Download Election of 1852

Paula Ly
GEORGE WASHINGTON ~ 1789 - 1797
Election of 1789:
- Washington was the only Presidential nominee chosen by the Electoral College.
- Party Affiliation: Pro-Federalist
Significant Events During Term of Office:
- Legalization of the Bill of Rights.
- The first Congress established the Judiciary Act of 1789 which organized the Supreme
Court with a chief justice and five associates.
- Washington used force to crush the Whiskey Rebellion, a small rebellion of pioneer
folks who disliked the tax on whiskey which is an economic necessity rather than a
luxury.
Domestic Affairs:
- Started the first actual cabinet or a body of special advisers.
- Hamilton, Washington’s Secretary of Treasury, believed in “funding at par”, Congress
to fund the entire national debt and pay for it; he believed that a national debt is a
“national blessing,” so consequently tariffs and custom duties were developed.
- Washington approved Hamilton’s Bank of the United States which was created in
1791.
Foreign Affairs:
- French Revolution
Election of 1792:
Significant Events:
- Embroilment with France and Britain.
Foreign Affairs:
- Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation of 1793, to stay away from the Old World’s
affairs which will give new-born American room to prosper, it also warned American
citizens to be impartial toward armed camp (France or Britain); thus the Proclamation
manifest that self-interest is the basic cement of alliances.
- Citizen Genet, representative of the French Republic, did not take the Neutrality
Proclamation seriously and conducted unneutral activity.
-Washington sent John Jay to negotiate a Treaty with Britain which consequently leaned
towards Britain which outraged many Jeffersonians, but it was this treaty or none.
- Pinckney Treaty of 1795: Spain granted free navigation of the Mississippi, and yielded
the large area north of Florida.
- George Washington’s Farewell Address: there could be alliances, but temporary ones
for “extraordinary emergencies” rather than permanent alliances. Advised the proBritish Federalists and pro-French Jeffersonians to avoid being subservient to oversea
nations because it would cause America to become “in some degree a slave.”
Election of 1796
Major candidates:
Name: John Adam
Party Affiliation: Federalist
Popular Votes: 35,726
Electoral Votes: 71
Campaign Issues:
-Supported Jay Treaty
Name: Thomas Jefferson
Party Affiliation: Democratic Republican
Popular Votes: 31,115
Electoral Votes: 68
Campaign Issues:
-supported French Revolution
Significant Events during Term of Office -1797-1801
Domestic Affairs:
Foreign Affairs:
- Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
-XYZ Affairs
-Kentucky and Virginia Resolution (1798 and 1799)
-Treaty of Mortefontaine
-Judiciary act of 1801
Completed by: (Student name) Andy Ong
Election of 1800 (Year)
Major
Candidate
Thomas
Jefferson
John
Adams
Party
Affiliation
Democratic
Republican
Federalists
Popular
Vote
41,330
65
Electoral
Vote
73
25,952
Campaign Issues
-Accused Feds. for being promoting
aristocratic views and destroying Repub.
values.
- Federalists feared that “TJ” was
dangerous for supporting the British.
-Spread rumors about D. Repub. about
them doing crimes due to pro-France.
-Had difficulties with his own party
where Hamilton favored Pinckney over
Adams.
Additional Information
-There was a tie for first place in this election; therefore the election went to the House.
-8 States for TJ and 7 States for Adams.
-It was a peaceful transfer in power of political parties from Fed. to Demo-Repub.
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
-Declared the Alien and Sedition Act unconstitutional, which left the states to decide its fate
through nullification.
-Federalist mudslinging about “teachings of murder, rape, robbery and adultery.”
-Supported States rights
-Opposed the doctrine of judicial review, where he denounced Supreme Court case of Marbury
v. Madison as a violation to democracy.
Foreign Affairs
-Rise of Napoleon dampened the support to the French
-Crisis with the French divided the Americans, as a undeclared naval war occurred with France.
Completed by: (Student name) Andy Ong
Election of 1804 (Year)
Major
Candidate
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Thomas
Jefferson
Democratic
Republican
104,110
162
Charles
C.
Pinckney
Federalist
38,919
14
Campaign Issues
-Federalists tried to attack Jefferson’s
policies.
-Jefferson was a dead on favorite which
gave the Feds a harder time to gain
votes.
-Hamilton maneuvered around the
Federalist party, which cost Burr the
spot for senator.
Additional Information
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
-Repeal of the whiskey excise tax which brought a good standing in the American population.
-Made slave importation illegal in the year 1807.
-Tried Burr for treason but failed to do so as because of the lack of evidence.
Foreign Affairs
-Embargo Act of 1807 showed government power in trade that can lead to war.
Completed by: Bryan Ly
Election of 1816
Major
Candidate
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
James
Monroe
Republican
76,592
183
Campaign Issues
He campaigned to continue the so-called
Virginia dynasty of Washington,
Jefferson, and Madison.
Unopposed
Dewitt
Clinton
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Federalists
34.740
34
Additional Information
Monroe was emerging nationalism and at the beginning of his presidency, it was said to be “Era
of Good Feelings”.
The Federalist Party has greatly weakened once Monroe took office.
Since it was only a one party thing, Political giants like Clay, Calhoun, Jackson, and John Quincy
Adams were battling for economic interests of their respective sections.
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
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The problem at that time was the acute issues of the tariff; the bank, internal improvements,
and the sale of public lands were being hotly contested.
Sectionalism was crystallizing, and the conflict over slavery was beginning to raise its hideous
head.
Improved Land act of 1820 permitted the buyer to secure 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25
an acre in cash for a total cost of $100. (Land Act of 1800 said the pioneer could buy a minimum
of 160 acres at $2 an acre over a period of four years, with a down payment of $80.)
An explosive expansion in the west occurred because of the cheap land, elimination of Indian
menace, the “Ohio Fever”, and the need for land by the tobacco farmers, who used up all their
lands.
Cumberland Road was formed in 1811, ran from western Maryland to Illinois, also the first
steamboat was set on western waters in 1811.
Missouri wanted to become a slave state at that time and it met all the requirements but the
House of Rep. proposed the Tallmadge Amendment, which provided no more slaves be brought
into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents
already in Missouri (was objected in the Senate).
North was getting more prosperous while the South wanted more slave states.
Missouri compromise was formed stating that Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while
Maine would be admitted as a free state, thus maintaining the balance.
All new states north of 36, 30 lines would be free.
Foreign Affairs
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Not much foreign affair at this time except for the tariff issues.
Completed by: Bryan Ly
Election of 1820
Major
Candidate
James
Monroe
Party
Affiliation
Republican
Popular
Vote
All
Electoral
Vote
All Except
One
Campaign Issues
Monroe should have been doomed after
the 1819 panic and the Missouri
problem, but he was so popular and the
Federalist Party was so weak that he won
in 1820.
Additional Information
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John Marshall became the head of the Supreme Court. He soon turned the judiciary branch from
the weakest of the 3 branches into the strongest branch of the national government.
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Because of Marshall’s ruling, it gave the Supreme Court a lot of powers.
Significant Events During Term of Office
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Domestic Affairs
McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819): This case involved Maryland trying to destroy the Bank of U.S.
by taxing it. Marshall went against it by following Hamiltonian’s principle of “loose
construction”. Marshall said that the Constitution was to last for many ages, and urged the end
to be legitimate, and let it be within the scope of the Constitution.
Cohens vs. Virginia (1821): The Cohens were found Guilty by Virginia courts of illegally selling
lottery tickets, it went to the Supreme Court and lost, but Marshall used the right of the
Supreme Court to review the decisions of all the questions involving powers of the federal
government.
Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824): New York tried to have waterborne commerce, Marshall disagreed
but saying that only Congress can control interstate commerce and not the state themselves.
(Another blow to states’ rights)
Fletcher vs. Peck (1810): Georgia secretly granted 35 million acres in Mississippi to privateers,
legislature repealed it after public outcry, but Marshall said it was a contract, and that states
couldn’t impair a contract. It was a clear statement of the Supreme Court to invalidate state
laws conflicted by the Constitution.
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819): Dartmouth was granted a charter by King George III,
but New Hampshire tried to change it. Dartmouth fought back and Marshal ruled that orginal
charter must stand.
Treaty of 1818 putted the northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase at the 49th parallel and
provided for a ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon Territory with Britain, saved face for both
American and Britain because none surrendered.
Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819, Spain ceded Florida and shadowy claims to Oregon in exchange
for Texas.
Foreign Affairs
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Monarchs in Europe were determined to protect the world from democracy, and in August 1823, George
Canning, approached the American minister in London proposing that the U.S. and Britain renounce any
interest in acquiring Latin American territory.
Followed by this, in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was formed, incorporating noncolonization and
nonintervention.
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It said no colonization in the Americas could happen and European nations could not intervene in Latin
American affairs. In return, U.S. would not interfere in the Greek democratic revolt against Turkey.
Russo-American Treaty of 1824, Russian tsar fixed the southern boundary of his Alaskan territory at 54.40
and stayed.
Monroe Doctrine was better looked as protecting the U.S. itself rather than Latin American.
Completed by: Bryan Ly
Election of 1824
Major
Candidate
Andrew
Jackson
Party
Affiliation
Republican
Popular
Vote
152,933
Electoral
Vote
99
John
Quincy
Adams
Republican
116,696
84
William H.
Crawford
Republican
46,979
41
Henry Clay
Republican
47,136
37
Campaign Issues
Jackson got the most popular votes and
electoral vote but failed to get the
majority.
Came in 2nd place but after the votes
from Clay, Adams won the presidential
election.
Crawford suffered a paralytic stroke
during the campaign
Clay was eliminated and he hated
Jackson so he threw all his votes to John
Q. Adams.
Additional Information
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Right after John. Q Adams became president, Henry Clay became the Secretary of State, this was
known as the “Corrupt Bargain” between Henry Clay and John Q. Adams.
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Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun reversed their positions from 1816, with Webster
supporting the tariff and Calhoun being against it.
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
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Adam urged Congress to construct roads and canals, proposed for a national university, and
advocated support for astronomical observatory.
He also made a fair deal with the Cherokee Indians, and the state of Georgia was successfully
resisted federal attempts to help Cherokees.
Denmark Vesey, led slave rebellions in Charleston on 1822.
Southerners disliked the tariff, John C. Calhoun secretly wrote “The South Carolina Exposition”
in 1828, which called to nullify the tariff to all the states.
At the end, Adams got criticized about his mom, and he bought a billiard table/a set of
chessmen with his own money to place in the White House.
Southerners sold their cotton and other products without tariffs, while the products that they
bought were heavily tariffed.
Foreign Affairs
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In 1824, Congress increased the tariffs from 23% to 37%, but wool manufacturers still wanted
higher tariffs. The Tariff of 1828, made the tariffs as high as 45%, which made New England vote
the bill down and give Adams another political black eye.
Tariffs led the U.S. to buy less British products and vice versa, but it did help the Northeast
prosper so that it could be more of the South’s products.
Election of 1828
In the election of 1828 the candidates were: Democrat Andrew Jackson versus Republican John
Quincy Adams who was running again, hopefully for his second term in office. In the election of 1828,
mudslinging was first introduced where attempts to discredit one's competitor, opponent, etc., by using
scandalous attacks. Mudslinging tactics from each candidate went to the extreme personal levels where
Adams’ men described Jackson’s mother as a prostitute and even branded him as adulterer. In retaliation
Jackson’s men spread rumors that Adams was an incontrollable gambler who had purchased with his own
won money and for his own use, a billiard table and a set of chessmen. Jackson campaigned for reforms,
giving power to the common man, no on corrupt bargains, and above all the right of states to nullify
federal laws. On the other hand Adams campaigned for public funding to construct new roads, canals, and
even astronomical observations though the use of high tariffs. The winner of the 1828 election was
Andrew Jackson. Jackson won with the popular vote of 642,553 to Adams’ 500,897 and for electoral vote
178 to Adams’ 83. Jackson’s appeal to the common man was the key to his victory.
Some of the significant domestic affairs during Jackson’s presidential term, 1829-1833. Jackson
introduced the spoils system where when a political party, after winning an election, gives government
jobs to its voters as a reward for their support. Cause of Jackson’s spoils system illiterates, crooks, and
incompetents were given high jobs in the office, such as Samuel Swartwout who was the first person to
ever steal a million dollars from the Washington government and left to England. During Jackson’s
presidential period the issue over states’ rights versus individual’s rights was a heated argument. Cause of
