Download Draconic

For one language, (Zhinzi?) break verb voice into :
intransitive: I/you/he does …
transitive: I/he does xxx to…
accusatory: you do xxx to…
reflexive: I/you/he does xxx to my/your/himself…
passive: I/you/he has xxx done to me/you/him…
Draconic
Alphabet
The Draconic alphabet is made up of 35 letters; of these, 24 consonants have long and
short forms and 5 vowels have 11 total forms. (short and long forms for e, i, o, and u;
short, long, and middle forms for the a)
Short pron
y
e-yuh
name pron
äyän ah’-yahn
m
w
e
l
jh (x)
dz (z)
m
w
eh
l
jh
dz
mäg
wä
elä
lethä
jhi
dzäd
sh
ch
o
s
j
p
sh
shee
ch
chän
o (mod)
s
sooph
j
jee
p
p’kel
shee
chahn
ori
o-rih
soof
jee
puh-kehl
ph
g
h
a
th
b
f
g
h
â
th
b
phed
gi’
hin
anäjh
thAph
bOk
fehd
gi-h
hihn
â-nahjh
thayf
bohk
q
kw
qad
kwâd
v
oo
n
t
‘
v
ooh
n
t
k
*
väd
ook
näk
tAk
‘iv
ä
vahd
oohk
nahk
tayk
k
iv*
ah
mäg
wah
eh-lah
leh-thah
jhih
dzahd
äd
long
Y
O
M
W
pron
ee-yuh
oh
mm
ww
name
Yär
Or
MO
WA
pron
ee-yahr
ohr
mm-oh
ww-ay
L
JH (X)
DZ (Z)
E
SH
CH
ll
jjh
dzz
ee
shh
chh
LO
JHEn
DZEn
Esh
SHoo
CHE
ll-oh
jjh-een
dzz-een
eesh
shh-ooh
chh-ee
S
J
P
A
PH
G**
H
ss
juh
puh
ay
ff
guh
hh
Sä
Jä
PI
Adä
PHäl
Got
Häsh
ss-ah
juh-ah
puh-aye
ay-dah
ff-ahl
guh-ot
hh-ahsh
TH
B
I
Q
EU
V
thh
THik
buh
Bäsh
aye
Ija
khwuh Qädz
ee-yew EUt
vv
Vook
thh-ihk
buh-ahsh
aye-jâ
khwuh-ahdz
ee-yewt
vv-oohk
N
T
“
ahd
nn
tuh
k
*
nn-ahjh
tuh-ohf
k
ahch*
Näjh
TOph
‘äch
r
r
rish
rish
R
rr
Roos
rr-oos
uh
d
d
dä
dah
D
d
Doog
duh-oog
i
i (tin) id
ihd
k
k
koon koohn
K**
kuh
Käj
kuh-ahj
* To pronounce this word, form a ‘k’ with your mouth but vocalize an i. The effect is a
guttural-sounding vowel.
** When the glottals G and K are terminal, (i.e., at the end of a word) the pronunciation is
more of a ‘gh’ or ‘kh’ sound: form an ‘h’ with your mouth while making the ‘g’ or ‘k’
sound. E.g.: zarog  ‘goblin’ zaroG  ‘goblins’; damarak  ‘cloud’ damaraK 
‘clouds’
Transliteration
The Draconic alphabet is slightly different in form and function than that of English. In
transliterating a Draconic word to English, use capital letters to indicate capital letters in
Draconic, wherever they appear in a sentence or word. The ä character is used to indicate
the middle a vowel in Draconic. An apostrophe (‘) is used to indicate the breath
character; the double apostrophe (“) is used to indicate the capital.
Word Formation
All Draconic words begin and end with a short letter. Nouns and adjectives always end
with a short syllable.
The following parts of a sentence have long first letters: interjections, subject, verb,
predicate nominative.
The following parts of a sentence have short first letters: verbal object, (i.e., direct object;
indirect objects are always handled with a preposition in Draconic) prepositional object,
and noun and verb modifiers.
Proper names always have long first letters.
Irregular words are one syllable long. They usually retain the same vowel, no matter what
position they hold in a sentence.
Words that begin with vowels work the same way as other words: if the word is
objective, the vowel is short or middle. If the word is subjective, the vowel is always
long.
Compound Words
Draconic uses many compound words. Typically, to form a compound word, take the
first syllable up to the second vowel of the first word and add the last syllable of the
second word. For compounding, ‘iv counts as a vowel.
Pronunciation
Usually, Draconic words have a short vowel in the final syllable; in such words, the
accent usually goes on the penultimate syllable. When a Draconic word has a long vowel
in the final syllable, the accent goes on the ultimate syllable. For words with three
syllables, if the first syllable is long, the accent goes on the first syllable; if the accent is
short, the accent goes on the second or final syllable as usual. If a word has four or more
syllables, the accent always goes on the first syllable and then on each second syllable
after—so, if the word should have four syllables, the accent would go on the first and
penultimate syllables. If the word should have five syllables, the accent would go on the
first, antepenultimate, and ultimate syllables.
For example:
modog
tOphin
gisAn
qOndEUl
PHAchAmE
Roominshan
is (MO-dog)
is (TO-fin)
is (gi-SAYN)
is (kwohn-DYEWL)
is (ff-AY-chay-mee)
is (rr-oom-IN-shan)
The middle ‘a’ (äd) is considered long if opposed by a short vowel, short if opposed by a
long vowel. So:
wAchän
Makä
yärisen
is (WAY-chahn), not (way-CHAHN), but
is (ma-KAH), not (MA-kah).
is (YAH-ri-sen), not (yah-RI-sen).
If ä opposes itself, treat it as a short vowel. So:
bäshär
is (BAH-shahr), not (bah-SHAHR).
mächänar
is (mah-CHAH-nar), not (MAH-chah-nar).
Apostrophes are the exception to these rules. If an apostrophe (‘ivid or ‘acha) occurs in
the middle of a word, the syllable directly after the apostrophe always takes the accent. If
the word is three or more syllables long, this usually means that the first syllable in the
word, as well as the syllable after the accent, take the accents.
O’kä
p'kel
gi’äl
is (OH- KAH)
is (Puh- KEL)
is (GI- AHL)
Proper Names
Names are usually compound words:
Noncompounded names usually belong to important persons or places, like the Qadoor.
Pluralization
To make a noun or adjective or pronoun plural, extend the last letter, except the following
letters:
p, g, b, t, d, and k.
For a word that ends with one of these letters, lengthen the final letter and add an ‘acha to
the end. The effect is a short breath after the consonant, giving it a schwa sound.
For example:
Fanod
Ovät
DZIdok



