Download READING Reading is the process of recovery and apprehension of

READING
Reading is the process of recovery and apprehension of any information or ideas
stored on a carrier and transmitted through some kind of code, usually a language,
Which can be visual or tactile (for example, the system Braille.) Other types of reading
may not be based on the language such as notation or pictograms
CONCEPT of language
The basic conditions of social life are to understand and express. Understand reality is
to acquire , in the words neatly classifying reported. Express effective is to make our
will, on the other to record our presence. In this process, language acts as a code.
There is no tribe or people, however primitive it is, it does not have a language as a
means of communication.
But as with many other words, even the language is a word that is used in several
senses. In a broad sense , even metaphorically speaking the language of flowers, the
traffic signals , etc. , but more importantly , we understand language, human language
as articulated set of signs through which people communicate, That is, a
systematic set of signs that allow a certain type of communication.
We can say that is the ability that everyone has to communicate with others through
oral or written signs .
COMMUNICATION .
DEFINITION: A phenomenon by which humans modify their behavior ( actions, thoughts ,
feelings , beliefs, etc. .. ) from an information exchange .
If there is no behavior modification or exchange , no communication , there is only information.
Transmitter and receiver should be interchangeable roles in the communication process.
1. Elements involved in communication.
The elements involved in the communicative act are:
- The sender or communicator .
- The receiver.
-The message .
-Code.
-Canal.
- The context.
-Feedback .
a. ISSUER . (emisor)
Generates and encodes the message
Define the message content and objectives of the communication.
Their credibility, determining the effectiveness of communication, consists of two main factors:
The cognitive component ( perceived expertise and confidence )
The affective component (sympathy , trust and attractive)
b. RECIPIENT. (receptor)
Receive the message , identifying the signals that arrive , interpreting , and decoded .
The response confirms the existence of good communication .
c. MESSAGE.
It is a sign or set of signals transmitted in the act of communication.
Symbolic reference that is transmitted by the sender.
Composed of different codes that try to represent the ideas that the sender wishes to convey .
Is the information transmitted by the issuer, including a desire for this information .
It can be verbal or nonverbal .
d. CODE.
Set of signs and rules, the choice and use are the encoding of the message.
These rules should be known by the receiver to decode the message correctly .
Whenever a message is not understood as the expected issuer shall be construed as the error
is the issuer , not having fulfilled one of the key elements in its transmission.
e. CANAL .
Way or means by which you get the message from sender to receiver . It can be:
Personal : Allows the reception of the reactions of the receiver, while restarting the
communication process from the results of the same (feedback ).
Impersonal : involves a one-way limited to the receipt of the response (examples : advertising,
sales promotion, etc ... )
f. CONTEXT or reference.
A situation in which communication takes place .
It takes into account cultural , psychological , feelings, etc ...
g. FEEDBACK .
receptor capacity to respond to a message.
Thanks to him we can establish a circular communication , the sender can adjust its message.
2. Types of communication.
- role alternates between sender and receiver.
- is addressed to a number of people.
who will listen .
- broadcast media .
- is with oneself.
interpersonal - with two or more people:
Face to face.
Direct communication between two people.
No verbal.
macrogrupal or organizations Communication -Communication between groups of people
related to the implementation of basic functions for society.
Internal communication : Same organization.
Formal: technical character . Specialized language.
Informal voluntary spontaneous and affective relations . Colloquial language, not specialized .
External communication: It's shared between organizations. business contacts with suppliers,
customers , financial groups , government, etc ...
*Very useful for emergency situations ( clarifications) .
Oral -face : they are both present .
No face : they are not in the same place .
non-verbal or meta - through actions, postures, gestures, proximity or distance, voice
tones, etc ... that too often inadvertently.
Be used to extend , limit and change the meaning of verbal communication .
written - is fixed in any medium.
*Advantage:
Durable and stable.
