hitler • The Munich Agreement and fragmenting of Czechoslovakia • Hitler’s demands towards Poland • Stalin and USSR versus Europe and Fascism/Nazism 1939 14 March – announcing of the forming of Fascist Slovakia of rev. J.Tiso 16 March – proclamation of Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 23 March – Hitler signs an alliance with Slovakia 31 March – Chamberlain’s speech on guarantees for Poland 7 April – Italy starts a war against Albania 16 April – Calling to life of Czechoslovak National Committee by Jan Masaryk 22 May – “Steel Pact” signed between Mussolini and Hitler 23 August – Ribbentrop-Molotov Treaty 25 August – Polish – British Treaty 1 September – Nazi attack on Poland 3 September – Great Britain and France declare war on Germany 17 September – Red Army enters Poland 28 September – Nazi Germany and USSR sign a Treaty on Friendship and Borders 17 November – Czechoslovak National Committee recognised by France as representative of Czech interests in France (20 Dec. By GB) 1940 10 May – Germany begins war in Western Europe – Polish government transferred to G. Britain 9 July – Temporary Czechoslovak Government established in London (recognised by British on 21 July) August – Baltic States become Soviet Republics 30 August – Second Vienna Award – Hungary receives Transylvania 7 September – Romania gives Dobrudja to Bulgaria under Hitler’s pressure 27 September – “Pact of Three” signed in Berlin (Germany, Italy and Japan) 11 November – Polish and Czechoslovak governments-in-exile sign a declaration about future co-operation after the war 4 Freedoms Speech In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression -- everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way -- everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want, which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants -everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear, which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor -- anywhere in the world. That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called “new order” of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb. Lend-Lease Act A law passed by Congress on March 11, 1941, during World War II, allowing the president to “sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of” weapons and materials to help defend nations vital to U.S. security. Suggested by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in December 1940 to help countries fighting the Axis, it provided $31.6 billion to Britain and $11 billion to the USSR. 1941 6 January – 4 Freedoms proclamation by FDR (speech, worship, from want, from fear) 11 March – Lend-Lease Act – empowers the President to supply war materials to any country whose defence appears vital for USA March – Head of Yugoslav government travels to Berlin to join Germany and Italy; coup d’etat in Belgrade 6 April – new Yugoslav government; an attack on Yugoslavia begins (Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary) 22 June – German attack on USSR; Churchill offers USSR help 12 July – GB and USSR sign a treaty concerning common action of both governments against Germany during the war 18 July – Treaty of collaboration against Germany signed between Czechoslovak government in London and USSR (28 September – agreement on Army forming) 30 July – Sikorski – Mayski treaty signed (15 August – army co-operation agreed on) 9-12 August – Atlantic Charter drafted by Roosevelt and Churchill on board of “Prince of Wales”; signed on 14th 14 August – Polish-Soviet military agreement – Polish army to be formed in USSR 4 December – the so-called Stalin-Sikorski Declaration announced (organizational issues and the future of international relations) 7 December – Pearl Harbour; 8 Dec USA declares war on Japan; 11 Dec Germany & Italy declare war on USA Atlantic Charter (summary) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. No territorial gains were to be sought by the United States or the United Kingdom. Territorial adjustments must be in accord with the wishes of the peoples concerned. All peoples had a right to self-determination. Trade barriers were to be lowered. There was to be global economic cooperation and advancement of social welfare. Freedom from want and fear. Freedom of the seas. Disarmament of aggressor nations, postwar common disarmament. 1942 1 January – Washington Pact – declaration by 26 nations at war with the Axis powers not to conclude separate armistice (Declaration of United Nations) 23 January – Polish-Czechoslovak Treaty on federation after the war 26 May – USSR & GB alliance treaty concerning relations after the war 11 June – Treaty between USA and USSR on cooperation at war 18-26 June – 2nd Washington Conference – establishing of second front August – talks in Moscow regarding measures against Germany (Harriman represents FDR) 30 August – final evacuation of the Polish army from USSR to Iran 1943 14-24 January - Casablanca Conference – Roosevelt and Churchill decide on landing in Sicily and Germany’s “unconditional surrender” 25-26 April – USSR breaks contacts with Polish government in London (the question of Katyń) 12-25 May – Washington Conference – Roosevelt and Churchill decide on operation “Overlord” 10 July-17 August – landing in Sicily by Allies 3 June – French Liberation Front of De Gaulle formed in Algiers 19-30 October – talks in Moscow regarding co-operation until final victory 29 September – surrender of Italy 22-26 November – Cairo Conference – Roosevelt, Churchill, Chiang Kai-Shek - operations against Japan 28 November-1 December – Teheran Conference – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin – decisions on war strategy and Polish borders 10 December – French-USSR treaty signed 12 December – Russian – Czechoslovak alliance signed 1944 6 June - landing in Normandy (operation “Overlord”) 21 August –7 October – Dumbarton Oaks Conference (USSR, USA, G.Britain, China) – draft of UN Charter 9-18 October – Moscow meeting; spheres of influence (Churchill, Eden, Stalin) 1945 4-11 February – Yalta Conference – future of liberated Europe 8 May – Germany surrenders 26 June – the United Nations charter signed in San Francisco 17 July – 2 August – Potsdam Conference (Truman, Churchill/Attlee, Stalin) – decisions reached about the occupation of Germany, Poland’s western border, resettlement of population of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, war with Japan