FanoD”
OväT”
DZIdoK”
(ff-A-nod-duh)
(OH-vaht-t uh)
(DZAYE-dok-k uh)
Punctuation
In Draconic, the end of a sentence is indicated by adding the ‘M suffix to the end of the
last word. The emotive impression of the suffix indicates whether the sentence is
declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory.
A paragraph or thought grouping is indicated by adding the N’ prefix to the beginning of
the first sentence.
Stative
The stative is a contraction formed by adding past, present, or future particles to nouns or
pronouns.
Past
T’ + word
Present
H’ + word
Future
Y’ + word
-nar is the ending syllable for gerund-agentives (e.g., follower, teacher, fighter, etc.)
-kel is the ending syllable for types of plant
Evel’eem
Alphabet
m
k
d
v
s
q
l
t
b
f
g
h
p
th
ch
y
(no pronunciation; used in vowel formation)
w
j
n
r
ks
ts
dz
Vowel Markings
Short Form Marking
Long Form Marking
ahm (father) circle above
aym (chase) y + 2 circles aligned vertically above
ev (met)
dash above
eyv (fey)*
y + crossed lines above
yn (bid)
½ circle above
een (meet)
y + circle above
ol (hot)
vertical line above
ool (fool)
y + 2 parallel vertical lines above
uz (under)
backwards L above euz (feud)** y + down-carat with circle above
* The long ev has an exaggerated pronunciation, almost as if the letter had two distinct
syllables: “ey-ee”, so jev is “jehv”, but jeyv is “jey-eev”. Don’t play up the y too much.
It’s present, but it’s very gentle, an undertone. To practice it, try saying the syllables
separately before combining them: “eh. ee.” Let the first syllable melt into the second,
and the result will sound similar to a y.
** The long uz is also exaggerated in its pronunciation, similar to the French eu. This
letter also seems to have two distinct syllables: “ee-oo”, but the two syllables blend
together until the speaker is forming a y sound in his mouth without trying. Again, the y
should be an unconscious result of the two syllables coming together. Don’t form a y with
your mouth fully, or the syllable will come out wrong. Start by saying “ee” and move
your mouth into an “oo” shape, and the syllable will come out.
When a word starts with yn, the sound is an ‘i’ with a very faint y sound, almost an ‘ee-i'
sound. It makes the vowel slightly longer than normal. The y is more pronounced if the
word is ascendant, less so if the word is monotone or descendant.
Tonals
ascendant
descendant
monotone
breath mark
carat below 1st letter
crossed lines below 1st letter
dash below 1st letter
2 dots horizontally aligned below 1st letter
Ascendant is used for impartive words: nominatives, transitive verbs, opening clauses,
conjunctions. These words transfer action and lead up to other words. Verbs like hit and
give, subjects of a sentence, prepositions, conjunctions like and, but, and or, and words
that open clauses like if and so, are all examples of ascendant words.
When a sentence from Eveleem is transliterated, the ascendant marking is indicated with
a forward slash before the word: ‘/’.
Descendants are used for receptor words: objects, predicate nominatives, intransitive
verbs, closing clauses, expletives. These words receive action from other words. Verbs
like go and (usually) act, direct and indirect objects, objects of a preposition, and
interjections like Stars! or Elms! all are examples of descendant words.
When a sentence from Eveleem is transliterated, the ascendant marking is indicated with
a backward slash before the word: ‘\’.
Monotones are used for neutral words: articles, modifiers, adjectives and adverbs,
particles. These words add context or form to the sentence but perform no action. The
definite and indefinite articles a, an, and the, adjectives like funny or long, adverbs like
quickly or not, and particles that modify or clarify other words or sentence constructions
(which usually omit the breath marking) are all monotone.
When a sentence from Eveleem is transliterated, the ascendant marking is indicated with
a dash before the word: ‘-‘.
Breath Marks are used to end a clause or to separate a word or clause for aesthetic or
emphasis.
When a sentence from Eveleem is transliterated, the ascendant marking is indicated with
a period before the word: ‘.’.
In Eveleem, tonals would give this sentence the following inflection:
In
Eveleem
tonals
would give
this
sentence
the
following
inflection
: (esh)
(prep)
(object of preposition) (subject)