*Disadvantages:
time and material cost
Slow (not allowing immediate clarification or changes .)
different contexts of the transmitter and receiver.
There is no feedback.
Requires greater care in drafting the oral message , the sender feels more responsible.
It can be formal or informal.
4.Barreras of Communication.
Perception of the message:
The receiver applies subjective filters .
" not true what he says the issue but that means the receiver "
" responsible for the communication is always the issuer "
preconceived mindsets :
Stereotypes . Generalizations about a group.
Projection: global perception of a person from a resemblance to our feelings or
characteristics.
Rumors:
Distortion of information by word of mouth .
Expression of the message:
The very language used. The meaning of words is not completely identical for all, not all
know the same terminology.
Contradictory messages :
Verbally expressing different according to gestures.
TYPES OF LETTERS
*BOLD LETTERS
The bold ( "bold ") should be used only to emphasize a few words, always very limited
and never in complete sentences. If they are used properly help quickly browse the text
easily and quickly understand the information .
The bold call wide attention within a text or even seriously distracted , so you should
never abuse them or use them for purely decorative.
*FONT SIZES
A size of between 10 and 12 points is usually the standard for most of the texts , but the
important thing is that the font size is not fixed and can be freely modified by users
through the appropriate option in the browser.
*USING CASE
The capital letters are much harder to read than lower case letters are therefore not
recommended for long texts but to single words. His ability to highlight text within a
make it a valuable resource to attract attention to an information item.
PUNCTUATION
.
The point and followed or full stop (.), Called Period American English :
a) It puts an end to the phrase, if this is a question or an exclamation
We're Leaving Now . ( We're going now. )
That 's all . (That 's all. )
Thank you . (Thank you )
It is also used abbreviations:
Madison Ave ( Madison Avenue )
Richmond St. ( Richmond Street )
?
The question mark or question mark (?):
a) is placed at the end of interrogative sentence directly:
"Who 's that man ? " Jenny asked. ("Who is this man? "asked Jenny. )
b ) Never go to the end of an indirect interrogative :
Asked Jenny Was the man WHO . (Jenny asked who was the man . )
!
The exclamation mark or exclamation mark (!) exclamation point American
English :
a) It is written at the end of a sentence expressing surprise, excitement , fear,
etc . :
What an amazing story! ( What amazing story !)
How well you look! ( How well you look !)
Oh no! The cat 's been run over! ( Oh no! have hit the cat !)
b ) Also used with interjections and onomatopoeic words :
Bye ! ( Goodbye! )
Ouch ! ( Oh !)
Crash! ( Crash !)
,
The coma or comma (,):
a) indicates a brief pause in a sentence :
I ran all the way to the station , But I still missed the train .
( I ran to the station, but just missed the train.)
However , I May Be Right .
(However , you may be right. )
b ) the comma is also used to summon a person or enter a phrase in a direct
style :
Fiona said , "I'll help you. "
(Fiona said, " I'll help.)
"I'll help you " , said Fiona, "but you'll Have to wait till Monday . "
(" I'll help , "said Fiona, " but you'll have to wait until Monday ".)
c ) The comma can separate items listed in the list ( not compulsory before
and):
It Was a cold, rainy day .
(It was a cold, rainy weather. )
This shop sells records , tapes, and compact discs.
(This business sells records, tapes and compact discs) .
:
The colon or colon (:) Are used :
a) To introduce long quotations : b ) To include lists of objects.
There is a choice of main course: roast beef, turkey or omelette.
( As a main course you can choose from: roast beef, turkey or an omelette. )
;
The semicolon or semicolon (;) is used:
a) To separate into two distinct parts of a sentence:
John wanted to go , I Did not ( John wanted to go , I do not . )
b ) You can also remove items from a list when we use the comma :
Consists of the navy school uniform skirt or trousers , gray , white or pale blue
shirt , navy jumper or cardigan .
