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BTEC First Diploma in Information and Creative Technology Learning aims A. Understand how the components of technology systems work together. B. Understand how data flows between internal components of a computer and is processed to provide information. C. Understand different types of software. Lesson Aim: Investigate how the features of memory and storage devices affect performance and the user experience. Investigate digital data Memory & Storage The performance of memory and storage devices comes form their speed and storage capacity. Faster speed and lots of storage space make for a better user experience. Computer Memory RAM – random access memory ROM – Read-only memory Computer memory is solid state (like cache) – they are microchips with no moving parts. Different types of computer memory are used for different purposes. Computer Memory Static RAM (flash memory) is more expensive and physically larger than dynamic RAM but it uses less power and is faster, which makes it more suitable for smaller portable devices. Interaction between CPU, RAM and HDD Calculating results CPU Saving documents RAM Programs and data HDD Starting programs and opening documents Activity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufGRoLOvM9I Investigate the following and feedback. Take one each and share information: RAM DRAM SRAM ROM HDD SSD Optical drives SoC Performance The overall performance of a computer is dependent on a number of different factors, including clock speed, memory size, number of processors, bus capacity and storage type. It is the combination of different components and hardware devices that determines the overall performance and cost of the computer Mobile devices We use a wide range of technological devices and systems to communicate and share data, The components are similar but how they are used and perform differs. The features on a mobile device affect both the performance and user experience. More powerful features provide a better experience but reduce the battery life. Mobile devices use SoC technology to combine the CPU and GPU onto a single chip. Benefits include making the device smaller, easier to manufacturer, faster and needing less power. Battery life is important, mobile devices need to have the right mix of processing power and battery life. Analogue & digital data Analogue data – occurs in the natural world and changes constantly with time, e.g. the human voice, temperature, musical instruments. Digital data – is a representation of a sequence of discrete values or numbers, e.g. digital clocks or Morse code. Computers process digital data in the form of binary numbers. Decimal Base 10 Numbers we use in everyday life 10 values then increment to next digit position on left 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Each position represents a value of 10, to the positions power Units (100), Tens (101), Hundreds (102), etc... ‘Ten fingers & ten toes’ Decimal integer numbers E.g. 5 64281 -3564 Binary Digital data in a computer is represented using binary notation, which only uses two digits, 0 and 1. Binary notation is represented in different hardware devices: RAM – in transistors with electrical charge (1), without electrical charge (0) Hard drive – the magnetised surface of the disk as North (1) or South (0) DVD – the reflective surface of the disk to a laser as reflective (1) not reflective (0) Binary A computer processes data (numbers and text) by converting it into binary values. In binary each digit represents an increasing power of 2 – the right most digit representing 20, the next digit representing 21, the 22, etc. The smallest single unit of information possible in a computer is a binary value or either 0 or 1, and is called a bit. Binary Base 2 Commonly used in computers to represent data Used for all calculations and logic test results 2 values, then increment next digit position on left 0 or 1 Each position represents a value of 2 to the positions power 20 (1), 21(2), 22 (4), 23 (8), 24 (16), etc… Binary numbers, e.g: 01 1010110 00000000 11111111 Converting Binary & Decimal E.g. Binary number: 00011011 Add positional values: 128 0 64 0 32 0 16 1 8 1 4 0 2 1 1 1 Highlight the positional values Add the highlighted values together: 16+8+2+1 = 27 So Binary 00011011 = Decimal 27 !! Denary number Converting Binary Binary number 