sectional jealousy, New England didn’t like westward expansion for it was taking away the popularity in
New England. So in 1829 a New England senator curbed the sale of public lands, most noticeable in the
west, undermining westward expansion. This caused sectional tensions, the south sided with the west as
the north was their opposition. South Carolina’s Robert Haynes pro for the south/west and westward
expansion stressed states’ rights by proclaiming that the New England senator had no right to curb the
sale of public lands, but only should the states have the rights to do so. Countering Haynes was New
England’s Daniel Webster who was pro for individual’s rights. Webster stressed individual’s rights by
proclaiming it was ok for the New England senator to curb the sale of public lands, referring back to the
constitution, the people wrote the constitution, not the state. Both Haynes and Webster were equal, neither
speech from both over powered the other; rather people took sides.
Some of the significant foreign affairs during Jackson’s presidential term, 1829-1833. As the
north began more to industrialize with factories, which enabled the north to produce vast amount of
goods, tariffs would have to be passed to protect their goods against foreign countries, basically tariffs
restraint trade between nations. In 1832 Congress passed the Tariff of 1832, which lowered the tariff
rates of the hated 1828 tariff by 30%. Though the tariff was lowered the south still was not pleased for it
was still a protective tariff. The south was not booming with factories, instead they were more
agricultural, and so the south depended on northern goods, but since the northern goods had tariffs
imposed onto them, southerners couldn’t afford the prices. Henry Clay of Kentucky pleased the
southerners when he got Congress to pass the Compromise Tariff of 1833, lowering the tariffs by another
10%. The Southerners found the new tariff much more reasonable.
Election of 1832
In the election of 1832 the candidates were: Republican Henry Clay versus Democrat Andrew
Jackson who was running again, hopefully for his second term for presidency. But also in 1832 there was
the first time a third party that had entered, the Anti-Masonic Party. The Anti-Masonic Party was a
political group that opposed any secret society groups, such as the Masons, in which Andrew Jackson was
part of. The Anti-Masonic Party’s candidate was William Wirst. Republican Henry Clay campaigned for
a Bank of the United States, which would reduce smaller banks failures, economic expansion, and a safe
depository for the Washington government. On the other hand Democrat Andrew Jackson opposed
everything that Clay fought for, especially the Bank of the United States. The winner of the 1832 election
was once again, Andrew Jackson. The key to his victory for second term presidency was of course again,
his appeal to the common man, cause the common man, which was poor, always outnumbered the rich, in
which Jackson’s presidential opponent appealed to, the rich. Jackson won with the popular vote of
701,780 to Clay’s 484,205 and the electoral vote of 219 to Clay’s 49. The third party, the Anti-Masonic
party only got the state of Vermont’s vote, obviously coming nowhere near victory.
Some of the significant domestic affairs during Jackson’s second term presidency, 1833-1837.
Jackson an enemy of the Bank of the United States removed federal deposits from its fault, weakening the
bank, as it would be expired in four years. The population in America during the 1830 was outstanding,
their was over 13 million Americans in the United States, which was 3x that of 1790. As more
immigrants migrated to America this would be costly to the Indians, whom were loosing more and more
of their territory and their rights. Cause of the boom in population, Jackson forced over 100,000 Indians
to Oklahoma, whom he had promised that Oklahoma would be a place free from American settlers. But in
just 15 short years American settlers would populate Oklahoma. With so many Indians treated unjust by
the Americans and by the U.S. government, one group of Indians, the Seminole Indians would fight back.
The Seminole Indians retreated to the Everglades, from there for seven years (1835-1842) waged a bitter
guerrilla war against American soldiers, costing over 1500 American soldiers’ lives. Though the
Seminole Indians were outnumbered, out gunned, and out of luck, the battle against the Seminole Indians
proved to be the most costly Indian conflict in American history.
Some of the significant foreign affairs during Jackson’s second term presidency, 1833-1837.
Earlier in 1819, when the United States acquired Florida from the Spaniards, she had traded away Texas
to Spain. There were tensions between the Texans and the Mexicans, cause under the Spanish law,
slavery was outlawed, but many Texans opposed the idea of freeing their slaves. Because of the Texans
non-cooperation with the Spanish officials, the Spanish government sent military troops to Texas, forcing
the Texans to relinquish their holdings on their so-called slaves. Such differences between the Texans and
the Mexicans would eventually lead to the 1836 independence of Texas, and their Texan leader was Sam
Houston. But of course, declaring independence would not be so simple. The Mexican dictator, Santa Ana
sent troops to capture the Texan rebels. At the old abandoned Alamo, about 2,000 Texans were killed and
captured. President Jackson felt sorry for the Texans, so much that in 1837 Jackson welcomed back Texas
into the union.
Completed by: Chiara Zhou
Election of 1836 (Year)
Major
Candidate
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Martin Van
Buren
Democrats
764,176
170
William
Henry
Harrison
Whig
550,816
73
Hugh Lawson
White
Whig
146,107
26
Daniel
Webster
Whig
41,201
14
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Campaign Issues
He expressed himself plainly on the
questions of slavery and the bank at the
same time voting, perhaps with a touch of
bravado, for a bill offered in 1836 to subject
abolition literature in the mails to the laws
of the several states. Martin Van Buren
presented his candidacy as a continuation of
Jackson's policies
Whigs National Republican Party and the
Anti-Masonic Party and some southerners
who were angered by Jackson's opposition
to states' rights
White was a moderate on the states' rights
issue, which made him acceptable in the
South but not in the North.
Both Webster and White used debates in
the Senate to establish their positions on the
issues of the day, and newspapers
nationwide carried the text of their
speeches.
Additional Information
New Zealand was declared a British colony.
Union Act passed by British Parliament, uniting Upper and Lower Canada.
Significant Events During Term of Office
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Domestic Affairs
Independent Treasury- gave the Treasury control of all federal funds
Denied Texas' request to join the United States, it’d add to slave territory and it might
bring war with Mexico.
President Van Buren declared that federal employees would only put in ten-hour days.
Tennessee passed first Prohibition law in the history of the United States; made it a
misdemeanor to sell alcoholic beverages in taverns and stores.
Panic of 1837, one of the most devastating economic crisis in the nation's history.
Foreign Affairs
Free trading and low tariffs
Americans began selling guns and supplies to the Canadian separatists.
proclaimed U.S. neutrality with regard to the Canadian independence issue (designed to
discourage the participation of American citizens in foreign conflicts)
The first Opium War between China and Britain broke out.
Amistad Case- captured 53 slaves. Later the Africans departed America aboard the Gentleman on
a voyage back to West Africa. (Trail of Tears)
Chuenpi Convention, an agreement seeking an end to the first Anglo-Chinese conflict.
Treaty of Waitangi, by which they recognized British sovereignty in exchange for guaranteed
possession of their land.
Completed by: Chiara Zhou
Election of 1840 (Year)
Major
Candidate
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
William
Henry
Harrison
Whig
1,275,390
234
Martin Van
Buren
Free-Soil
Party
1,128,854
60
Winfield
Scott
Whig
0
Henry Clay
Whig
0
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Campaign Issues
Harrison based his campaign heavily on
his heroic military record and on the
weak U.S. economy, caused by the Panic
of 1837
Martin Van Buren presented his
candidacy as a continuation of Jackson's
policies
Scott's anti-slavery reputation
undermined his support in the South
Circumstances conspired to deny him
the nomination
Additional Information
After the death of Harrison, Chester A. Arthur stepped into the presidency.
Battle of Thames- General Harrison, governor of the Indiana led an army of 3,500
American troops against a combined force of eight hundred British soldiers and five
hundred Indian warriors at Moravian town.
General Harrison defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Battle of Tippecanoe- was at Prophetstown, at the confluence of the Tippecanoe and
Wabash Rivers.
After his inaugural address, he became ill as he later passed away in office, becoming the
first president to die in office.
Significant Events During Term of Office
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Domestic Affairs
William Henry Harrison gave the longest inaugural address in history.
Harrison pledged himself to a weak presidency operating under the direction of "The First
Branch," the Congress, which followed the Whig Party principles.
He criticized antislavery elements as endangering states' rights.
He promised the will of the people by abiding by the decisions of their representatives in
Congress.
Tyler is an vigorous expansionist
He vetoes Banks of United States
He signed the Tariff of 1842 -protective Whig tariff.
Got rejected by his former Whig Party
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Foreign Affairs
President Tyler signed a resolution in 1845 that invited Texas to become the 28th state in
America.
He sent a key diplomatic mission to China resulting in commercial and consular relations with the
country.
Tyler also extended the principles of the Monroe Doctrine to Hawaii, warned the British to stay
away from the Hawaiian Islands, and began the process toward their eventual annexation by
America.
Election of 1852
Major Candidates:
Name: Franklin Pierce
Party Affiliation: Democratic
Popular Vote: 1,609,038
Electoral Vote: 254
Campaign Issues:
- Support the Compromise of 1850
- Support the Fugitive Slave Law
Name: Winfield Scott
Party Affiliation: Whig
Popular Vote: 1,386,629
Electoral Vote: 42
Campaign issues:
- Support the Compromise of 1850
- Support the Fugitive Slaw Law
Minor Party Candidates:
Name: John Hale
Party Affiliation: Free-soil
Party Platform: Anti-slavery expansion
Significant Events during Term of Office 1853-1857
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
- Gadsden Purchase (1853)
- Ostend Manifesto (1854)
- Douglas Kansas-Nebraska Scheme (Kansas-Nebraska act) (1854)
- Bleeding Kansas (1854-1860)
- Lecompton Constitution (1857)
Election of 1856
Major Candidates:
Name: James Buchanan
Party Affiliation: Democratic
Republican
Popular Vote: 1,836,072
Electoral Vote: 174
Campaign Issues:
-Support Kansas-Nebraska Act
Compromise
-Support popular sovereignty
-Pro-slavery
-Support plan to annex Cuba
- Believed that a Republican victory would
lead to the secession of numerous states
in the South.
Name: John. C. Fremont
Party Affiliation:
Popular Vote: 1,342,345
Electoral Vote: 114
Campaign Issues:
- Support Missouri
- Support popular sovereignty
- Oppose the spread of slavery
- Oppose the Ostend Manifesto
Minor Party Candidate:
Name: Millard Fillmore
Party Affiliation: Know-Nothing
Party Platform:
Significant Events during Term of Office 1857-1861
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
- Dred-Scott case (1857)
- No important foreign affairs during this
time
- Financial Crash of 1857 (1857)
- Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)
- Freeport Doctrine (1858)
- John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859)
Kris Balauag
Period 2
Election of 1860
Major Candidates
&
Part Affiliation
Popular vote
Electoral Vote
Campaign Issues
Abraham Lincoln
Republican
1,865,593
180
- Opposition of
continuation of
Slavery
- Higher tariff
- Internal
improvements
- Homestead Bill
- “Free Labor”
John Breckinridge
Southern
Democrat
848,356
72
- Attacked black
equality
- Pro-slavery
John Bell
Constitutional
Union
592,906
39
- Continuation of
Whig party
Stephen Douglas
Northern Democrat
1,382,713
12
- Supported
Popular
Sovereignty
- Wanted
maintenance of the
Union
- Pro States rights
Significant Events During Term of Office 1861-1865
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1861 South Carolina secedes from the Union, leading several other states to secede.
1861 Confederate States of America (government) created by the seceding states.
1861 Beginning of Civil War/ Fort Sumter attacked.
Crittenden Amendments made to appease the South.
1863 Lincoln proclaims 10% Reconstruction Plan
1863 Declaration of Emancipation Proclamation
1864 Wade-Davis Bill
1865 President Lincoln assassinated at Ford’s Theatre
Congress passes 13th Amendment.
Domestic Affairs
-1861 Fort Sumter attacked, Civil War begins
-1861 Declaring the Emancipation Proclamation
- Drafting of soldiers into the war.
- The South’s taxation by inflation
- Lincoln suspends Habeas Corpus
Foreign Affairs
- Trent affair with Britain
- Unneutral building of Confederate commerceraiders in England, notably the Alabama
- Construction of two confederate warships in
Britain; the Laird Rams.
Election of 1864
Major Candidates
&
Party Affiliation
Abraham Lincoln
George McClellan
Republican
Democrat
Popular Vote
Electoral Vote
2,218,388
212
1,812,807
21
Campaign Issues
- The Civil War; determination of
winning.
- Stop continuation of slavery
Vice-President Ascends to
Presidency
&
Party Affiliation
Andrew Johnson
Democrat
-
The Civil War
Lincoln’s abuse of power
Problems: Was a southerner who
didn’t understand the north and
was a democrat who hadn’t yet
been accepted by the republicans.
Significant Events During Term of Office 1865-1869
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1865 Congress passes 13th Amendment.
1865 President Lincoln assassinated at Ford’s Theatre.
1865 President Johnson issued his Reconstruction Plan.
1865 Issuing of the Black Codes
1865 Congress creates Freedmen’s Bureau
1865 President Johnson announced that the Union was restored.
1866 Congress passes Civil Rights Bill.
1866 Congress passes the 14th Amendment
1867 Congress passes Reconstruction Act
1867 Tenure of Office Act passed.
1869 Congress passes 15th Amendment.
Domestic Affairs
Emancipation of African-Americans
Freedmen’s Bureau created to help
freedmen and white refugees.
President Johnson issues his reconstruction
plan.
Black Codes passed.
1869 Black can vote.
Foreign Affairs
- United States signed treaty with Russia, acquiring
Alaska for $7.2 million.
Election of 1868, Election of 1872
Major
Candidates
Popular Vote
Electoral Vote
Campaign
Issues
Name:
Ulysses S. Grant
Party Affiliation:
Republican
Name:
Party Affiliation:
3,013,650
214


