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Global Studies I Mr. Mintzes Midterm Review Sheet Midterm: Monday, January 25, 2010 – 10:20 – 12:20 THIS IS A VERY BASIC REVIEW SHEET. YOU SHOULD STUDY YOUR NOTES AND READINGS AND PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THE UNIT OUTLINES YOU WERE EITHER GIVEN, OR WHICH ARE POSTED ON THE WEBSITE. There will be questions on the following topics so you should make sure you study and review these topics and subjects from this semester. 1. Introduction to Global Studies The difference between a fact and an opinion. The study of history: The study of history clearly indicates that most of the events of the present have roots in the past 2. Geography: What is a continent, a delta, a peninsula and an archipelago? Geography: What is the impact of geography on civilization, specifically the growth and development? Also, where do people live and why do they live in certain areas. 3. Neolithic Revolution: changes brought about when human began to form societies and early civilizations – from hunter/gatherers/nomads to farmers, etc. – people began to specialize – animals were domesticated. 4. Early civilizations developed in river valleys in Egypt, Fertile Crescent, Indus River Valley and China – fertile land – annual flooding. People learned how to adjust for the floods – used the river to irrigate farmland. 5. Early civilizations developed writing – worshipped many gods – were similar in that way 6. Hammurabi’s Code – first written body of laws – was harsh – also recognized that divisions existed between the social classes. Harsher rules for the poor and lower class. 7. Chinese ethnocentrism brought about by geographic isolation from rest of the ancient world. Chinese believed they were superior to other people – mostly because they were separated from them. Chinese thought they were center of world – did not know there were other civilization. Chinese civilization grew up in River Valleys – Yellow River – Yangtze River – same reasons as Egypt, Indus Valley and Mesopotamia. Major beliefs systems of ancient China: Confucianism (based on the teachings of Confucius), Taoism and Legalism (REVIEW THE BASIC BELIEFS OF CONFUCIANISM, TAOISM AND LEGALISM) Chinese dynasties: Mandate of Heaven – Dynastic Cycle Terrra-cotta Army, Great Wall of China Mongols and later Chinese Dynasties: Mongol invasions and Mongol rule of China Temjun – Genghis Khan and Mongol spread through Asia and into Europe Ming and Manchu Dynasties 8. India and Indus River Valley Civilizations Advanced civilizations –Mohenjodaro, and Harrapan – disappeared suddenly Aryans – Indo-European people from Central Asia invaded India – brought Caste system to India. Caste system still exists today – major part of Indian society – related to religion Hinduism Hinduism: earliest religion in India – spread through India – belief in many gods and deities, not one God like western religions. Believe in reincarnation – stress attainment of a better life through spiritual rebirth in next life. Buddhism: started in India by Gautama Siddhartha (Buddha) – share many beliefs with Hinduism. Buddhists, like Hindus, believe in reincarnation – stress attainment of a better life through spiritual rebirth in next life. Eightfold Path 9. Three Main Western Religions: Judaism – Christianity -- Islam – all three are Monotheistic first Monotheistic religion – Abraham is considered the “founder” Jewish bible is the Old Testament – dietary laws similar to Islam (no pork) Sabbath is Saturday Christianity: based on teachings of Jesus – Disciples spread his teachings – their writings became the Gospels – Christian bible is New Testament. Islam: founded by Muhammad in 7th Century CE in what is now Saudi Arabia – Holy City is Mecca – Monotheistic – worship Allah (God) – Bible is the Koran – Koran also contains “instructions” for Muslims on how to live their lives. Five Pillars of Islam – study and learn – Islam spread quickly through North Africa, Asia Minor and into Europe. Judaism: 10. Greece and Rome – influences on future civilizations and legacies left for future civilizations and societies Government, Philosophy, Epic Poetry, Theatre (Comedy and Drama), History, Olympics, Architecture, Science and Math Religion: Greek gods and goddesses – lived on Mt. Olympus – had human characteristics and took human form Greece: Athens establishes democracy – contributes philosophy and government as well as law to civilization. Allows citizens the right to vote and have voice in government. Philosophers: Socrates, Plato & Aristotle – began the study of philosophy – remember Socratic method of teaching Homer: wrote epic poems about Trojan Wars (Iliad and Odyssey) – poems talked about honor, virtue, courage, character, etc. . Sports: Greeks invented the Olympics – athletes were heroes – honored by their citystates Roman government – a republic – type of government in the US – Romans leave a legacy of LAWS (The 12 Tables & The Law of Nations) as well as advances in building materials such as concrete. Romans worshipped many gods, same as the Greeks but with different names. Let conquered peoples become citizens of Rome – also tolerated other religions Other Roman legacies: Aqueducts, the Dome, Roman roads – “All roads lead to Rome” – the way they were built. Rome adopts Christianity as the official religion – Constantine was first Emperor to convert to Christianity (he was the first Christian Emperor) and Theodosius makes it the official religion of Rome Diocletian divided Roman Empire into Western and Eastern empires to make the empire easier to govern and defend. Roman Empire declines and falls for a number of reasons: among them was political corruption and instability in the government After Rome falls – a period of disorder and weak government in Europe.