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Supplementary material
Reviewed papers on ‘Peninsula effect’ (1950-2013; n = 87). Only works that state selected
parameters, scales, patterns and causal factors/processes are reported
9
taxa
parameter
study area
type
scale
pattern
causa
scorpions
S
Italy
g
r
b-t
E, H (P, S)
birds
S
Florida
g
r
b-t
E, H (G)
herpetofauna
S
Florida
g
r
b-t
A
mammals
S
Baja California, Florida, Labrador,
Alaska, New Scorland
g
r
b-t
SPH
landbirds
S
Florida, Baja California, Yucatan
g
r
b-t
SPH
macrolepidoptera
S
Europe (and Italy)
g
r
latitudinal continental gradient (NS; tip of Palearctic)
B (LG)
birds
S
4 North American peninsulas
g
r
b-t
H (P, G)
birds
S
Florida
g
r
b-t
E, S (G)
herpetofauna
S
Florida
g
r
b-t
no evident explanation (s
1987)
birds
S
Florida
g
r
b-t
H (extinction and disequi
habitat availability)
birds
S
North American peninsulas
g
r/c
b-t
SPH?
bird
passerine/non
passerine ratio
Neotropics (Florida, Yucatan)
g
r
lower ratio in peninsulas
E, O (patterns in physical
herpetofauna
S
Iberia
g
r
b-t (amphibians); t-b (reptiles)
C (high latitudinal range)
birds
S
Florida
g
r
b-t
E
lizards, snakes, birds, mammals
(total), heteromyd rodents, bats
S
Baja California
g
r
b-t (more evident in heteromyd
rodents; not evident in snakes)
C-V gradient
resident birds
S
Florida
g
r
b-t
HD (pattern b-t)
Ab
Europe
g
c
E-W
B (E, H)
E, HD, H (endemism patt
isolation)
birds
herpetofauna
S
Yucatan
g
r
m; no latitudinal effect, no
reduction towards tip
reptiles
S
Baja California
g
r
no general trend (turnover
northern/southern species
E (HT, CO); H (tropical s
following past climatic os
flora
landbirds, Hymenoptera
Formicidae, Coleoptera Carabidae,
Cicindelidae, Chrysomelidae,
Idroadephaga, Scarabeoidei
Pleurosticta + Pachypodidae
S
Italy
g
r
M
O, C, HD, SPH?
S
Italy
g
r
b-t; endemism: t-b
PG, C, V, O (decreasing a
small mammals; ground beetles
S
Manitoba peninsula (Lake
Winnipegosis), Canada
g
l
no general pattern
E (dispersal: pattern due t
mammals
S
Baja California
g
r
b-t but lower compared with Taylor
and Regal (1978) data (pattern only H, E (habitat availability)
on 4 species in respect to 18)
(SPH)
herpetofauna
S
Baja California
g
r
different patterns in ecological
characterized groups
H (evolution from isolatio
predation)
freshwater fish
S
Corcovado park, Osa peninsula, Costa
Rica
g
l
b-t
E (productivity patterns)
Florida (PC, E: habitat av
saturation in species, O as
Miocene); Iberia, Yucatan
(Pleistocenic changes, iso
E, H, A
lizards, snakes
trophic system Tyto albamicromammals
S
trophic system
parameters
Florida, Iberia, Yucatan, Baja
California
g
r
b-t (Florida); m (Yucatan); no
evident pattern (Baja California,
Iberia)
Italy
g
r
functional trophic system pattern
5
6
lepidoptera
S and single
species
distribution
analysis
Italy
g
r
complex pattern (e.g., temperate: bt)
E, H (plio-pleistocene), d
scorpions
S
Baja California
g
r
b-t; M
turnover in habitat structu
wood plants
S
Maine (US)
g
l
b-t; i-e (coastal)
HD pattern
butterfly
S
Baja California
g
r
b-t; m
H, E, no SPH
conifer forest birds
S
Western Palearctic taiga
i
c
