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UNIT III VOCABULARY: War ~ What is it good for?
Long –Term Causes of World War I (WWI)
M.A.I.N.
Militarism
The build-up of military power. European countries were ready to go to war at a moment’s notice.
Alliances
A union or agreement between nations for assistance and protection. Countries agreed to support each other in a war.
Imperialism Stronger countries take over weaker countries for economic and political power. European countries were competing to create the
biggest empires.
Nationalism Pride and loyalty in your country.
World War I (WWI) 1914-1918
Central Powers
World War I alliance between Germany and AustriaHungary.
Allies
World War I alliance between Russia, France, Serbia, Great
Britain and the United States.
U-Boat
German submarine.
Zimmerman
Note
A telegram sent by Germany’s foreign secretary in 1917 to
Mexican officials proposing an alliance with Mexico and
promising to give Mexico U.S. territory if Mexico declared
war on the United States. Cause of the U.S. joining World
War I.
British passenger ship carrying some Americans. Ship was
sunk by a German U-Boat and Americans died. One of the
immediate causes for the U.S. entering WWI.
To get the country ready for war. Example: Prepare the
military
Lusitania
To mobilize
Draft
The Selective Service Act passed in May of 1917, required
that men between the ages of 18 to 45 had to register for
the draft. Some of these men were chosen to involuntarily
(not their choice) serve in the military during WWI.
Fourteen
Points
President Wilson’s proposal in 1918 for a postwar (after war)
European peace. The Fourteen Points included the plan for
the League of Nations.
SelfThe power to make decisions about one’s own future. The
Determination power of the people of a country to decide what kind of
government they would like to have.
Treaty of
Treaty (agreement ) marking the end of World War I that the
Versailles
U.S. Senate refused to ratify (approve).
League of
International organization formed after World War I that
Nations
aimed to ensure the security and peace for all its members.
Reparations
Propaganda
American
Expeditionary
Forces (AEF)
Payment from an enemy for economic injury suffered during
a war. Germany was forced to pay reparations when they lost
World War I.
The spreading of ideas or beliefs that help a particular cause
and hurt an opposing cause. Examples: Posters,
Advertisements.
Name of the U.S. troops fighting in World War I in Europe.
Led by General John J. Pershing.
Espionage &
Sedition Acts
Recession
Laws that served to control and punish those who opposed
the war effort. These acts made it difficult to speak out
against the war.
A decline in economic activity usually shorter and less severe
than a depression.
Schenk vs.
United States
“Return to
Normalcy”
1919 Supreme Court Case that ruled that free speech could
be restricted during a time of war. Congress has the right to
prevent words that would cause a “clear and present” danger.
1918-1921. Americans wanted to return to the traditional
foreign policy of isolationism.
World War II (WWII) 1939-1945
Neutrality Acts
Axis Powers
Allied Powers
Lend-Lease Act
Atlantic Charter
Appeasement
Ration
Pearl Harbor
Rosie the Riveter
Holocaust
Manhattan
Project
Passed in 1935, 1936 and 1937, declared that the United
States would withhold weapons and loans of money
from all nations at war.
A group of nations including - Germany, Italy and Japan
– that opposed the Allies in WWII. U.S. enemies in WWII.
The group of nations including – Great Britain, USSR,
France and United States that opposed the Axis powers
in WWII. Friends of the U.S.
A 1941 law that allowed the U.S. to ship arms (weapons)
and other supplies, without immediate repayment, to
nations fighting the Axis powers. U.S. loans weapons to
Allies.
A 1941 declaration of principles in which the United States
and Great Britain set forth their goals in opposing the
Axis Powers.
Giving in to a hostile country in order to keep peace.
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
(FDR)
Adolf Hitler
Benito
Mussolini
U.S President from 1933-1945. Only President to serve more
than two terms.
Court Packing, New Deal, Japanese Internment
Leader of Germany during WWII. Axis Powers. Responsible
for the Holocaust.
Leader of Italy during WWII. Axis Powers.
Joseph Stalin
Leader of USSR during WWII. Allied Powers.
Winston
Churchill
Leader of Great Britain during WII. Allied Powers.
Harry S.
Truman
Robert
Oppenheimer
President of U.S after death of FDR. 1945-1953. Truman
Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Fair Deal, Korean War
To save food during the war, the U.S. government put
Physicist who led the American effort to build the first atomic
limits on how much of certain foods consumers were
bomb.
allowed.
Surprise Japanese attack on the U.S. navy base at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The U.S. entered the war following the attack.
Symbol of American women working in factories during
WWII.
Name given to Nazi Germany’s persecution (made to suffer) of Jews before and during WWII. In this time, more than 6 million Jews dies.
The U.S program to develop an atomic bomb for use in WWII.
Hiroshima &
Nagasaki
D-Day
Wartime
Relocation
Authority (WRA)
Japanese
Internment
Korematsu vs. U.S.