(transitive verb)
(modifies ‘sentence’) (indirect object)
(article)
(modifies ‘inflection’) (direct object)
(sentence particle)
-
ascendant
descendant
ascendant
ascendant
monotone
descendant
monotone
monotone
descendant
monotone
/In \Eveleem /tonals /would give –this \sentence –the –following \inflection -:
Eveleem allows up to two ascendant or descendant words to follow within a sentence. If
it’s necessary to conjoin three consecutive ascendant or descendant words, the second
word takes a breath mark instead.
“And Charys hit the goblin with her axe.”
Note that “And Charys hit” are all ascendant words. Typically Eveleem would avoid this
construction by imposing the indirect object ahead of the transitive verb, so:
“(asc.) And (a) Charys (mon.) the (desc.) goblin (a) hit (a) with (m) her (d) axe.”
If it were necessary or beneficial (for the sake of emphasis) to keep it after the verb,
Eveleem would use the following construction:
“(a) And (breath) Charys (a) hit (m) the (d) goblin (a) with (m) her (d) axe.”
Always remember: in Eveleem, tonality is more important than sentence structure. If a
sentence concept doesn’t seem to flow well but the meter is intact, it’s good (or at least
passable) grammar. If the sentence conveys its meaning perfectly but it trips off the
tongue like a lead weight, it’s lousy grammar.
Indirect Articles
Masculine
jerr
Feminine
jyss
Neuter
jev
Direct Articles
Masculine
narr
Feminine
nyth
Neuter
nov
When it occurs after a preposition (‘with the axe’), the article is elided into the
preposition, as follows:
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Direct Article
-arr
-yth
-ov
Indirect Article
-err
-yss
-ev
For city names, precede the city name in the sentence with an article.
Nouns
To make the feminine form of a common noun, add –ah to the end.
kiran father  kiranah mother
Declension of Nouns
In Eveleem, the case of a noun is also indicated by its declension.
Standard Declension of shovyt
shovyt
causal form
-as
shovytas
high objective
-at
shovytat
middle objective
-an
shovytan
low objective
vyvyshovyt
prepositional form
eyeyshovyt
relative form
bag
(to the) bag
bag (to itself)
(for the) bag
bag
(of the) bag
subject, predicate nominative
direct object
reflexive object
indirect object
object of a preposition
possessive or adjectival
A large percentage of words in Evel’eem belong to the primary declension.
Secondary Declension: tynash
tynash
causal
sasatynash
high objective
kakatynash
middle objective
dza- dzatynash
low objective
lylytynash
prepositional
eyeytynash
relative
dog
(to the) dog
dog (to itself)
(for the) dog
dog
(of the) dog
Most words that end in h, sh, and th are of the secondary declension.
Tertiary Declension: dzan
-am dzanam
causal
hammer
-kah dzankah
high objective
(to the) hammer
-al
dzanal
middle objective
hammer (to itself)
-shyn dzanshyn
low objective
(for the) hammer
-chah dzanchah
prepositional
hammer
eyeydzan
relative
(of the) hammer
*In any 3rd declension word, the accent shifts to the final syllable.
The tertiary declension is considered irregular. Many words have slight changes to the
‘standard’ endings. All letters and most numerals belong to the tertiary declension.
Reflexive Case
In the reflexive voice in Eveleem, the subject is omitted but the object is in the middle
objective case.
Relative Case
The relative case of Eveleem is similar to the possessive, but it can also be used to show
connection or relation, as in English we might say: “a piece of iron” or “an iron piece”.
Proper Names
For royalty or to show great respect, put the name in the plural.
kyranayh  the lady Kirina
tovnoor  the dark lord Tovnor
Plural
To make a word plural, lengthen the final syllable:
rostran sin.  rostrayn pl.
enalasyr sin.  enalaseer pl.
jerr sin.  jeyrr pl.
Adjectives
Adjectives have case, gender and number
Masculine
-arr
Feminine
-ath
Neuter
-av
Adjectives always take the accent on the final syllable. If the adjective is three or more
syllables long, it takes the primary accent on the last syllable, a secondary accent on the
antepenultimate syllable, and on every other syllable before that.
Demonstrative Adjectives
this
soolarr
that voolarr
Adverbs
Adverbs that come from adjectives do so by dropping the gender ending
sholanarr adj.  sholan adv.
Adjectives usually take the accent on the first syllable.
Personal Pronoun (subjective or objective)
I
chah
we