Horatio Seymour
Democrat
2,708,744
80
Continuation of Radical Reconstruction
Keep Confederates from retaking power



Repay war debts with greenbacks
faster reintegration of southern states
amnesty for Confederates and other
political officials
Significant Events During Term of Office – 1869-1873
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
Cuba was fighting for its independence from Spain:
His administration was riddled with corrupt
Congress wanted to support but Grant didn’t want possible
politicians. Grant also wanted to continue with
war with Spain while U.S. was still recovering from Civil
Lincoln’s policy of reconciliation with the South
War. Santo Domingo was a Caribbean nation and the Navy
(congressional Reconstruction). Urged ratification wanted a base there but Grant also saw it as an alternative
of 15th amendment
for blacks facing violence and discrimination, he failed to
annex the island. Not all British citizens stayed neutral
Black Friday—crash in the price of gold
during the Civil War and the warship, Alabama was built,
Sept.24’69
Alabama claims was resolved with agreements to pay debts
Credit Mobilier scandal, railroad companies
overcharging MILLIONS for government
contracts
Major
Candidates
Popular Vote
Electoral Vote
Campaign
Issues
Name:
Ulysses S. Grant
Party Affiliation:
Republican
Name:
Horace Greeley
Party Affiliation:
Rep.
Democrat/Liberal
3,597,132
286



He didn’t campaign but his party wanted:
To keep South out of Congress so bills
passed favored North
Civil rights for African Americans
2,834,079
3