N-S
herpetofauna
S
Florida
g
r
b-t
CO, SPH (insular biogeog
E (habitat availability; Ev
topographic diversity; ran
habitat availability)
Hanko peninsula (Southern Finland)
g
l
no significant differences in
richness base-tip
HD, E
Florida: C more the H (pa
low change in C and O al
decrease in richness if con
AE, HD; Seward: AE
birds
S, Ab
woody species
S
Florida, Aleutine (Alaska), Seward
(Alaska)
g
r
Florida: no evident gradient; t-b, m,
tropical species: t-b, temperate
species: b-t; Alaska (Aleutine and
Seward): b-t
amphibians, turtles, lizards, snakes
S
Florida
g
r
b-t
E, HD (reduction toward
lepidoptera Sphingidae
S
Baja California
g
r
b-t
H (isolation), E
mollusca
S
Western Europe
i
c
E-W
peninsular effect (contine
termini)
lepidoptera
S
Florida
g
r
temperate: b-t; tropical: t-b; pattern
not uniform nor consistent
E, C
lepidoptera
S
Iberia
g
r
b-t (complex)
E, O, H
herpetofauna
trophic system Tyto albamicromammals
Florida panther (Felis concolor
coryi)
breeding birds
birds
insectivorous passerines
breeding landbirds
Coleoptera Crisomelidae
small mammals
S
trophic system
parameters
population
parameters
S and single
species
distribution
analysis
Baja California
g
r
dual patterns (dispersers towards N,
towards S)
paleogeographic causes
Italy
g
r
functional trophic system pattern
E, H, A
b-t (abundance, populaton
parameters)
insularization (genetic, de
H (Mediterranean refuges
E, H, A (forest fragmenta
SPH?)
Florida
g
r
Italy
g
r
S
Florida
g
r
b-t
b-t (abundance, population
parameters)
Ab
Iberia
g
r
b-t
C. H, A
S
Italy
g
r
b-t
O, C, HD, SPH?
g
l/r
b-t
P
g
r
b-t
HD
S
Iberia (Sierra de Guadarrama)
diversity
parameters from
Barn Owl
pellets
Iberia
vertebrates
S
Italy
g
r
b-t
A, E, O
rodents
S
Italy
g
r
b-t
HD, A (habitat fragmenta
Diptera Chironomidae
S
Florida
g
r
b-t
abiotic factors (water ava
birds
S
Brazil
i
l/r
b-t
edge and landscape effect
S
Belize-Venezuela
i
l
no evident pattern
AE (controlling area, no e
Italy and Salento subpeninsula
g
r
absence of species in Salento
E, H, A
Italy
g
r
b-t: palearctic; t-b: Mediterranean
Florida
g
r
b-t
C, E
O, E, landscape factors;H
40000 years determine di
trees
terrestrial micromammals
birds
herpetofauna
community
parameters
S (chorological
categories)
S
freshwater fish
terrestrial mammals
communities preyed by Asio otus
small mammals
smalla mammals
birds, primates, small mammals,
butterflies, cicindelids, scarabeid
beetles
raptor communities
freshwater fish and amphibian
(endemic and indigenous)
breeding birds
S
S and other
parameters
North America and Europe
i
c
no evident patterns
orientation rivers, AE, E (
NE Yucatan
g
r
complex pattern
HD and C (rainy)
S (prey)
community
parameters
Italy
g
r
b-t
E
Italy and Iberia
g
r
b-t (and other patterns)
O, E, C
Italy
g
r
richness: b-t; evenness: t-b
E, H
Masoala peninsula (Madagascar)
g
l
b-t (prevalent pattern)
E (environmental gradien
Peninsular Malaysia and large islands
of South-East Asia
g
r
b-t
species area requirements
g
r
endemic: t-b; amphibians: two
biogeographic regions
freshwater fish: LG (P ev
Lower Miocene). Amphib
linked to C, P
g
r
b-t
O, C, HD, SPH?
