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Slavery and Abolition in the U.S
Free Blacks
Only low paying jobs were available for blacks
A large # of free blacks joined anti-slavery groups (ex. Fredrick Douglass)
David Walker- Free black who tells blacks to fight for freedom
Life Under Slavery
Rural Slavery:
Slaves worked 14-16 hour days in the fields
Most slaves worked on large plantations
The slave driver would whip slaves to get them to work faster
Urban Slavery:
A shortage of white laborers caused many slaves to work in mills and on ships
Many slaves worked as blacksmiths and carpenters in southern cities
Nat Turners Rebellion
Nat Turner- slave who led a rebellion against four plantations in Virginia
Killed 60 white inhabitants over several days
Several months later, Turner was captured and hanged
In
retaliation, whites killed over 200 black people who they believed helped with the
uprising
Slave Codes
Slave codes were established to tighten control on slaves after several rebellions
Free blacks could not own guns, drink alcohol, assemble in public, and testify in court
Slavery divides the Nation
The Missouri Compromise
Missouri Compromise- admits Missouri as slave state, Maine as free
Divides Louisiana Territory: dividing line was set at 36 Degrees, 30 degrees North
Latitude. South of line slavery was legal, North of the line except in Missouri slavery
was banned
Missouri Compromise
The South Faces Economic Problems
Rise in tariff lowers sale of British goods and Southern cotton
South forced to buy expensive Northern goods
The south believed the North was getting rich at the expense of the south
The Nullification Crisis
Calhoun’s idea of nullification: John Calhoun believes states say if law is constitutional,
not the federal government
South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens secession- to leave the Union
Compromise bill lowers tariff over a 10 year period, allows U.S. military to collect
duties
This will increase sectionalism- placing regions interest, over national interest
The Compromise of 1850
Controversy over Slavery Worsens
Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved labor
Industrialized North does not depend on slavery, the north produces over 90% of
manufactured good in the U.S.
South tries to spread slavery in West
North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to stop its spread
The Great Compromise
The Compromise of 1850
Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico Territory
Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal from Union
Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides
California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave law enacted
Tension Builds
Fugitive Slave Laws
•Fugitive Slave Act
•Slaves denied trial by jury,could not testify, helpers fined and imprisoned
•Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety in Canada
•The Dred Scott Decision
•Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner, claims freedom
•Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal rights, not a citizen
•North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed extension of slavery
Watch Out!!!!
Kansas-Nebraska Act
•Stephen Douglas wanted popular sovereignty.
•It was illegal under the Missouri Compromise.
•The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise.
•Would slavery spread?
Kansas/Nebraska
•Tension in Kansas and Nebraska
•Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 3630’ line, closed to slavery
•1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery
•“Bleeding Kansas”
•Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to vote in Kansas
•Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over slavery in Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
•Settlers race to Kansas
•Violence in Kansas
•John Brown and The Pottawatomie Massacre
•Jayhawks
Bleeding Kansas
Harper’s Ferry
•John Brown- white abolitionist leads group to arsenal to start slave uprising (1859)
•Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed
The Engine House at Harper’s Ferry
The Hanging of John Brown
Civil War Begins
Lincoln Is Elected President
1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern electoral votes
Southern Secession
7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; (S.C, Florida, Texas, Alabama, Louisiana,
Georgia, Mississippi) form Confederacy in 1861
Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president of Confederacy
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter in S.C. was occupied by union forces, the confederate army demanded
them to withdraw
Confederate forces would eventually fire on Fort Sumter, and after two days of fighting
they would take control of the fort
Strengths and Strategies
Northern strengths: more people, factories, food production
Union plan (Anaconda Plan): blockade ports, split South in two, capture Richmond
Southern strengths: cotton, good generals, motivated soldiers
Bull Run
Bull Run—first battle, near Washington; Confederate victory, many in south thought
the victory meant the end of the war. Lincoln then called for 1 million more troops and
longer enlist time, Puts McClelland in Charge
Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle
The War for the Capitals
Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate Army in 1862:
drives General George McClellan from Richmond
Lee and South loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle, 26,000 men die at the battle
McClellan removed from command, lets battered Confederates withdraw, war could
have been over if he would have pursued them
Proclaiming Emancipation
Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to free Confederate slaves
discourages Britain from joining forces with confederacy because of the strong
abolitionist movement in Britain
Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no longer possible
Both Sides Face Political Dissent
Lincoln and Davis suspend habeas corpus to suppress disloyalty and dissent