Supported high tariffs
Local self-government in south rather
than federal intervention
Significant Events During Term of Office – 1873-1877
Domestic Affairs
Foreign Affairs
The Panic of 1873 dropped the nation right into a
Nothing, Colorado was administered as the 38th
hard depression. Grant vetoes a bill that would
state on August 1, 1876, until that date, Colorado
have put a lot more greenbacks on the market. He wasn’t domestic and considered “foreign.”
brings the country back to hard-currency. Beer
brewers got out of excise taxes because of
federally appointed officials who were
investigated by Sec. of Treas. B. Bristow,
Babcock was indicted and brought to civil trial
Completed by: Jazmin G.
Election of 1876
Major
Candidate
Party
Affiliation
Republican
Popular
Vote
4,036,572
Electoral
Vote
185
Democrat
4,284,020
184
Greenback
Labor
75,973
Prohibition
Party
9,737
Campaign Issues
Continued control of the south, civil
service reform, and an investigation of
the effects of far eastern immigration.
Rutherford
B. Hayes
Samuel J.
Tilden
Peter
Cooper
Green Clay
Smith
End of reconstruction in the south,
restriction of far eastern immigration,
and an end to land grants for railroads.
Additional Information
Compromise of 1877- agreement in exchange for republican presidency.
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
Post-Reconstruction after the compromise of 1877 ended reconstruction.
Kearneyites terrorized the Chinese.
Railroad workers strike in 1877
Foreign Affairs
More Chinese immigrants.
Completed by: Jazmin G.
Election of 1880
Major
Candidate
Party
Affiliation
Republican
Popular
Vote
4,453,295
Electoral
Vote
214
Democrat
4,414,082
155
Chester A
Arthur
Republican
Campaign Issues
High tariffs, immigration restriction
James A.
Garfield
Winfield
Scott
Hancock
Tariff for revenue only, immigration
restrictions
his Party turned against him.
VicePresident
Ascends to
Presidency
Additional Information
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
Pendleton Act of 1883-Civil Rights
Civil Service Reform
Tariff Reform
Foreign Affairs
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Completed by: Anagaby Toledo-Luna
Election of 1884
Major
Candidate
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Campaign Issues
-
Grover
Cleveland
Democrat
4,879,507
219
-
James
Blaine
Republican
4,850,293
182
-
Had an illegitimate child,
admitted he made a mistake.
“Ma, Ma, where’s my Pa? Gone
to the White House, Ha, ha, ha.”
was chanted by Republicans.
Engaged in investment schemes
while on the public payroll.
"Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine,
the continental liar from the state
of Maine!", Democrats chanted.
Additional Information
Blaine was popular among the Irish-Americans. After Samuel Burchard publicly described the
Democrats as "rum, Romanism, and rebellion”, where Blaine was present to hear the remarks
and failed to disassociate himself from them. Implying that many of the urban immigrants were
drunkards, followers of the pope, and the cause of the Civil War. Soon after Irish support
diminished allowing Cleveland to win.
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
-
Interstate Commerce Act (1887) - address
the issues of railroad abuse and
discrimination and required shipping rates
had to be "reasonable and just", rates had to
be published, secret rebates were outlawed,
and price discrimination against small
markets was made illegal.
-
Dawes General Allotment Act (1887) distribution of land to Native Americans in
Oklahoma.
-
The Hatch Act (1887)- gave federal land
grants to states in order to create a series of
agricultural experiment stations.
Foreign Affairs
-
Issue of U.S. fishing rights in the North
Atlantic off Canada and Newfoundland.
-
He also worked on the disputed boundary
between Alaska and British Colombia.
Completed by: Anagaby Toledo-Luna
Election of 1888
Major
Candidate
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Grover
Cleveland
Democrat
5,537,857
233
Benjamin
Harrison
Republican
5,447,129
Campaign Issues
-
Opposed civil service reform.
-
Former Civil War general and
senator from Indiana, and
grandson of President William
Henry Harrison.
Defended protective tariffs.
168
-
Additional Information
The campaign in 1888 set a new standard for corruption. Senator Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania
used large sums of money to buy votes; Cleveland won a majority of the popular votes, but failed
to carry either Pennsylvania or his home state of New York.
Significant Events During Term of Office
-
-
-
Domestic Affairs
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) not authorizing the free and unlimited
coinage of silver that the Free Silver
supporters wanted, it increased the
amount of silver the government was
required to purchase every month.
Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act)
(1890) - requires the United States
Federal government to investigate and
pursue trusts, companies and
organizations suspected of violating the
Act.
McKinley Tariff of 1890 - set the
average tariff rate for imports to the
United States at 48.4%, and protected
manufacturing.
-
Foreign Affairs
Delayed action on the annexation of
Hawaii.
Venezuelan Boundary Dispute
Completed by: Anagaby Toledo-Luna
Election of 1892
Major
Candidate
Grover
Cleveland
Benjamin
Harrison
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Democrat
5,555,426
277
-
Republican
5,182,690
145
-
Supporter of the McKinley Tariff
-
The People's Party (or Populist Party),
composed of western populists and southern
supporters of the Farmers' Alliance.
Previously ran as a Greenbacker (a party
that favored the printing of paper currency
with no gold backing).
Its platform called for free and unlimited
coinage of silver and government ownership
of the railroads, crafted to appeal to the
miners and farmers.
Campaign Issues
General James
B Weaver
Populist
Party
1,029,846
22
-
Additional Information
-
Republican votes had lowered in the South as African Americans couldn’t vote because
of Jim Crow laws (poll taxes, literacy tests, and residency requirements).
McKinley Tariff of 1890 led to higher prices and wage cuts in select industries
Southern and western elements agitated for support of silver programs.
Weaver and the Populists became the first third party since 1860 to register electoral
votes.
Significant Events During Term of Office
-
Domestic Affairs
McKinley Tariff of 1890
-
Foreign Affairs
Delay on annexation of Hawaii
David Ung
Period 2
4-4-10
Election of 1896

The two candidates involved in this election are William McKinley and William Jennings
Bryan. McKinley is on the ticket for the Republicans while Brian is for the Democrats.

McKinley obtained most of his votes from the East and the upper Mississippi, which
resulted in 7,102,246.

Brian obtained most of his votes from the South and the Trans-Mississippi West, which
resulted in 6,492,559.

In the electoral votes McKinley obtained a total of 271 while Brian acquired 176. In the
end, McKinley is both strong with both the popular votes and the electoral votes.

McKinley’s campaign issue is mainly to protect the gold standard from silver. Since he is
pro-business he doesn’t want to have a bimetallism economy in America. He also wants a
higher tariff so that more income can go to the business in the East. He mainly draw
people to vote for him through threats of cut wages and unemployment, due to his yesman Mark Hanna.

Brian’s campaign is different from McKinley. Instead, he wants a bimetal economy
which will be the gold to silver ratio (1 to 16 in ounces). He also wants to have inflation
so that the farmers who are affected by the economy can finally pay their bills through
the increase of their wage due to it. However, he didn’t draw as much vote as expected
because Hanna was buying the election for McKinley.

In this election, there are no minor parties like the Populist.

After McKinley was elected into office, he replaced the Wilson-Gorman law with the
Dingley Tariff Bill. What this did is that it increased the tariff to 46.5% which is pretty
high.

What also happened when the Republicans claimed their seat was that they passed a Gold
Standard Act. They passed this act when most of the Silverites left office. What this did is
that paper currency can now be redeem in gold. This help with the inflation without
switching to a silver standard, so basically it is a death call for people who are pro-silver.

During McKinley’s term in office, the Teller Amendment was passed which states that
when the U.S. beats Spain in the Spanish War, the Cubans that were once controlled by
Spain will be given their freedom. This announcement is a declaration to war with Spain,
because of American intervention in Central America.

In 1898, after the Spanish War, Americans negotiated with Spain on the spoils of war.
The Cubans and the Philippines are free from Spain’s control, and insular cases
developed. (An issue if the constitution should extend to the new claimed islands.)
David Ung
Period2
4-4-10
Election of 1900

In the election of 1900, the two main candidates running for presidency is William
McKinley (Republican) and William Jennings Bryan (Democrat).

For the popular votes, McKinley again beat Brian with 7,218,491 to 6,356,734 votes.

McKinley also beat Brian in the electoral votes from 292 to 155 votes.

In McKinley’s campaign issue he repeated on what he did for the election of 1896 which
is sitting safely in his “front porch.”

For Brian, his campaign issue is also a repeat where he go around and give speeches.
However, this time most of the popular votes were taken away from him due to Theodore
Roosevelt’s campaign. He gave speeches on issues over imperialism and Republican’s
Trust. And most of his supporters argue that Lincoln had abolish slavery for McKinley to
reestablish it, so that more people will vote for Brian to prevent this.

Both of the candidates campaign are however unfavorable because one of them is pro for
imperialism while the other is pro for free silver. People would have to choose one bad
thing over the other.

In 1901, McKinley was shot, and was announced dead. Theodore Roosevelt then rises to
the seat of the president where he will continue McKinley’s remaining years as president.

Roosevelt was kicked up to the vice president seat so that he wouldn’t have to do
anything. Political bosses did this to him because he was hard to manage. Some of his
traits also cause problems like ignoring the Constitution occasionally, lead on even
though there are clearly mistakes he did, and his aggressiveness toward politics.

When Roosevelt took over, he and some of his supporters looked back on what could of
happened in the Spanish War if the vessels from Spain would of reach towards the battle
in time. They then want to find a way to go into Central America faster so that they can
sustain their position in the Western Hemisphere. This lead to the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
with Britain, which gave them the right to fortify and build a Canal somewhere. The
problem is where to look for the perfect place, so then Bunau-Varilla came in to make the
U.S. an offer. In return for $40 million dollars, the U.S. can build a canal (6 by 10 miles)
in Panama.

Domestic affairs start to show in the election of 1900. The issue was that people were
tired of hearing the campaign over imperialism, which was constantly the approach of
Brian’s speech. Friction starts to develop as Republicans were announcing that the real
problem was Bryanism, and that prosperity in America would fall if Brian would of ever
been elected as the president.
Completed by: Mark Duong
Election of 1912
Major
Candidate
Woodrow
Wilson
Theodore
Roosevelt
William H.
Taft
Party
Affiliation
Democrats
Popular
Vote
6,296,547
Electoral
Vote
Campaign Issues
435
His New Freedom favored small
enterprise, entrepreneurship, and free
functioning of unregulated markets.
Democrats shunned social welfare
proposals.
Roosevelt’s New Nationalism favored
continued consolidation of trusts and
labor unions. Also campaigned for
women suffrage and for a social welfare
program.
Progressive
4,118,571
88
Republican
3,486,720
8
Additional Information
The Republican Party was divided into the progressive party and the “old guard.” Roosevelt and
Taft assailed each other and, by dividing the Republican vote, guaranteed a Democratic victory.
Significant Events During Term of Office

Domestic Affairs
Wilson called for an all-out assault on the tariff, the banks, and the trusts (“triple wall of privilege”)
The Underwood Tariff of 1913 reduced tariff rates.
Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, which created a new Federal Reserve Board. The Board
oversaw a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own centralized bank. The
board also had power to issue paper money.
The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 granted the president power to investigate activities of trusts
and stop unfair trade practices.
The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 exempted labor unions from being considered trusts and legalized
peaceful strikes and picketing.
Other reforms included the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916, the Warehouse Act of 1916, the La Follette
Seamen’s Act of 1915, and the 1916 Adamson Act.
Louis Brandeis was the first Jew nominated to the Supreme Court.