chayh
thou var
you
vayr
he
shal
they shayl
she
shyr
they sheer
it
shov
they shoov
Verb: Al Conjugation
enal
enalas
enalasarr
enalasyr
Infinitive & Adverbial
Gerund
Participle (-ath, -av)
Agentive (masc., unspecific)
to seek
seeking (n.)
seeking (adj.)
seeker (male or female)
Mood
enalenalatenalak-
Indicative
Subjunctive
Hortatory (Imperative)
seek
may seek
Seek!
av-enal-
Indicative Perfect
have sought
av-enalatav-enalak-
Subjunctive Perfect
may have sought
Hortatory Perfect/ Rhetorical Let (it) have sought!; May (it) have sought!
Person
enal-ah
enal-an
enal-ad
enal-ahyl
enal-anur
enal-adaks
First Singular
Second Singular
Third Singular
First Plural
Second Plural
Third Plural
I seek
thou seekest
he seeks
We seek
you seek
they seek
The conjugation of enal
Infinitive
enal
to seek
enalaq
to seek in the future
enalav
to have sought in the past
enalas
to be seeking, narrative.
enalasav
to have been seeking in the past, narr.
enalasaq
to seek in the future, narr.
avenal
to have sought, perfect
avenalaq
to have sought in the future, perf.
avenalav
to have sought in the past, perf.
avenalas
to have been seeking, perf. narr.
avenalasav
to have been seeking in the past, perf. narr.
avenalasaq to have been seeking in the future, perf. narr.
Gerund
enalas
seeking (n.)
enalasav
seeking in the past (n.)
Seeking in the past has brought us nothing but trouble.
enalasaq
seeking in the future (n.)
Seeking in the future will prevent problems, but I have no time today.
/enalasaq /savaqad \jaraykas /fos /kahanyn \tashalas -soomyn
Participle
enalasarr
seeking (adj.)
Assignatory
enalasyr
seeker
Tense
enalahenalah-av
enalah-aq
Present
Past
Future
I seek
I sought
I will seek
enalah-as
enalah-asav
Progressive/ Narrative
I am seeking
Past Prog./ Remote Narrative I was seeking
To form the passive voice, use subject + al + the infinitive. In this case, the infinitive is
treated as an adverb for al. The subject is always included in passive voice verbal
constructions.
I am chosen
/chah /alah \makal
thou art chosen
/var /alan \makal
he is chosen
/shal /alad \makal
I was chosen
I may be chosen
/chah /avalah \makal
/chah /alatah \makal
To form the passive gerund or participle, use the appropriate form of al + the infinitive.
Again, the infinitive is considered an adverb for al.
being chosen (n.)
\alas \makal
being chosen (adj.) \alasarr \makal
To Be
al
alah
alan
alad
alahyl
alanur
aladaks
(ahl)
(ahl-ah’)
(ahl-ahn’)
(ahl-ahd’)
(ahl-ah-hil’)
(ahl-ah-nur’)
(ahl-ah-daks’)
alat
alak
aval
avalat
avalak
(ahl-aht’)
may be
(ahl-ahk’)
Be!
(ahv-ahl’)
was
(ahv-ahl-aht’) might have been
(ahv-ahl-ahk’) May (it) have been!
To Go
om
omah
oman
…
(om)
(om-ah’)
(om-ahn’)
to be
I am
Thou art
he is
we are
you are
they are
to go
I go
thou goest
Verb: Ydah Conjugation
This conjugation is typified by the –ydah ending, although –yshah and –ynah are also
common endings found in this conjugation.
karydah
karysh
karysharr
Infinitive & Adverbial
Gerund
Participle (-ath, -av)
to create
creating (n.)
creating (adj.)
karysyr
Agentive (masc., unspecific) creator (male or female)
Mood
karydahkarydenkaryd-
Indicative
Subjunctive
Hortatory (Imperative)
av-karydahav-karydenav-karyd-
Indicative Perfect
have created
Subjunctive Perfect
may have created
Hortatory Perfect/ Rhetorical Let (it) have created!; May (it) have created!
Person
karydah-yn
karydah-yl
karydah-yv
karydah-eeng
karydah-eeld
karydah-eej
First Singular
Second Singular
Third Singular
First Plural
Second Plural
Third Plural
Tense
karydahkarydah-av
karydah-aq
karydah-as
karydah-asav
Present
I create
Past
I created
Future
I will create
Progressive/ Narrative
I am creating
Past Prog./ Remote Narrative I was creating
create
may create
Create!
I create
thou createst
he creates
We create
you create
they create
To do, to take action
ydah
(i-dah’)
to do
ydahyn
(i-dah-hin’) I do
ydahyl
(i-dah-hal’) thou doest
ydahyv
(i-dah-hiv’) he does
ydaheeng
(i-dah-heeng’) we do
ydaheeld
(i-dah-heeld’) you do
ydaheej
(i-dah-heejh’) they do
yden
yd
ydahav
ydenav
ydav
(i-den’)
(id)
(i-dah-hav’)
(i-deh-nahv’)
(i-dahv’)
may do
Do!
to have been
to might have been
May (it) have been!
Aldett
Adjective
Adjectives in Aldett are not inflected at all. They typically go before the word they are
modifying.
Prepositions
Aldett uses prepositional clauses where other languages use cases. Nouns are not
inflected in any way.
To show possession: no
of