Habeas Corpus- court order that requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before
the court to determine why he or she is being held
War Leads to Social Upheaval
Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on
both sides
Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist; leads to draft riots
African Americans Fight for Freedom
African Americans are 1% of North’s population, 10% of army
Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites for most of war
The War Affects Regional Economies
Confederacy faces food shortage, increased prices, inflation
3 causes- union occupied food growing areas, loss of slaves, loss of manpower
Union army’s need for supplies supports Northern industry
North’s standard of living declines
The Battle of Gettysburg
North wins decisive three-day battle of Gettysburg, July 1863
Total casualties were more than 30%; South demoralized
The South would never recover from their loss at Gettysburg
Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address at cemetery dedication
Speech helps country realize it is a unified nation, not just a cluster of states
Grant Wins at Vicksburg
May-July
1863, Grant sieges Vicksburg and now the Union has control of the
Mississippi River
The confederacy was finally cut into two
Confederates Seek Peace
Confederacy no longer able to attack; works
toward armistice
Southern newspapers, legislators, public call
for peace
Total War
Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union Armies (1864)
Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as Western commander
Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s will to fight
Grant’s strategy to annihilate Lee’s army while Sherman raids Georgia
Total War- all available resources in order to destroy another nation's ability to engage
in war
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Battle of Atlanta- Battle of Atlanta was a severe defeat for Hood's Confederate Army,
sherman takes control of key railroad stations and pushes confedrate forces out of atlanta
Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction from Atlanta to Savannah
The Election of 1864
Lincoln’s unexpected re-election helped by Sherman’s victories
Abraham Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address- wants to preserve the union,
wanted to avoid harsh treatment of the defeated South by reminding his listeners of how
wrong both sides had been in starting the war
Aftermath of War
April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomatox Court House
Civil War increases power, authority of federal government
Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands destroyed
April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater
Reconstruction
Building a New South
Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, and education
Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South into Union (1865–1877)
Presidential Reconstruction Vs. Republican Reconstruction
Presidential Plan:
Ten- Percent Plan: State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear allegiance to Union
believed president should be in control of reconstruction
Republicans consider plan too lenient:
want to destroy political power of former slaveholders
want full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans
wanted congress to have control over reconstruction
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own plan that did not sit well with
Republicans
-swear allegiance to Union
- ratify thirteenth amendment
Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners from taking oath
Congress rejects new Southern governments, congressmen
House impeaches Johnson for blocking Reconstruction; Senate does not convict
Former Slaves Improve Their Lives
Freedmen found own churches; ministers become community leaders
Church groups found schools, universities (Ex. Morehouse College, Hampton
University)
By 1877, more than 600,000 African Americans were enrolled in elementary schools
Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs
40 Acres and a Mule
Sherman promised slaves who followed his army 40 acres per family and an army mule
40,000 slaves settled on 400,000 acres of forfeited land, nevertheless, President Johnson
gave the land back to the white land owners
Homestead Act of 1866- set aside 44 million acres of land for freed blacks, however,
the land was swampy and unsuitable for farming
Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another, keep only part of crops
Tenant farmers- rent land from owner
40 Acres and a Mule
Amendments
Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states (1865)
Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to African Americans (1868)
Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of African Americans (1870)
End of Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877
After 1876 election Republican Hayes won Electoral college vote but Democrat
Tilden won the popular vote.(The first time this had happened in history). Democrats
were willing to except Hayes upon removal of U.S troops and the end of Reconstruction.
Republican leaders agreed to this demand
The Collapse of Reconstruction
Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group wants to:
destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans
to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, and children
Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South
Democratic Rule
The Democratic Party now had the long desired home rule of the south.
The Democrats called Redeemers set out to rescue the South from the management of
Northerners, Republicans and African Americans. They passed laws restricting African
Americans, slashed taxes and dismantled public schools
Black Codes
Black Codes- discriminatory laws passed throughout the post-Civil-War South which
restricted African Americans lives
Example: could not travel without permits, carry weapons, serve on juries, testify
against whites, and marry whites