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Year 11 Human Biology Chapter 10 - Human Perspectives Text Questions - Solutions FOCUS QUESTIONS 1. • • • • • 2. Characteristics of lungs that make them well suited to gas exchange. Huge surface area Well supplied with blood vessels Membrane very thin for diffusion Lungs positioned deep in body to avoid dehydration. Lung volumes can be changed by movements of the respiratory muscles. How the lungs have such a large surface area. By having smaller, circular air sacs. 3. Why does oxygen diffuse into lungs but not other body tissues? Because the red blood cells do not contain any oxygen, therefore a low concentration. 4. • • (a) The ways oxygen is carried in the blood. 3% dissolved in plasma 97% as oxyhaemoglobin (b) The ways carbon dioxide is carried in the blood. • • • 5. 8% dissolved in plasma 22% as carbaminohaemoglobin 70% as bicarbonate ions (a) The ABC of resuscitation. A - Airway B - Breathing C - Circulation (b) When should resuscitation be started? When an apparent healthy person collapses. (c) When should resuscitation be discontinued? When medical help arrives. 6. (a) How you would check the airway. Place in coma position & look & then feel inside the mouth. (b) How you would check for breathing. By looking at the chest & placing ear near mouth or finger under nose. (c) How you would determine if the heart is beating. By checking the pulse. 7. • • • • • • • 8. • • • • Steps in Expired Air Resuscitation. Turn casualty on back Open the airway Pinch nose Place mouth over casualties. Blow into mouth Look for breathing to start. Repeat until breathing occurs (a) Steps in Cardiopulmonary circulation Place casualty on back find middle of the breastbone Place heel on breastbone in depress. Continue until help arrives (b) Differences in CPR between adult & child. Differences include how hard to depress the breastbone & only use 1 hand with a child & two fingers with an infant. 9. Precautions taken to reduce chances of emphysema or lung cancer. Don't smoke 10. • • • (a) Adaptations for high altitudes. Amount of oxygen taken in Increased rate of breathing More red blood cells produced. (b) How would your body acclimatise? See above. APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE: 1. A collapsed individual. What could it be? A lack of oxygen. 2. Why is it dangerous to run a car in an closed garage? Because the CO2 binds better with haemoglobin better than oxygen which leads to not getting enough oxygen. 3. 4. • • • • • 5. Differences in blood content of 4 major vessels. V e s s e l P u lm o n a ryA re te y D iffe re n c e s& W h y N oo x y g e na sitw a su s e db yb o d y P u lm o n a ryV e in L o tso fo x y g e na sit'sju s tc o m efro m lu n g s A o rta B itle s sd u etoc o ro n a rya rte ry In fe rio rV e n aC a v a N oo x y g e na sitw a su s e db yb o d y Jobs & Emphysema Smoker Barman Why arrive early at high altitude? To become acclimatise to the lack of oxygen. 6. (a) How can people function with a collapsed lung. Because the pressure difference is still the same. (b) Any functions they couldn't perform? Any with rigorous activity. 7. (a) Why is colour of blood in pulmonary artery different from other arteries. Because pulmonary artery is only artery with deoxygenated blood. (b) Why is colour of blood in pulmonary vein different from Because pulmonary vein is only vein with oxygenated blood. other veins. 8. (a) Hypoxia - Heart failure or poor circulation Subject A (b) Hypoxia - High Altitude person recently? Subject C (c) Hypoxia - Deficiency of Iron? Subject B (d) Hypoxia - Highest Pulse Rate? Subject A (e) Hypoxia - Highest Breathing Rate? Subject A