no Tarug
Tarug’s
To show causality: ge
for

ge Orval
for gold
To show direction: ja
to

ja an Otarav to the shoulder
Article
Direct Article
Indirect Article
Demonstrative Article: near
Demonstrative Aritlce: far
an
sal
moresh
mashal
the
a, an
this
that
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
sin.
san
ral
vet
I
thou
he, she, it
pl.
sani
rali
veti
we
ye
they
Objective Pronouns
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
sin.
jan
fal
vet
me
thee
he, she, it
pl.
jani
fali
veti
us
you
they
The plural in Aldett is formed by adding –i to the end of the word. If the word ends in a
vowel, add –ni.
Representative Form
The representative form of a word is used to relate the embodiment of a condition or
action: e.g.,
malen to see
malengot
seeing, as in True Seeing
navan white (adj.) navangot
white (n.)
There are exceptions to this rule.
shoh wise, smart shohan
jann young
jannan
wisdom
youth
The Verb
Infinitive*
Participle
Agentive
Base Form
-der
-derham
nodal
(noh-dahl’)
to seek
nodalder
(noh-dahl’-der)
seeking
nodalderham (noh-dahl’-der-ham’) seeker
*In Aldett, the infinitive form can be used as an adverbial clause or as a noun clause; i.e.,
it can serve as the English infinitive or gerund.
Arevalan
In Arevalan, noun endings have been more or less standardized:
Masc: -r, -t, -dz, -p (irr.)
Fem. -th, -sh, -l, -ch (irr.)
Neut. -m, -n, -d, -v
The –p and –ch endings are always irregular; many words with these endings were
borrowed from Dzogray or Aldett.
Adjectival endings are standard:
Masc. -r
Fem. -th
Neut. -v
Arevalan uses elision, so a word that begins with a vowel is pronounced with the word
before it. Because of this, almost all words in Arevalan end in consonants.
Nouns that have masculine and feminine forms also use the adjectival endings.
Diminutive
To form the diminutive, replace the final letter with –shal.
tynar 
male dog
tynashal