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 4 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 1 6 0 1 1 0 7 0 1 1 1 8 1 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 1 10 1 0 1 0 The binary column headings always start on the right with 1, each column to the left is double the number to the right of it. Add together the numbers in the heading row for every bit with a value of 1 Converting Binary Convert the following numbers from binary to denary: 1001 0011 0111 0001 0101 1010 Converting Binary 1001 = 8 + 1 = 9 0011 = 2 + 1 = 3 0111 = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 0001 = 1 0101 = 4 + 1 = 5 1010 = 8 + 2 = 10 Converting Binary Binary notation increases in size by the power of two: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc. Computer memory is designed using binary logic. It is also used to determine the size of data that a processor can process most efficiently and the number of bits used to represent memory addresses. Converting Decimal & Binary To convert decimal to binary: If the decimal number is ODD, write a ‘1’ on the far right hand side OR if the decimal number is EVEN, write a ‘0’ on the far right hand side Divide the decimal number by TWO If there is a remainder then ignore it If the number you have is ODD, write a ‘1’ to the left of the previous digit OR if the number is EVEN, write a ‘0’ to the left of the previous digit Repeat until your decimal number is 0 Converting Decimal & Binary Decimal ’15’ = ODD = 1 15/2 = 7.5 = 7 = ODD = 11 7/2 = 3.5 = 3 = ODD = 111 3/2 = 1.5 = 1 = ODD = 1111 Binary ‘1111’ = Decimal ’15’ !!!! Decimal ’32’ = EVEN = 0 32/2 = 16 = EVEN = 00 16/2 = 8 = EVEN = 000 8/2 = 4 = EVEN = 0000 4/2 = 2 = EVEN = 00000 2/2 = 1 = ODD = 100000 Binary ‘100000’ = Decimal ’32’ !!!! Convert decimal to binary Convert the following numbers form denary to binary: 6 2 7 4 8 13 Binary to Denary 6 = EVEN = 6/2 = 3 = ODD = 3/2 = 1.5 = 1 = ODD = 2 = 2/2 = 1 = 0 10 110 EVEN = 0 ODD = 10 7 = ODD 7/2 = 3.5 = 3 = ODD 3/2 = 1.5 = 1 = ODD = 1 = 11 = 111 4 = 4/2 = 2 = 2/2 = 1 = EVEN EVEN ODD = 0 = 00 = 100 8 = 8/2 = 4 = 4/2 = 2 = 2/2 = 1 = EVEN EVEN EVEN ODD = 0 = 00 = 000 = 1000 13 = 13/2 = 6.5 = 6 = 6/2 = 3 = 3/2 = 1.5 = 1 = ODD EVEN ODD ODD = 1 = 01 = 101 = 1101 Word and word length A word is the term used to describe the number of bits, e.g. 32bits – used by a particular processor. A word is a fixed sized group of bits (binary data that is handled as a group by the instruction set and the CPU (e.g. for registers). A processor usually runs instructions that are a fixed length, typically corresponding with the word size or a fraction / multiple of a word in each clock cycle. The size of the word length is important in processor design, it affects the processing power of the computer. The larger the word length the greater the processing power of the microprocessor and the more memory that can be addressed. In a memory subsystem, such as the data bus between the CPU and RAM, the amount of data transferred in a clock cycle is typically a word – the larger the word length the greater the amount of data that is transferred per clock cycle, so the greater the processing power of the computer. ASCII ASCII is a system used to represent characters in binary format. It uses byte values: 48 – 57 represent the numbers 0 – 9 65 – 90 represent upper case letters A – Z 97 – 122 represent lower case letters a – z Other byte values are used for punctuation etc. Binary Bits ‘n’ Bytes A bit is a single binary digit (1 or 0) A kilobit (KB) is 1024 bits A byte is used to describe the size or capacity of memory and data storage and is eight bits Four bits are sometimes called a nibble A kilobyte (Kb) is 1024 bytes (a thousand bytes) A megabyte (Mb) is 1024 kilobytes (a million bytes) A gigabyte (Gb) is 1024 megabytes (a thousand million bytes) A terabyte (Tb) is 1024 gigabytes (a million million bytes) A petabyte (Pb) is 1024 terabytes (a thousand million million bytes) Check! 1. List the two main types of memory and explain what they are. 2. List 3 different storage devices and explain what they are. 3. What are analogue and digital data 4. Convert the number 75 to binary 5. Convert the binary number 1100100 to denary Key Terms Solid state Dynamic RAM / DRAM Static RAM / SRAM Flash memory Battery life System on a chip (SoC) Chip Analogue data Digital data Encrypt Bit Byte Word ASCII Binary format