Download 07-InternalComponents2 File

BTEC First Diploma in Information and
Creative Technology
Learning aims

A. Understand how the components of technology systems
work together.
B. Understand how data flows between internal
components of a computer and is processed to provide
information.
C. Understand different types of software.
 Lesson Aim:
 Investigate how the features of memory and storage devices
affect performance and the user experience.
 Investigate digital data
Memory & Storage

 The performance of memory and storage devices
comes form their speed and storage capacity.
 Faster speed and lots of storage space make for a
better user experience.
Computer Memory

 RAM – random access memory
 ROM – Read-only memory
 Computer memory is solid state (like cache) – they
are microchips with no moving parts.
 Different types of computer memory are used for
different purposes.
Computer Memory

 Static RAM (flash memory) is more expensive and
physically larger than dynamic RAM but it uses less
power and is faster, which makes it more suitable for
smaller portable devices.
 Interaction between CPU, RAM and HDD
Calculating results
CPU
Saving documents
RAM
Programs and data
HDD
Starting programs and
opening documents
Activity

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufGRoLOvM9I
 Investigate the following and feedback.
 Take one each and share information:








RAM
DRAM
SRAM
ROM
HDD
SSD
Optical drives
SoC
Performance

 The overall performance of a computer is dependent
on a number of different factors, including clock
speed, memory size, number of processors, bus
capacity and storage type.
 It is the combination of different components and
hardware devices that determines the overall
performance and cost of the computer
Mobile devices

 We use a wide range of technological devices and systems to
communicate and share data,
 The components are similar but how they are used and perform
differs.
 The features on a mobile device affect both the performance
and user experience.
 More powerful features provide a better experience but reduce
the battery life.
 Mobile devices use SoC technology to combine the CPU and
GPU onto a single chip.
 Benefits include making the device smaller, easier to
manufacturer, faster and needing less power.
 Battery life is important, mobile devices need to have the right
mix of processing power and battery life.
Analogue & digital data

 Analogue data – occurs in the natural world and
changes constantly with time, e.g. the human voice,
temperature, musical instruments.
 Digital data – is a representation of a sequence of
discrete values or numbers, e.g. digital clocks or
Morse code. Computers process digital data in the
form of binary numbers.
Decimal

 Base 10
 Numbers we use in everyday life
 10 values then increment to next digit position on left
 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 Each position represents a value of 10, to the positions power
 Units (100), Tens (101), Hundreds (102), etc...
 ‘Ten fingers & ten toes’
 Decimal integer numbers
 E.g. 5
 64281
 -3564
Binary

 Digital data in a computer is represented using
binary notation, which only uses two digits, 0 and 1.
 Binary notation is represented in different hardware
devices:
 RAM – in transistors with electrical charge (1), without
electrical charge (0)
 Hard drive – the magnetised surface of the disk as
North (1) or South (0)
 DVD – the reflective surface of the disk to a laser as
reflective (1) not reflective (0)
Binary

 A computer processes data (numbers and text) by
converting it into binary values.
 In binary each digit represents an increasing power
of 2 – the right most digit representing 20, the next
digit representing 21, the 22, etc.
 The smallest single unit of information possible in a
computer is a binary value or either 0 or 1, and is
called a bit.




Binary

Base 2
Commonly used in computers to represent data
Used for all calculations and logic test results
2 values, then increment next digit position on left
 0 or 1
 Each position represents a value of 2 to the positions power
 20 (1), 21(2), 22 (4), 23 (8), 24 (16), etc…
 Binary numbers, e.g:




01
1010110
00000000
11111111
Converting Binary &
Decimal

 E.g. Binary number: 00011011
 Add positional values:
 128
 0
64
0
32
0
16
1
8
1
4
0
2
1
1
1
 Highlight the positional values
 Add the highlighted values together:
 16+8+2+1 = 27
 So Binary 00011011 = Decimal 27 !!
Denary number
Converting Binary

Binary number
8
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
1
1
4
0
1
0
0
5
0
1
0
1
6
0
1
1
0
7
0
1
1
1
8
1
0
0
0
9
1
0
0
1
10
1
0
1
0
The binary
column headings
always start on
the right with 1,
each column to
the left is double
the number to the
right of it.
Add together the
numbers in the
heading row for
every bit with a
value of 1
Converting Binary

 Convert the following numbers from binary to
denary:






1001
0011
0111
0001
0101
1010
Converting Binary

 1001 = 8 + 1 = 9
 0011 = 2 + 1 = 3
 0111 = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
 0001 = 1
 0101 = 4 + 1 = 5
 1010 = 8 + 2 = 10
Converting Binary