puppy
Indirect Articles
Masc. jerr
Fem. jyss
Neut. jev
Direct Articles
Masc. narr
Fem. nyth
Neut. nov
Nouns
These endings tend to follow standard declensions. In Arevalan, for nouns that begin with
vowels, lengthen the prefix.
nyth Merytal Kedath – 1st Declension: shovyt (also used for words ending –dz, -l, -d)
shovyt
causal form
bag
subject, predicate nominative
sasashovyt
high objective
(to the) bag direct object
tatashovyt
middle objective
bag (to itself) reflexive object
vavashovyt
low objective
(for the) bag indirect or prepositional obj.
eyeyshovyt
relative form
(of the) bag possessive or adjectival
meylynadz
sameylynadz
tameylynadz
vameylynadz
eymeylyndadz
plain, grassland
(to the) plain
plain (to itself)
plain
(of the) plain
kalaval
sakalaval
takalaval
vakalaval
eykalaval
friend, ally
(to the) friend
friend (to himself)
(for the) friend
(of the) friend
analad
sayanalad
tayanalad
vayanalad
eyanalad
staff, rod
(to the) staff
staff (to itself)
(for the) staff
(of the) staff
nyth Merytal Alshath – 2nd Declension: tynath (also used for words ending –sh, -r, -v)
tynath
causal
dog
sasatynath
high objective
(to the) dog
kakatynath
middle objective
dog (to itself)
dza- dzatynath
low objective
(for the) dog
eyeytynath
relative
(of the) dog
jarash
sajarash
kajarash
dzajarash
eyjarash
key
(to the) key
key (to itself)
(for the) key
(of the) key
vyndar
savyndar
kavyndar
dzavyndar
eyvyndar
son
(to the) son
son (to himself)
(for the) son
(of the) son
yrasav
sayyrasav
kayyrasav
dzayyrasav
eyyrasav
glass, crystal
(to the) glass
glass (to itself)
(for the) glass
(of the) glass
nyth Merytal Yldath – 3rd Declension: dzan (also used for words ending –m)
ma- madzan
causal
hammer
tsa- tsadzan
high objective
(to the) hammer
ala- aladzan
shyna- shynadzan
eyeydzan
madzym
tsamadzym
alamadzym
shynamadzym
eymadzym
Irregular nouns: -p
-an
kadzalapan
-asan kadzalapasan
-yran kadzalapyran
-uvan kadzalapuvan
eyeykadzalap
kasherepan
kasherepasan
kasherepyran
kasherepuvan
eykasherep
Irregular nouns: -ch
-om savytsechom
-asom savytsechasom
-yrom savytsechyrom
-uvom savytsechuvom
eyeysavytsech
dzarochom
dzarochasom
dzarochyrom
dzarochuvom
eydzaroch
middle objective
low objective
relative
hammer (to itself)
(for the) hammer
(of the) hammer
coin, piece of money
(to the) coin
coin (to itself)
(for the) coin
(of the) coin
causal
high objective
middle objective
low objective
relative
sheet, film
(to the) sheet
sheet (to itself)
(for the) sheet
(of the) sheet
small sailboat
(to the) sailboat
sailboat (to itself)
(for the) sailboat
(of the) sailboat
causal
high objective
middle objective
low objective
relative
stalagmite
(to the) stalagmite
stalagmite (to itself)
(for the) stalagmite
(of the) stalagmite
torch
(to the) torch
torch (to itself)
(for the) torch
(of the) torch
Dovohm
Alphabet
r
ree
n
na (as father)
b
bo (as bone)
d
da
sh
sha
v
ve (as met)
s
so
m
ma
‘
a’e
k
ka
h
ho
f
fe
g
ga
j
jee
t
te
l
la
p
po
kh
kha
z
zee
y
ya
w
we
o
om
a
av
e
en
i
iv
u
ool
Dovohm tends to pick up words from other languages because its vocabulary is sparse.
Lots of cut phrases and broken sentences, short sentences. Tend to prefer two sentences
to a clause where possible.
(however, urban Dovohm and mariner Dovohm use clauses more)
Nouns
Pluralization
To form the plural, add –(a)k.
var father  varak fathers
To form the formal or emphatic plural, add –(a)sh.
sashal turkeys  sashalash a bunch of turkeys
rokh lord  rokhash lord (vocative)
Possessive
To form the possessive, add –‘lu.
st
1 person
2nd person
3rd person
neef brother
sin.
-‘lu
-‘shu
-‘vu