Foreign Affairs
Wilson did not pursue an aggressive foreign policy.












The Jones Act of 1916 promised Philippines independence as soon as a stable government could be
established.
In 1917, Wilson brought the Virgin Islands from Denmark.
A revolt in Mexico led to a massive immigration of Mexicans into the U.S. and put Huerta into presidency.
Though later, Carrenza would replace him.
Pancho Villa killed Americans in Mexico and New Mexico, so Wilson sent Generel John J. Pershing to
capture Villa, though this failed.
Germans threatened submarine warfare around the British Isles and sank the Lusitiana, killing many people
including 128 Americans. Americans wanted war, but Wilson kept the U.S. out of it.
Germany announced their Sussex Pledge, which agreed not to sink passenger and merchant ships without
warning if the U.S. persuaded the Allies to modify the blockade, something Wilson could not do.
Completed by: Mark Duong
Election of 1916
Major
Candidate
Woodrow
Wilson
Charles
Evans
Hughs
Party
Affiliation
Democrats
Republican
Popular
Vote
9,127,695
8,533,507
Electoral
Vote
277
254
Campaign Issues
The Democrat slogan was “he kept us
out of war.” Democrats warned that
Charles Evans Hughes would lead
America into WWI.
Charles Evans Hughes advocated for a
program of greater mobilization and
preparedness for war.
Additional Information
Progressives renominated Theodore Roosevelt, but he refused to run. This sounded the death of
the Progressive Party.
Significant Events During Term of Office







Domestic Affairs
The Committee on Public Information was created to help with mobilization. It was headed by George
Creel, who used propaganda to get people to support the war.
The Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 reflected current fears of Germans.
Since men were at war, women found more opportunities to work at home. The passage of the Nineteenth
Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to vote.
Herbert Hoover headed the Food Administration and encouraged voluntary approach to help increase farm
production.
Money was raised through the sale of war bonds, four great Liberty Loan drives, and increased taxes.
Allies were running out of men, so Congress passed a conscription bill to recruit people into war.
Republican Warren G. Harding defeated Democrat James M. Cox in the election of 1920.










Foreign Affairs
Zimmerman proposed a German Mexican Alliance. Message was intercepted.
Germans threatened unlimited submarine warfare, sinking all ships in the war zone, including Americans.
On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war. Many people still didn’t want to enter
the war, so to gain enthusiasm Wilson claimed that America is entering the war “to protect democracy.”
Wilson delivered his Fourteen Points on January 8, 1918, his goals for peace. The fourteenth point called
for a League of Nations, an international organization that would help keep peace and settle world disputes.
After the Bolsheviks seized control of Russia, they withdrew the nation from the war, freeing up thousands
of German troops to fight on the Western Front.
When Americans got to Europe, they aided the French Marshal Foch in pushing the Germans back.
Americans under the command of General John J. Pershing, successfully cut German railroad lines in the
Battle of Meuse-Argonne in 1918. Germans eventually lost the war.
The Big Four – Vittorio Orlando, George Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Woodrow Wilson – met
at the Paris Conference in 1919 to discuss terms of the treaty. Wilson’s goal was the League of Nations.
The Treaty of Versailles was forced upon the Germans. They had given up their arms in exchange for
peace based on the Fourteen Points. However, only a few points have been honored.
Senator Lodge came up with the fourteen reservations to add to the Treaty of Versailles to protect
American sovereignty. Wilson urged voting against a treaty with Lodge reservations.
Completed by: Reyna Guzman
Election of 1920
Major
Candidate
Party
Affiliatio
n
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Warren
G.
Harding
Republic
an
16,144,09
3
404
James M.
Cox
Democra
t
9,139,661
127
Campaign Issues
False rumors circulated that Harding
had "Negro blood," but this did not
greatly hurt Harding's election
campaign. Harding relied upon a
“Front Porch Campaign” similar to that
of William McKinley in 1896.
Warren G. Harding promised a return
to normalcy during his campaign.
Cox made a whirlwind campaign that
took him to rallies, train station
speeches, and formal addresses,
reaching audiences totaling perhaps 2
million.
Additional Information
This was the first election in which women from every state were allowed to vote, following
the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution in August 1920. Also Vice president
Calvin Coolidge ascended to the presidency in 1923 after Harding’s death.
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
Harding signed a revised version of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which allowed the
President to present a unified budget for the first time (rather than have each cabinet secretary
submit a budget to Congress), and which also created the General Accounting Office to audit
government expenditures. He also supported bills assisting farm cooperatives and the
liberalization of farm credit. Perhaps most importantly, unlike his predecessor Wilson, Harding
was generally tolerant on civil liberties, honestly criticizing the unfair treatment of African
Americans. He once lectured a segregated crowd of thirty thousand people at the University of
Alabama on the virtues of racial equality and the evils of segregation.
Foreign Affairs
Harding's support for the Johnson Immigrant Quota Act of 1921, which stipulated that the
annual immigration of a given nationality could not exceed 3 percent of the number of
immigrants from that nation residing in the U.S. in 1910. This quota made it more difficult for
immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, whose numbers had been smaller in 1910, to
enter the country. It would be the first in a series of anti-immigrant steps in the 1920s that
greatly favored northern Europeans and immigrants from the Western Hemisphere over
Italians, Russians, and eastern and central Europeans. Republicans passed these laws in part
because immigrants from southern and eastern Europe were more likely to enroll in the
Democratic Party.
Harding also supported the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act .
Completed by: William Wong
Election of 1928
Major
Candidate
Herbert C.
Hoover
Alfred E.
Smith
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Republican 21,391,993
Democrat
15,016,169
444
87
Campaign Issues
-Prosperity of nation
-Prohibition
-For rugged individualism
-Against “planned economy”
-Supported foreignism & liberalism
-Semi-prohibition
-Was Roman Catholic (in a Protestant
land)
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
-Stocks soared on the bull market
-Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 helped farmers help themselves
-Assisted the hard-pressed railroads, banks, and rural credit corporations, agricultural
organization to help restore the economic pyramid
-Hoover Dam was built
-Hoover voted immense sums for useful public works (paved way for New Deal)
-Reconstruction Finance Corporation— gov. lending bank.
-Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act of 1932 outlawed antiunion contracts and injunctions to
restrain strikes
-Last two years Democratic party began to control House and Senate
Foreign Affairs
-Great Depression
-Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930— U.S. tariff that led to international tariff walls
-Japan took Manchuria and overran the coveted Chinese provinces and shut down Open Door
policy
-Japan leaves the League
-Hoover initiated Good Neighbor policy (takes marines from Nicaragua and signs a treaty with
Haiti)
Completed by: William Wong
Election of 1932
Major
Candidate
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
Herbert C.
Hoover
Party
Affiliation
Democrat
Popular
Vote
22,809,638
Republican 15,758,901
Electoral
Vote
472
59
Campaign Issues
-New Deal (vague) for “forgotten man”
-Balanced budget and berated
Hanoverian deficits
-Attacked Republican Old Dealers
-Had put faith into Amer. free enterprise
-Industrial initiative
-Depression could have been worst, but
Hoover helped
-Repeal of Hawley-Smoot Tariff so the
“grass can grow in the streets”
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
-Hundred Days and the Hundred Days Congress
-New Deal programs aimed at three R’s—relief, recovery, and reform
-Took nation off gold standard
-Joblessness and farm foreclosures began to drop
-Twenty-first Amend. repealed prohibition in 1933
-Drought in Mississippi Great Plains made Oklahomans and Arkansans travel to S. California
-Sit-down strikes get attention in the Flint sit-down strike
-The rise of organized labor appear
Foreign Affairs
-F.D.R. scolds London Economic Conference for trying to stabilize currency and urged it to turn
to more basic economic ills
-U.S. recognizes Soviet Union
-In 1934, Congress passed a bill under which the rich islands like the Philippines were to become
free, but only after a ten-year period of economic and political tutelage
-F.D.R. dedicates nation to the Good Neighbor policy
-Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934 was designed to lift American export trade from the
depression doldrums
-Benito Mussolini takes control of Italy
-Adolf Hitler takes control of Germany
-Tokyo terminates the Washington Naval Treaty and starts to build giant battleships to conquer
the Asiatic area
-America still believes in isolationism
-Congress passes Johnson Debt Default Act in 1934 which prevented debt-dodging nations from
borrowing further in the U.S.
-The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937 were passed to isolate the U.S. from any foreign wars
-The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 is led by Francisco Franco against the Loyalist regime
-In 1937, Japan unleashes a gull-dress invasion of China
Completed by: Lorrie Lum
Election of 1936
Major
Candidate
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Democratic
27,752,869
523
Republican
16,674,665
8
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
Alfred M.
Landon
Campaign Issues
Appeal to the forgotten man
New Deal years
Stressed “deeds, not deficits”
Condemned New Deal high-handedness
Opposed the Social Security Act
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs




Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936: The withdrawal of acreage from
production was now achieved by paying farmers to plant soil conserving crops or to let their land
lie fallow.
1937 United States Housing Authority (USHS): An agency designed to lend money to states to
communities for low-cost construction.
The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938: It continued conservation payments and
gave farmers a fairer price but also a substantial share of national income.
Fair Labor Standards Act: Industries involved in interstate commerce were to set up minimumwage and maximum hour levels. Labor by children under sixteen was forbidden.
Foreign Affairs
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Good Neighbor Policy: U.S. practiced an unarmed intervention policy on the Mexican
government seizing American oil properties. A settlement was eventually worked out in 1941.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act: The U.S. promised to lower its tariff if other countries would
do the same. By 1939, the U.S. succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries.
Spanish Civil War: The U.S. chose to remain neutral.
1937 Japanese planes sunk an American gunboat, the Panay.
The Neutrality Act of 1937: Placed an arms trade embargo on Spain and extended the current
embargo on Britain and France.
1938 Hitler invades Austria
1938 Munich Conference: Western European democracies gave Sudetenland to Hitler.
1939 Hitler takes control of Czechoslovakia
1939 Hitler-Stalin Pact: Nonaggression treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union
September 1, 1939 World War II has started
The Neutrality Act of 1939: Stated that European democracies could buy American war materials
as long as they would transport the munitions on their own ships after paying for them in cash.
1940 Conscription Law: America’s first peacetime draft was initiated, provisions: 1.2 million
troops and 800,000 reserves each year
Havana Conference of 1940: The U.S. agreed to share with its 20 New World neighbors the
responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine.
Completed by: Lorrie Lum
Election of 1940
Major
Candidate
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Democratic
27,307,819
449
Claimed that the country needs his
experience
Promised to stay our of war and to
strengthen the nation’s defenses
Republican
22,321,018
82
Condemned FDR’s
Promised to stay our of war and to
strengthen the nation’s defenses
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
Wendell L.
Willkie
Campaign Issues
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
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1941 “Black Sunday”: Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor
1942 Office of Price Administration (OPA): Brought down the ascending prices of consumer
goods down
1942 An agreement with Mexico brought thousands of Mexican agricultural workers, braceros,
to America to harvest the fruit and grain crops of the West.
1943 Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act: It authorized the federal gov’t to seize and operate tiedup businesses. Washington took control of the coal mines and the railroads.
1944 Korematsu vs. U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Japanese concentration
camps
WWII Armed services enlisted nearly 216,000women. WAACs(army), WAVES(navy), and
SPARs(Coast Guards)
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC): Established to monitor compliance with
Roosevelt’s order forbidding discrimination in defense industries.
Foreign Affairs
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1941 The Lend Lease Bill: Allowed for American arms to be lent or leased to the democracies
of the world that needed them. When war was over, the guns and tanks could be returned.
1941 Germany started attacking U.S. ships such as the Robin Moor
1941 Atlantic Conference: FDR and Winston Churchill met and discussed common problems of
the world. They came up with the Atlantic Charter
1941 Repeal of The Neutrality Act of 1939: Allowing merchant ships to be armed and enter
combat zone with munitions for Britain
December 11, 1941 U.S. declares war
1942 Japanese took control of the Philippines
January 1943 Casablanca Conference:FDR met with Churchill to step up the war in Sicily and
insist on “unconditional surrender” of the enemy
September 1943 Italy surrenders
Teheran Conference: FDR, Churchill, and Stalin met to coordinate an simultaneously attack on
Germany
June 6, 1944 D-Day: Invasion of French Normandy
Completed by: Lorrie Lum
Election of 1944
Major
Candidate
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Democratic
25,606,585
432
Campaign Issues
Roosevelt’s experience was needed for
making a future organization for world
peace.
Republican
22,014,745
99
Thomas E.
Dewey
Called for unstinted prosecution of the war
and for the creation of a new international
organization to maintain peace.
Additional Information
Vice President Harry S. Truman (Democrat) ascends to presidency after FDR’s death.
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs


1945 FDR dies, Truman takes over the presidency
Housing Act of 1949: Provided public housing


May 7,1945 German government surrendered unconditionally
1945 Potsdam Conference: Truman met with Stalin and British leaders. Issued an ultimatum to
Japan: surrender or be destroyed
February 1945 Yalta Conference: FDR, Churchill, and Stalin met to discuss the war’s end
April 1945 United Nations Conference: Representatives form 50 nations met at the San
Francisco War Memorial Opera House made the United Nations Charter.
July 1945 Atomic bombs dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
August 14, 1945 Tokyo surrendered under the condition that Hirohito be allowed to remain the
emperor
September 2, 1945 V-J Day: Formal end of the war
1956-1946 In Nuremberg, Germany Nazi leaders were tried and punished for war crimes
1946 Iran Crisis Stalin broke agreement to remove troops from Iran but backed down when
Truman protested
1946-1948 Tokyo war crimes trials
1947 Truman Doctrine: To support those who are resisting against communism
1947 The Marshall Plan: American-sponsored effort to provide funds for the economic relief
and recovery in Europe
1948-1949 Berlin Crisis
1949 Governments of East and West Germany were established
Foreign Affairs
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The Election of 1948
One of the major candidates was the Republican Party chosen Governor of New York,
Thomas E. Dewey. They attacked high prices and “High-tax Harry”. Dewey got 21,991,291
popular votes and 189 electoral votes, which mainly came from the East.
The other major candidate was Harry S. Truman of the Democratic Party. Truman lashed
out at the Taft-Hartley “slave labor” and the “do-nothing” Republican Congress while whipping
up support for his program of civil rights, improved labor benefits, and the health insurance. He
got 24,179,345 popular votes and 303 electoral votes which came mainly from the South,
Midwest, and West.
The nomination of Truman split the Democratic Party into three. Truman was the
nomination for the Democratic Party. Governor J. Shorn Thurmond of South Carolina was the
nomination for the “Dixiecrats”, the southern democrat’s party on the platform of State’s Rights.
Thurmond got 39 electoral votes from the south and 1,176,125 popular votes. The other part of
the split Democratic Party was the new Progressive Party, which nominated former Vice
President Henry A. Wallace. They attacked the “dollar imperialism.” Wallace got 1,157,326
popular votes.
Although Dewey was expected to win the election, Truman came out to be the true
winner. The winning of Truman regain control of Congress for the Democrats.
Truman, in his inaugural speech, called for a “bold new program” (“Point Four”), which
plan to lend American money and aid to underdeveloped lands to help them. Truman wanted to
spend millions to help underprivileged people to keep them from becoming communists rather
than spend billions on shooting them after they have become communists.
Truman also planning the “Fair Deal” program for the people at home. The Fair Deal
called for a badly needed housing, full employment, a higher minimum wage, better farm price
supports, new TVAs, and an extension of Social Security. But congress shot most of this down,
mainly from Republicans and southern oppositions. What succeed was raising minimum wage,
providing for public housing in the Housing Act of 1949, and extending old-age insurance to
many more beneficiaries in the Social Security Act of 1950.
A major event that happened during the term of Truman was the Cold War that erupted.
It had to do with the North Korean crossing the thirty-eighth parallel pushing the South Koreans
southward. Truman got involved, and US quadruple its defense spending. General MacArthur
took orders from Truman and attacked North Korea, soon pushing South Koreans past the thirtyeighth parallel line. Chinese Communist took action after warning that they would not sit idly by
and watch hostile troops approach the Yalu River boundary between Korea and China.
MacArthur miscalculated the fight between US and China and thought that it would be fast; soon
he was humiliated by his boast. Washington decided Russia was the first concern, not China;
Truman had to remove MacArthur from command when he began to take issue publicly with
presidential policies.
Completed by: Michelle Hoh
Election of 1952
Major
Candidate
Adlai E.
Stevenson
Party
Affiliation
Democrats
Popular
Vote
27314992
Electoral
Vote
89
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
Republicans
33936234
442
Campaign Issues
Military deadlock in Korea
Scandal from the White House,
Military deadlock in Korea
Additional Information
California Senator Richard M. Nixon ran as Eisenhower's vice president and did most of the
campaigning.
Significant Events During Term of Office 1953-1957
Domestic Affairs
-Republican Senator Joseph R. McCarthy rose in power from the anticommunist fear. He later
went too far when he accused the U.S. Army and condemned by Senate.
-The Supreme Court passed the “white primary” unconstitutional, undermining the Democratic
party in the South as a white person's club. Sweatt v. Painter ruled that separate professional
schools for blacks does not meet test of equality. Rosa Parks sparked a yearlong black boycott of
city buses that proved black no longer want to suffer in silence.
-Supreme Court became more involved with civil rights while president was disinterested. Brown
v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional,
however the Deep South responded with Declaration of Constitutional Principles where
representatives and Senators pledge to resist desegregation. Congress passed first Civil Rights
Act which authorize Civil Rights Commission to investigate violation of civil rights and protect
voting rights.
-Eisenhower tried to balance budget and protect from Socialism. He halted military buildup,
transferred control of offshore oil fields from federal to state government, and encouraged private
power company to compete with the public utility plants. However, he accepted most of the New
Deal programs, created more jobs and rob the railroads out of business.
Foreign Affairs
-Personal visit to Korea to make peace negotiations, armistice was finally signed 7 months later.
-A “new look” at foreign policy means to reverse the spread of Socialism and to free the captive
peoples. It called for buildup of superbombers to retaliate if Soviets or China gets out of hand.
Eisenhower tried to make peace with Nikita Khrushchev, the new Soviet premier, but rejected.
When Hungary called for U.S. help, because it is too minor,they were denied and slaughtered.
-Nationalists tried to fight for control over French colonial rule in Vietnam. It became more
communist and Eisenhower decided not to intervene. Vietnam was halved and Eisenhower
promised economic and military aid to the pro-western government in the entrenched south.
-Germany was welcomed into NATO, and eastern European countries and Soviet signed their
own Warsaw Pact to counter NATO.
-CIA helped organized a coup to put Mohammed Reza Pahlevi as dictator of Iran. America and
British promised funds to help build dam on Nile but refused when they began siding with
Communist camp. French and British planned an assault on Egypt. U.S. refused to supply them
with oil. Congress passed Eisenhower Doctrine which pledge U.S. Military and economic aid to
Middle East threatened by communist aggression.
Completed by: Michelle Hoh
Election of 1956
Major
Candidate
Adlai E.
Stevenson
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
Party
Affiliation
Democrats
Popular
Vote
26022752
Electoral
Vote
73
Republicans
35590472
457
Campaign Issues
Hard to find issues during times of peace
and prosperity
Voters made it clear they still favor
Eisenhower
Additional Information
Eisenhower failed to win for his party either house of Congress.
Significant Events During Term of Office 1957-1961
Domestic Affairs
-Convinced Congress to pass Landrum-Griffin Act to bring labor leaders to book for financial
shenanigans and prevent bullying tactics, prohibited “secondary boycotts” and picketing.
-Established NASA to compete with Soviet satellite Sputnick I and II. U.S. Managed to put
grapefruit sized satellite into orbit and successfully tested its own ICBMs. Changed education
system to focus more on science. NDEA authorized millions of loans to needy colleges to teach
sciences and languages.
-Alaska and Hawaii became states. Democratic Congress expected Alaska to vote Democratic
even though it is sparsely populated. These new states helped turn U.S. towards the Pacific and
East Asia.
Foreign Affairs
-Scientists urge nuclear tests to be stopped before the planet becomes to polluted. Soviets
claimed suspension of nuclear tests and urge western world to follow. Washington stopped
testing but there were still mutual distrust.
-Lebanon called for aid under Eisenhower Doctrine, U.S. troops helped restore order with blood.
-Khrushchev called for a meeting with president and appeared before U.N. General Assembly
and proposed complete disarmament. Two U.S. Planes were shot into Russia ending the
conference before it started.
-U.S. Only gave millions to the Latin Americans compared to billions to Europe. Also it resented
how they intervene in its affairs. Fidel Castro engineered revolution to overthrow American
supported government and seized valuable American properties. America cut off imports of
Cuban sugar. His left wing dictatorship made it an economic and military satellite of Moscow.
The Helms-Burton Act imposed a strict embargo on trade with Cuba. U.S. Tried to invoke
Monroe Doctrine but Khrushchev replied that it was dead and would use missiles if U.S. attacks
Cuba.
Completed by: Waverly Chin
Election of 1960
Major
Candidate
John F.
Kennedy
(JFK)
Richard
Nixon
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Democratic 34,220,984
303
Republican
219
-
34,108,157
Campaign Issues
-
JFK was a Roman Catholic.
People feared that “he would be
swayed by Rome.”
Vice-President Ascends to Presidency
Name: Lyndon B. Johnson
Party Affiliation: Democratic
Year: Nov 22, 1963
Significant Events during Term of Office
-
-
Domestic Affairs
Kennedy had campaigned on the theme of revitalizing the
economy and gained the black vote by stating that he would pass civil rights legislation.
Kennedy chose to stimulate the economy by cutting taxes and
putting more money directly into private hands.
In August 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. led a peaceful "March on
Washington.”
On November 22, 1963, JFK was shot and killed by Lee Harvey
Oswald.
Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into office
The Federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
was created.
Foreign Affairs
In June 1961, JFK met with Soviet leader Khrushchev at Vienna.
In August 1961, the Soviets began to construct the Berlin Wall.
Kennedy secured passage of the Trade Expansion Act in 1962,
authorizing tariff cuts of up to 50% to promote trade with Common Market countries.
Kennedy sought diplomatic means in the Geneva conference in
1962, which imposed a peace on Laos.
In 1961, President Kennedy extended the American hand of
friendship to Latin America with the Alliance for Progress, called the Marshall Plan for
Latin America.
On April 17, 1961, 1,200 exiles landed at Cuba's Bay of Pigs.
In October 1962, discovered the Soviets secretly installing nuclear
missiles in Cuba.
On October 28, Khrushchev agreed to a compromise in which he
would pull the missiles out of Cuba.
-
In late 1963, a pact prohibiting trial nuclear explosions in the
atmosphere was signed.
Election of 1964
Major
Candidate
Lyndon B.
Johnson
Barry
Goldwater
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Electoral
Vote
Democratic 43,127,041
486
Republican
52
27,175,754
Campaign Issues
- Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin
incident to make political gains.
- He also used the event to spur
congressional passage of the
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Significant Events during Term of Office
-
Domestic Affairs
LBJ's Great Society program was: aid to education, medical care
for the elderly and poor, immigration reform, and a new voting rights bill. (Big Four
legislative achievements)
In 1965 came Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid for the poor.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the 1921
quota system.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 gave the federal government more
power to enforce school-desegregation orders and to prohibit racial discrimination.
The 24th Amendment, passed in 1964, abolished the poll tax in
federal elections.
Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, banning literacy
tests and sending federal voter registers into several southern states.
Malcolm X deepened the division among black leaders. He rallied
black separatism and disapproved of the "blue-eyed white devils." In 1965, he was shot
and killed by a rival Nation of Islam.
-
-
The violence or threat of violence increased as the Black Panther
party emerged, openly carrying weapons in the streets of Oakland, California.
On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot and killed
by a sniper in Memphis, Tennessee.
Foreign Affairs
In April 1965, President Johnson sent 25,000 troops to the Dominican Republic to
restore order after a revolt against the military government started.
In February 1965, Viet Cong guerrillas attacked an American air base at Pleiku,
South Vietnam, prompting Johnson to send retaliatory bomb raids and, for the first time,
order attacking U.S. troops to land.
By the middle of March 1965, "Operation Rolling Thunder" was in full swing regular full-scale bombing attacks against North Vietnam.
In June 1967, Israel launched a pre-emptive attack on Egypt's air force, starting the
Six-Day War. Following the war, Israel gained the territories of the Golan Heights, the
Gaza Strip, and the West Bank.
In January 1968, the Viet Cong attacked 27 key South Vietnamese cities, including
Saigon. The Tet Offensive ended in a military defeat for the Viet Cong, but it caused the
American public to demand an immediate end to the war.
Steve Pan
Per.2
4/4/10
Election of 1968
Election:The election of 1968 was between Richard Nixon and Herbert H. Humphrey. Lyndon
B. Johnson decided not to run for office. Nixon was nominated by the Republican Party.
Humphrey was nominated by the Democratic Party. George C. Wallace ran under the third party,
American Independent. Nixon ran under the platform of victory in Vietnam and an anti-crime
background. Humphrey called for more force against the enemy until they are willing to
negotiate. Wallace called for the destruction of the North Vietnamese. Nixon won 301 electoral
votes and 31,785,480 popular votes. Humphrey received 191 electoral votes and 31,275,166
popular votes. Wallace got 46 electoral votes and 9,906,473 popular votes, the largest third party
popular vote in American history. During the election, Robert Kennedy was campaigning in
California when someone assassinated him.
Foreign Affairs: As the Vietnam War raged on, Nixon pursued a policy called
“Vietnamization.” the policy called for withdrawal of American troops from South Vietnam over
a period of time. The South Vietnamese would be given materiel support and training by the
Americans. The Nixon Doctrine was established as the US would fight future wars without the
support of large bodies of US troops. Nixon ordered US troops to invade Cambodia without
seeking Congressional approval. Nixon also negotiated with both the Soviet Union and China.
Nixon visited China and then to Moscow. A grain deal of 1972 sold $750 million of grain to
Russia. The anti-ballistic missile treaty was signed to limit the US and Russia to two clusters of
defensive missiles. The SALT(Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) froze the numbers of longrange nuclear missiles for five years. Nixon's skillful diplomacy with China and Russia allowed
for the US's eventual exit in Vietnam.
Domestic Affairs:Chief Justice Earl Warren led the Supreme Court in various decisions that
caused controversy. In Gideon vs. Wainwright, the Supreme Court rules that all defendants have
the right to legal counsel even if they are too poor to afford it. In two other rulings,
Escobedo(1964) and Miranda(1966), the right to remain silent and other protections were
reassured. The Supreme Court also ruled in 1962 and 1963 that prayers and Bible reading in
public schools should not be required. In 1962 and 1964,the Court ruled that the state legislatures
would have to be reapportioned according to human populations. To control inflation, Nixon
imposed a wage-and -price freeze in 1971. he took the Us off the gold standard and devalued the
dollar. The international system of currency stabilization was ended after a quarter of a century
of operation. Congress voted to raise Social Security benefits in 1972.Nixon nominated justices
to the Supreme Court that were not supportive of civil rights advancement and would refuse
busing to achieve racial balance. This was done to achieve support of the white-dominated
South.
Steve Pan
per. 2
4/4/10
Election of 1972
Election:The election of 1972 was between Richard Nixon and George C. McGovern. Nixon
was nominated by the Republican Party, while McGovern was nominated by the Democratic
Party. Nixon received 520 electoral votes and 47,169,911 popular votes. McGovern got 17
electoral votes and 29,170,383 popular votes. Nixon won by a landslide. McGovern ran under a
the promise of complete withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam. His appeal to racial minorities,
feminists, leftists, and youth alienated the working-class backbone of the Democratic Party.
McGovern's running mate, Senator Thomas Eagleton, was removed from the race because of
psychiatric care.
Foreign Affairs:A peace settlement with North Vietnam was settled upon in 1973. the US
would withdraw its remaining troops in Vietnam while reclaiming American prisoners. The
North Vietnamese was to keep 145,000 troops in South Vietnam. South Vietnam could receive
US support but no US soldiers. The public found out about secret bombings of Cambodia by the
US Air Force. The War Powers Act was passed to require the president to report to Congress
within 48 hours after committing troops in a foreign conflict and increasing the number of troops
in a foreign land. Arab nations clamped an embargo on oil against the US for its support to Israel
during a war. The Helsinki conference between 34 nations wrote an official end to World War II,
legitimized the boundaries of Poland and Eastern European nations, and guaranteed the
exchanges of information and people between East and West, and protected basic human rights.
The North Vietnamese took over South Vietnam in May 1975. The Mayaguez was seized by
Cambodian Communists and President Ford dispatched US troops to rescue the sailors.
Domestic Affairs:The Watergate scandal plagued Nixon's administration. CREEP(Republican
Committee for the Re-election of the President) raised money through illegal and unethical
means. CREEP also engaged in espionage and sabotage against Democratic candidates.
Improper use of the FBI, CIA, and Internal Revenue Service was called upon to audit or harass
political opponents. The White House tried to prevent further leakage of confidential
information. One example was the burglary of the files of Dr. Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist. A
presidential aide reported the presence of “bugging” equipment installed under Nixon's authority.
Nixon refused to give the tapes. Vice-President Agnew resigned. Gerald Ford was chosen to be
Vice-President. Nixon under pressure from the public agreed to release the tapes, but some were
missing. The House of Representatives impeached Nixon under basis of abuse of power and
obstruction of administration of justice. Nixon resigned and Gerald Ford became president. Ford
pardoned Nixon for all the crimes he have committed as president.
Completed by: William Huang
Election of 1980 (Year)
Major
Candidate
Ronald
Reagan
Jimmy
Carter
Party
Affiliation
Republican
Popular
Vote
51%
Electoral
Vote
489
Campaign Issues
Democrats
41%
49
Part divided.
Carter spotty record in office.
“ABC” Anything but Carter Movement
None
Additional Information
Minor Party Candidate:
John Anderson
Liberal Republican
Significant Events during Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
Supply-side economics
New Rights movement
“Social issues”
“Conservative cause”
Soaring price of oil
Sagebrush Rebellion
Reagan got shot on March 6, 1981 and survived.
Foreign Affairs
Iran Hostages
Relations with Soviet Russia
Solidarity
Boycott of Olympic games in LA
Completed by: William Huang
Election of 1984 (Year)
Major
Candidate
Ronald
Reagan
Walter
Mondale
Party
Popular
Affiliation
Vote
Republican 52,609,797
Democrats
36,450,613
Electoral
Vote
525
Campaign Issues
13
Part divided.
Not as popular as Reagan.
None
Additional Information
Reagan won second term in office.
Significant Events during Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
Geraldine Ferraro- First woman to appear on major party presidential ticket
Sandra Day O’Connor- first woman supreme court justice
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
“Second American revolution”
Budget Balancing.
Foreign Affairs
Raid against Libya
Dictator Duvalier in Haiti
Completed by: Dana Yin
Election of 1988 (Year)
Major
Candidate
George
H.W.
Bush
Party
Affiliation
Republican
Popular
Vote
48,886,597
Electoral
Vote
426
Campaign Issues
During the election, the Bush campaign
sought to portray Governor Dukakis as a
"Massachusetts liberal" who was
unreasonably left-wing. Dukakis was
attacked for such positions as opposing
mandatory recitation of the Pledge of
Allegiance in schools, and being a "card
carrying member of the ACLU" (a statement
Dukakis made himself early in the primary
campaign).
Bush appealed to moderates by promising a
"kinder, gentler nation"—an implicit criticism
of the abrasive social policies of the Reagan
years. He was helped by the apparently
healthy state of the economy and the warm
afterglow of President Reagan's personal
popularity.
Michael
Dukakis
Democratic 41,809,476
111
Dukakis responded by saying that he
was a "proud liberal" and that the
phrase should not be a bad word in
America.
Additional Information
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs
Bush was forced by the Democratic majority to raise tax revenues; as a result, many
Republicans felt betrayed because Bush had promised "no new taxes" in his 1988
campaign. Many government programs, such as welfare, increased.[11] As the
unemployment rate edged upward in 1991, Bush signed a bill providing additional
benefits for unemployed workers.[
Foreign Affairs
In foreign affairs Bush rejoiced that "a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn," but
emphasized the importance of maintaining the nation's alliances and military strength.
He spoke cautiously about the Soviet Union.
1992 Election
Candidates
*
*
*
Bill Clinton--Democrats (Arkansas, running w/ Al Gore)
George H. W. Bush--Republicans (Texas, running with Dan Quayle)
Ross Perot--Independent (Texas, James Stockdale)
Electoral Vote
*
*
*
Clinton--370
Bush--168
Perot--0
Popular Vote
*
*
*
Clinton--44,909,806
Bush--39,104,550
Perot--19,743,821
States Carried (#)
*
*
*
Clinton--32 and DC
Bush--18
Perot--0
Major Issues
*
*
*
*
*
*
"Change"
Economics over social issues (Clinton)
Preservation of Social Security (Clinton)
Bringing "common sense" back to the white house (Perot)
Family Values (Bush)
"Religious War" (Bush)
Clinton's Presidency (1992-1996)
* Brandy Bill--Created a waiting period for handgun purchases
* 1994 Anti-Crime Bill--Provided federal funds to hire more police officers
* Family and Medical Leave Act--Required large employers to take unpaid leave because of
pregnancy or a serious medical condition.
* World Trade Center Bombing
* Don't Ask Don't Tell--Gays/lesbians in the military could stay in the military if their sexual
orientation is kept a secret, if it is discovered, they will be removed.
* Had the first official White House website
* Executive order 13011--Required all government agencies to fully use technology to make it
easier for public viewing
* North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)--Clinton strongly supported trade with
other countries and pushed or it's ratification by the U.S. senate
* Major expansion of Earned Income Tax Credit
* Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act-- Raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2% of taxpayers, and
cut taxes for some 15 million lower income families
1996 Election
Candidates
*
*
Bill Clinton--Democrats (Arkansas, running with Al Gore)
Bob Dole--Republicans (Kansas, running with Jack Kemp)
Electoral Vote
*
*
Clinton--379
Dole--159
Popular Vote
*
*
Clinton--47,401,185
Dole--39,197,469
States Carried (#)
*
*
Clinton--31 and DC
Dole--19
Major Issues
*
*
*
*
15% reduction in income taxes (Dole)
"soft money" (Clinton)
Old v. New (Clinton, age 50 v. Dole, age 73)
"supply side economics" (Dole)
Clinton's Presidency (1996-2001)
* State Children's Health Insurance Program
* Increase in funding for Gulf War Syndrome, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and asthma
* Digital Millenium Copyright Act (ammended 1976 Copyrigth Act)
* 200 Camp David Summit--failed attempts at middle east peace talks with Israeli Prime
Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat
* Elian Gonzales Affair
* Defense of Marriage Act--Allowed states torefuse recognition of same-sex marriages
* Lewinsky Scandal--U.S. President Bill Clinton had sexual relations with White House inter
Monica Lewinsky in 1998, lead to an investigation
* Impeachment--Clinton beacemt he secon U.S. president to be impeached when he was
charged with perjury, obstuction of justice, and malfeasance in office. He was aquitted by the
senate (charges were due to the Lewinsky scandal and the Paula Jones Lawsuit)
Completed by: Andrew Mai
Election of 2000
Major
Candidate
Al Gore
Party
Affiliation
Popular
Vote
Democratic 50,999,897
George W. Republican 50,456,002
Bush
Electoral
Vote
271
266
Ralph
Nader
Green
2,882,955
0
Pat
Buchanan
Reform
448,895
0
Campaign Issues
Extend Medicare to pay
for prescription drugs, to work for a
sensible universal health-care
system.
He campaigned for an increase in
size of the United States Armed
Forces, cutting taxes, improving
education, and aiding minorities.
Nader campaigned against the
pervasiveness of corporate power
and spoke on the need
for campaign finance reform,
environmental justice, universal
healthcare, affordable housing,
free education, workers' rights,
legalization of commercial hemp,
and a shift in tax policies to place
the burden more heavily
on corporations than on the middle
and lower classes.
He was for fair trade over free trade
and had
some progressive positions that
would have been helpful to the
common man
Additional Information
Disputes took place at the end of the presidential election. The vote margin was so
close that a recount had to take place; it took place in Florida. It verified Bush’s lead by
around 900. Gore appealed for hand recounts in four counties. This, however, was
proven to have been impossible, because of the law refused for a recount after the
deadline, November 14.
Significant Events During Term of Office
Domestic Affairs