 Binary notation increases in size by the power of
two: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc.
 Computer memory is designed using binary logic.
 It is also used to determine the size of data that a
processor can process most efficiently and the
number of bits used to represent memory addresses.
Converting Decimal &
Binary

 To convert decimal to binary:
 If the decimal number is ODD, write a ‘1’ on the far right
hand side
 OR if the decimal number is EVEN, write a ‘0’ on the far
right hand side
 Divide the decimal number by TWO
 If there is a remainder then ignore it
 If the number you have is ODD, write a ‘1’ to the left of the
previous digit
 OR if the number is EVEN, write a ‘0’ to the left of the
previous digit
 Repeat until your decimal number is 0
Converting Decimal &
Binary

 Decimal ’15’ = ODD =
1
 15/2 = 7.5 = 7 = ODD = 11
 7/2 = 3.5 = 3 = ODD = 111
 3/2 = 1.5 = 1 = ODD = 1111
 Binary ‘1111’ = Decimal ’15’ !!!!
 Decimal ’32’ = EVEN =





0
32/2 = 16 = EVEN =
00
16/2 = 8 = EVEN =
000
8/2 = 4 = EVEN =
0000
4/2 = 2 = EVEN =
00000
2/2 = 1 = ODD =
100000
 Binary ‘100000’ = Decimal ’32’ !!!!
Convert decimal to
binary

 Convert the following numbers form denary to
binary:






6
2
7
4
8
13
Binary to Denary

6
=
EVEN =
6/2 = 3 =
ODD =
3/2 = 1.5 = 1 = ODD =
2
=
2/2 = 1 =
0
10
110
EVEN = 0
ODD = 10
7
=
ODD
7/2 = 3.5 = 3 = ODD
3/2 = 1.5 = 1 = ODD
=
1
= 11
= 111
4
=
4/2 = 2 =
2/2 = 1 =
EVEN
EVEN
ODD
=
0
= 00
= 100
8
=
8/2 = 4 =
4/2 = 2 =
2/2 = 1 =
EVEN
EVEN
EVEN
ODD
=
0
=
00
= 000
= 1000
13
=
13/2 = 6.5 = 6 =
6/2 = 3 =
3/2 = 1.5 = 1 =
ODD
EVEN
ODD
ODD
=
1
= 01
= 101
= 1101
Word and word length

 A word is the term used to describe the number of bits, e.g. 32bits
– used by a particular processor.
 A word is a fixed sized group of bits (binary data that is handled
as a group by the instruction set and the CPU (e.g. for registers).
 A processor usually runs instructions that are a fixed length,
typically corresponding with the word size or a fraction /
multiple of a word in each clock cycle.
 The size of the word length is important in processor design, it
affects the processing power of the computer.
 The larger the word length the greater the processing power of
the microprocessor and the more memory that can be addressed.
 In a memory subsystem, such as the data bus between the CPU
and RAM, the amount of data transferred in a clock cycle is
typically a word – the larger the word length the greater the
amount of data that is transferred per clock cycle, so the greater
the processing power of the computer.
ASCII

 ASCII is a system used to represent characters in
binary format.
 It uses byte values:




48 – 57 represent the numbers 0 – 9
65 – 90 represent upper case letters A – Z
97 – 122 represent lower case letters a – z
Other byte values are used for punctuation etc.
Binary Bits ‘n’ Bytes

 A bit is a single binary digit (1 or 0)
 A kilobit (KB) is 1024 bits
 A byte is used to describe the size or capacity of memory
and data storage and is eight bits
 Four bits are sometimes called a nibble





A kilobyte (Kb) is 1024 bytes (a thousand bytes)
A megabyte (Mb) is 1024 kilobytes (a million bytes)
A gigabyte (Gb) is 1024 megabytes (a thousand million bytes)
A terabyte (Tb) is 1024 gigabytes (a million million bytes)
A petabyte (Pb) is 1024 terabytes (a thousand million million
bytes)
Check!

1. List the two main types of memory and explain
what they are.
2. List 3 different storage devices and explain what
they are.
3. What are analogue and digital data
4. Convert the number 75 to binary
5. Convert the binary number 1100100 to denary
Key Terms

 Solid state
 Dynamic RAM /
DRAM
 Static RAM / SRAM
 Flash memory
 Battery life
 System on a chip (SoC)
 Chip
 Analogue data
 Digital data
 Encrypt
 Bit
 Byte
 Word
 ASCII
 Binary format