pl.
-‘luk
-‘shuk
-‘vuk
neef’lu
neef’shuk
neefak’vu
my brother
your brother
his/ her/ its brothers
Since the possessive suffix goes on the object of possession, instead of on the possessor,
possessive clauses seem backwards from English. Since the possessor, in this type of
clause, modifies the thing possessed, the object of possession comes first in the clause.
Warrior’s weapon

rash’vu kh’kharak (lit. ‘his weapon the warrior’)
Comparative
To form the superlative, add the suffix –‘sha.
rokh 
lord
rokh’sha

greatest lord
To form the comparative or emphatic, add the prefix ul’-. The definite article is added in
front of the comparative prefix.
var

father
ul’var

grandfather
kh’ane 
the mother
kh’ul’ane

the grandmother
Diminutive
To form the diminutive of a noun or name, add the suffix –‘kar. The suffix takes the
accent.
shan sister  shan’kar  little sister, dear sister
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
I
ju
thou rakh
he
med
she
sad
it
bed
Objective Pronouns
me
am
thee kal
he
mes
she
sas
it
bes
we
you
they
kajul
rokar
zot
us
danah
ye
vadar
them zobit
Possessive Pronouns
mine amu
our
danu
thine
his
hers
its
kalu
mu
su
bu
Reflexive Pronouns
myself ama
thyself kala
hisself mesa
herself sasa
itself besa
your
their
vadu
zobu
ourselves
yourselves
theirselves
danaha
vadara
zobita
Demonstrative Pronouns
this
kosal
that kavit
Adjectives
Adjectives don’t have any inflection.
The typical adjectival clause is: noun-then-adjective. No exceptions.
vulgorak han  five wolves
To use a noun in adjectival form, simply place it in an adjectival clause construction.
famek 
panther
emav famek 
panther claw
Articles
The definite article in Dovohm is formed by adding kh’- to the beginning of the word it
modifies.
arah 
tree
kh’arah

the tree
mak 
mountain
kh’mak

the mountain
It usually winds up sounding something like “hh-“
There are no indefinite articles in Dovohm.
Verbs
Infinitive
To form the infinitive, use the base form of the verb with no pronoun.
Participle
To form the participle, add the prefix a- to the verb base.
nosh  walk anosh  walking
Always use the personal pronoun with verb forms. The pronoun indicates person in all
tenses and moods.
The verbal clause always runs: subject pronoun – verb. No exceptions.
Voice
To form the active voice, use a personal pronoun for the subject.
To form the reflexive voice, use a reflexive pronoun for the subject.
To form the passive voice, use an objective pronoun for the subject.
Indicative Mood
Use the base form of the verb.
Subjunctive Mood
Add –o suffix to the base verb form before other suffixes
ju nosho’ja  I may walk rakh noshovag  thou mightst have walked
Imperative Mood
Add –na suffix to the base verb form after other suffixes
rakh nosh’na  Thou! Walk! mes nosh’na  Let him walk!
Interrogative Mood
Use the stative with the participial form:
rakh amosak  (lit. ‘Thou art thinking…?’) Do you think…
Present Tense
In all tenses, for the 1st person singular, add the suffix –‘ja to the base form. This does not
take the place of the personal pronoun.
To form the present tense,
For all other persons, use the base form
ju nosh’ja  I walk med nosh  he walks
Past Tense
To form the past tense, add the suffix –ag to the base form.
ju noshag’ja  I walked rakh noshag  thou walkedst
Future Tense
To form the future tense, add the suffix –ol to the base form.
ju noshol’ja  I shall walk kajul noshol  We will walk
Perfect Tense
To form the perfect tense, add the suffix –iv before the other tense indicators.
ju noshiv’ja  I have walked zot noshivag  they had walked
Progressive Tense
To form the progressive tense, add the suffix –im before the other tense indicators.
ju noshim’ja  I am walking vadar noshimol  ye will be walking
Stative
To form the stative, use the personal pronoun without any verb form. Ash is the verb ‘to
be’, but it’s seldom used in standard conversation. (It’s used in city Dovohm and
sometimes in mariner Dovohm.)
bed rin  It’s empty.
Neji
The ‘J’ in Neji is soft, like the g in ‘edge’. To make a hard ‘J’ sound, (like in ‘John’) add
an ‘H’ after the ‘J’.
To make a word possessive, add –i to the end.
Dzogray
Nouns end in –ar, -an, -al, or –ak in the masculine, -ath, -ash, -ach, or –ahk (a guttural h
sound; no k. To make the sound, form a ‘k’ in your mouth and say an ‘h’.) in the
feminine.
Different declensions are marked with different vowels: the a declension, the e
declension, the i declension, and the u declension.
To form the adjectival form of a noun, reverse the ending of the base form: so, -ra, -na, la, and –ka in the masculine, -tha, -sha, -cha, and –hka in the feminine.
To form the plural, lengthen the last syllable.
zogar 
goblin
zogayr 
zogra 
goblin (adj.) zogray 
Verbs use the o in their endings exclusively.
goblins
goblin (pl.)
Fohrish
Letter Name
M
mot
A
ava
L
lua
K
ket
EE
eela
N
noma
H
hana
T
toova
Z
zek
U
ula
D
doma
R
resa
V
val
E
ena
B
bon
S
sala
J
jera
OO
oona
F
fen
O
ora
G
gam
I
inee
P
paena
Pronunciation
(moht)
(ay’-vah)
(lieu’-ah)
(keht)
(ee’-lah)
(noh’-mah)
(hah’-nah)
(too’-vah)
(zehk)
(yoo’-lah)
(doh’-mah)
(reh’-sah)
(vahl)
(eh’-nah)
(bohn)
(sah’-lah)
(jeh’-rah)
(oo’-nah)
(fehn)
(oh’-rah)
(gahm)
(ih’-nee)
(paeh’-nah)
Ordinate
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Relative
moteka
avar
luar
keteka
eelar
noma
hanar
toovar
zeka
ular
doma
resar
valeka
enar
boneka
salar
jerar
oonar
feneka
oran
If a noun has three or more syllables, the accent tends to fall on the antepenultimate
syllable. An adjective tends to carry the accent on the penultimate syllable. If a noun has
two syllables, it tends to carry the accent on the first syllable. An adjective with two
syllables tends to carry the accent on the last syllable.
Verbs tend to carry the accent on the final syllable and on every other syllable back.
Nouns end in –as in the masculine, -ar in the feminine, and –am in the neuter.
To form the plural, remove the final consonant.
masal