Yalta Conference
Nuremburg Trials
United Nations
GI Bill
Two Japanese cities where atomic bombs were dropped to force the Japanese to surrender to the Allies in WWII.
Name given to June 6, 1944 – the day on which the Allies launched an invasion of the European mainland during WWII.
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, many Americans feared that Japanese Americans threatened national security. In 1942,
President Roosevelt established prison camps for Japanese Americans.
110,000 Japanese Americans on the west coast were rounded up, forced to leave their homes and put into internment (prison- camps
because they were seen as a threat to national security.
1944 Supreme Court case that said that the forced evacuation of Japanese Americans as a wartime emergency measure was
constitutional.
1945 meeting of Roosevelt (U.S.), Churchill (Great Britain) and Stalin (USSR) to outline the division of postwar Germany and to plan for
war trials. The USSR promised to enter the war against Japan.
Post (after) WWII trials in which German government and military figures were tried for crimes committed during the war.
An international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong. It was founded in 1945 to promote world peace,
security, and economic development.
Authorized billions of dollars to pay for veterans’ benefits such as education, medical treatment, and home loans. Made it possible for
more people to attend college and buy home than ever before.
Cold War 1946-1991
Cold War
Iron Curtain
Satellite
Nations
Containment
Domino
Theory
Collective
Security
Detente
Tensions after WWII between the United States and
Soviet Union (USSR) without direct military conflict.
The line between Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe
and the West. It was called this because the Soviets
and their satellite nations prevented the free passage of
people, information and ideas across their borders
A country that is dominated politically and economically
by another nation.
Sputnik
The blocking of another nation’s attempt to spread its
influence. The U.S. tried to stop the spread of
communism.
The idea, during the Vietnam War, that if one Asian
nation became Communist, the neighboring nations
would as well.
A system in which member nations agree to take joint
action to meet any threat or breach of international
peace. Countries working together to keep peace.
The easing of tensions between nations.
Cuban Missile
Crisis
Eisenhower
Doctrine
Bay of Pigs
Invasion
Korean War
Vietnam War
Brinkmanship
Soviet ship. First to orbit the earth. Showed the
scientific advancements made by the Soviets.
The United States would defend the Middle East
against attack by any communist country.
Cuban exiles (people who had escaped from
Cuba) were sponsored by the CIA to invade Cuba
in the hopes of taking over the Communist
government led by Fidel Castro.
Standoff between the United States and the Soviet
Union over the installation of nuclear missile sites
in Cuba by the Soviet Union
Conflict over the future government of Korea.
1950-1953. Communism vs. Democracy. It ended
in a stalemate (no real winners or losers).
1950’s – 1973. Longest war that the U.S. was
involved in. Communism vs. Democracy in
Vietnam.
The practice of threatening an enemy with massive
military retaliation for any aggression. Getting to
the edge of war.
Truman
Doctrine
A U.S. policy of providing economic and military aid to
free nations threatened by internal or external
opponents. The U.S. wanted to try and prevent the
spread of communism.
Program that supplied U.S. economic aid to European
nations to help them rebuild after WWII
Space Race
Competitions between the Soviet Union and the
United States over control of space.
Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty
Wall separating Communist, East Germany from
Democratic, West Germany.
327 – day operation in which British and U.S. planes
flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviet
blockade of the city in 1948
SALT
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. A defensive military
alliance formed in 1949 by ten Western European
countries, the United States and Canada.
HUAC
Warsaw Pact
A military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union
and its Eastern European satellite.
Blacklist
Arms Race
After the Soviet’s successful test of an atomic bomb in
1953. The Soviet Union and the United States
competed to have the largest supply of nuclear
weapons.
McCarthyism
1963 agreement between the Soviet Union, United
Kingdom and United States that banned testing of
nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, outer space
and under water.
Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty. Agreement to
limit the number of weapons countries have.
1946-1955. A renewed fear of Communism during
the first years of the Cold War when the success of
communism in the Soviet Union and China caused
people to fear that communists would take over the
U.S.
House Committee on Un-American Activities.
Committee in Congress that investigated
communist activity inside and outside the U.S.
government in the years following WWII.
A list of 500 created by Hollywood executives of
people suspected of having ties to communism.
The executives refused to hire the blacklisted
people.
Name after Senator Joseph McCarthy. Beginning
in 1950, McCarthyism included accusing people of
disloyalty without evidence, calling people to testify
in a Senate hearing and bullying of witnesses.
A married couple accused and convicted of
passing nuclear secrets to the USSR. There were
executed by the electric chair.
Leader of the Soviet Union. He came to power
after the death of Joseph Stalin. He believed that
U.S. and USSR could compete economically and
scientifically.
Cuban Communist revolutionary leader who took
control of Cuba in 1959
Marshall Plan
Berlin Wall
Berlin Airlift
Red Scare
The
Rosenbergs
Nikita
Krushchev
Fidel Castro