The No Child Left Behind Act aimed to end the achievement gap, measures
students performance and targets funding to low-income schools.
The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 lowered the
taxes by 1.6 trillion dollars.
He passed laws that limited the rights of homosexuals; the Federal Marriage
Amendment did not allow marriage of the same-sex.
President Bush tried to make the public reach out to those successful minorities;
such as the Africans Americans.
He supported stem cells research and umbilical cord blood stem cells research.
He announced the Vision for Space Exploration which promised the completion
of the International Space Station by 2010. By also retiring the space shuttles
and move onto more advanced spacecrafts.
Bush’s Clear Skies Initiatives seek to reduce the air pollution through expansions
of emissions trading.
Foreign Affairs
September 11 attacks held responsible by al-Qaeda; a group of infamous Middle
East terrorists.
War on Terror is a campaign launched by President Bush as a response to the
9/11 attack by the terrorists.
The International Criminal Court was the first established international criminal
court that ensures no crimes stays unpunished.
Tariffs on imported steel imposed by the White House in March 2002 were lifted
after the World Trade Organization ruled them illegal.
The Bush Administration released the National Strategy to Combat Weapons of
Mass Destruction to counter nuclear weapons.
An overflowed amount was spent on the country’s defenses, almost similar to
when we were in the Cold War.
He also stated in his State of Union Address of 2003 that outlined a planned
AIDS relief that would help foreign countries affected by AIDS.
Passed laws that prohibited countries in possess of nuclear weapons. It was
much affected by the results of 9/11.