O (pattern), C (pattern), c
coastal (edge) pattern (inc
fragmentation)
S, diversity
index, evenness
S, β-diversity
S
S
Iberia
mean range size Italy
birds
S
France
i
r
decrease NE-SW with areas that
deviate from model (Pirenees,
Alps, Mediterranean areas)
landbirds
S
Baja California
g
r
decrease base-middle, increase
middle to tip
concave diversity gradien
limited immigration (no S
butterflies
mammals, birds, amphibians,
reptiles
S
some North American peninsulas (not
specificate)
g
c/r
lat continental pattern; fail in NA
peninsulas
general factors: E, A (hab
Baja California
g
r
filogeographic pattern
H (P)
H (Mediterranean peninsu
mammals
genetic level
S, rarity,
endemicity
Europe and Southern mediterranean
peninsulas
i
c
large scale peninsular effect
(continental scale): richness
patterns: b-t; abundance: Palearctic
species b-t, endemics and rares: t-b
breeding birds
S
Italy
g
r
b-t
O, C, E
plant species
S
Korea
i
l
b-t
edge effect
North America
i
l
3 species on 6: b-t
E (habitat suitability)
H (range disjunction), E (
when minimizing habitat
present
exotic plants (6 species)
Hymenoptera Formicidae
Amphibians anuran
breeding birds
Ab
S (species and
genus level)
S
S (chorological
categories)
Baja California
g
r
b-t at species level no at genus
level
Yucatan
g
r
b-t (negative relation latituderichness)
C (e.g., pluviometric regi
r
different patterns for different
chorological groups
C, H
O, C (as patterns), E (auto
(abundance centre)
Italy
g
forest breeding birds
S
Iberia
g
r
b-t (european species); t-b
(mediterranean species)
wintering passerines
S, Ab
Iberia
g
r
E-W
peninsula effect sensu lat
lepidoptera
S
South Korea
g
r
b-t
HD, PG (peninsular orien
small mammals
S
Masoala peninsula (Madagascar)
g
l
b-t
E, SPH
lepidoptera
S
Baja California, Florida
g
r
b-t
O (topographic pattern)
g
r
b-t; endemisms: M; tropical
species: t-b
H, E (isolation, Tertiary,
oscillation, dispersal over
inland
l
b-t (species-specific responses);
abundance
home range higher: decre
effect
Florida
g
r
no evident pattern
E (HD); also sampling eff
Lake Huron (Michigan, USA)
g
l
no evident pattern
E (HD)
carabid beetles
birds
microcrustaceans
birds
S
S, Ab
S
S, Ab
Florida
Australia
butterfly
Niche bradth
Korea
g
r
t-b
SPH, B. Species immigra
niche breadth compared t
the continent
Parameters: S: include the following meaning: ‘species richness’, ‘species density’, ‘species diversity’
(community/assemblages level), Ab: abundance (species level)
Type (= peninsular type): g: ‘oceanic/geographic’peninsula; i: ‘habitat/inland’
Scale (peninsular extension): c = local (about 1-100 km wide), r = regional (about 100-1000 km), c = continental
(>1000 km)
Pattern: b-t = selected parameter decrease base-tip; t-b = decrease tip-base, N-S: decrease towards South, S-N:
decrease towards North, E-W: decrease towards West, i-e: decrease interior-edge, m: minimum in the middle of the
peninsular body; M: maximum in the middle
Causal factors/processes: SPH: Simpsonian peninsular hypothesis; E: ecology sensu lato (C: climate; V:
vegetation; HD: habitat diversity and complexity; HT: habitat turnover; CO: competition); O: orography (PG:
peninsular geometry; GE: geography; AR: area effect); H: history (P: paleogeography; PC: paleoclimate; S:
speciation; G: glaciations); A: anthropization (postpleistocenic and recent); B: biogeographic processes sensu lato
(LG: linked to latitudinal gradient)