( The school uniform consists of navy blue skirt or pants , gray shirt , white or
blue , navy blue sweater or jacket . )
'
The apostrophe or apostrophe (') May indicate:
a ) he has omitted a letter, as in the case of contractions :
He's hasn't They're do not I'm
b ) El Saxon genitive (or possessive case ):
Peter's scarf (The scarf Peter)
Jane's mother ( Jane 's mother )
My friend 's car ( my friend 's car )
c ) When a noun ends in sNot always necessary to add a second sFor example:
Mr. James 'house (The house of Mr. James)
d ) Note that the position of the apostrophe is different when accompanying
nouns are singular and plural:
The student 's book ( = the book of "a" student)
The students' book ( = the book of "several "students )
"
The single and double quotes, quotation marks (") and inverted commas
(""):
a) Use to insert the words or thoughts of the person:
"Come and see, " said Martin
(" Come and see, "said Martin.)
Angela shouted , "Over here ! "
Angela yelled, " Over here ! ")
" Will They get here on time ? " Sheila Wonderer .
" arrive on time? " asked Sheila. )
b ) The quotation marks can also enter the title of a book, movie, etc . :
"Pinocchio "is the first film I ever saw.
(" Pinocchio "is the first movie I ever saw . )
"Have you read "Emma "?" I asked.
(' Did you read "Emma "? ' he asked. )
c ) When we want to highlight a word , or use it with an ironic sense , the word
often appears in quotation marks:
The word "conversation "is Often spelled incorrectly .
(The word "conversation "is often written incorrectly. )
The " experts "were Unable to answer a simple question .
( The "experts "could not answer a basic question . )
-
The script or hyphen (-) Is used :
a) to join two words forming a unit:
mother -in -law ( mother ); a ten -ton truck ( a ten-ton truck )
b ) Also used for attaching a prefix to a word
non -smoking area ( non-smoking area ); anti -British (Anti -British )
c ) In compound numbers :
thirty -four (Thirty -four) ; Seventy -five (Seventy five )
d ) When we have to separate a word at the end of a line.
_
The line, dash or dash (- ) is used :
a) To separate a phrase or sentence explanation within a more broadly.
A Few people - not more Than ten - Had Already Arrived .
( Few people - no more than ten - had arrived. )
b ) also to be found at the end of the sentence, to summarize its contents:
The Burglars HAD Taken the furniture, the TV and stereo, the paintings absolutely everything.
( The thieves had taken the furniture , television and audio equipment , paintings
- everything. )
()
*
The parenthesis or brackets () - parentheses in the U.S. - serves to:
a) Highlight information within a sentence :
Two of the runners (Milton and Smith) finished the race in under an hour.
Two of the runners ( Milton and Smith) finished the race in under an hour.)
( Few people - no more than ten - had arrived. )
The Burglars HAD Taken the furniture, the TV and stereo, the paintings absolutely everything.
( The thieves had taken the furniture , television and audio equipment ,
paintings - everything. )
b ) The numbers and letters indicating different sections are marked also by
parentheses:
The camera has three main advantages: 1 ) ITS compact size , 2 ) ITS low
price , 3) the quality of the photographs .
(The camera has three main advantages : 1) small , 2) low price , 3) quality
images. )
The asterisk or asterisk (*) is used to:
a) Call the attention of anything in particular (eg footnotes ):
* G.N.P. National General Means Product.
(* P.B.N. means Gross National Product. )
b ) To replace letters omitted from a text:
Mr. J *** s for Mr. Jones
(Mr. J *** s by Mr. Jones).
TYPES OF TEXTS
Informative text
Includes:
t
Informative Text : to make known something
Idiomatic language is one of the best tools that man has invented to communicate with their peers. It is
the language in its oral expression which allows us to talk and listen , and written language that makes it
possible to read or write.
Speaking, listening , reading and writing are actions hallan insert in the
complex system of communication.
On this occasion , we focus on that text is called informative.