shop
masa

The nominative form has an –a in the stem.
To form the objective, replace the –a in the stem with –u.
To form the possessive, replace the –a in the stem with –i.
The vocative form is the same as the nominative.
Irregular Declension
Irregular nouns typically carry the accent on the first syllable
shops
Irregular ending: -eka
sareka
hill
sarekan
to (the) hill
sarekal
of (the) hill
nom.
obj.
poss.
Irregular ending: -oma
kasoma
province
nom.
kasomav
to (the) prov. obj.
kasomal
of (the) prov. poss.
Irregular ending: -etoo
zoletoo
wave
nom.
zoletoon
to (the) wave obj.
zoletool
of (the) wave poss.
Irregular ending: -ishu
kalishu
teacher
nom.
kalishur
to (the) teach. obj.
kalishul
of (the) teach. poss.
Articles
Direct Article
Indirect Article
Demonstrative: near
Demonstrative: far
ona
aza
mosa
mara
the
a, an
this
that
mosai
marai
those
these
I
thou
he, she, it
pl.
kori
kemi
kuli
we
ye
they
me
thee
he, she, it
pl.
kokuri
kekumi
kukuli
us
you
they
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
sin.
sha
var
zar
form.
sosha
sovar
sozur
Objective Pronouns
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
sin.
shu
vanur
zanur
form.
soshu
sovanur
sozanur
To form an agentive, add –axar or –axas (doer) to the end
In Fohrish, the infinitive can serve as the adverbial form or the noun form; that is, it
serves both the English infinitive and gerund.
Verbs end in –or, -ov, –on, or –od.
garod
garoda
garode
garodoo
garodane
garodeni
garoduna
to have

I have

thou hast

he hath

we have

ye have

they have
devor
devora
devore
devoroo
devorane
devoreni
devoruna
to need

I need

thou needst

he needeth

we need

ye need

they need
sanov
sanova
sanove
sanovoo
sanovare
sanoveri
sanovura
to attack

I attack

thou attackest

he attacketh

we attack

ye attack

they attack
mashon
mashona
mashone
mashonoo
mashonare
mashoneri
mashonura
to defend

I defend

thou defendest

he defendeth

we defend

ye defend

they defend
Irregular verbs
axan to do
axa
axe
axoo
axane
axeni
axura






I do
thou doest
he doth
we do
ye do
they do
Conjugation
Mood
Infinitive
garod
Indicative
garoda
Subjunctive
gareda
Narrative
garada
Lower Imperative
garosha
(supplicatory)
Higher Imperative
garotha
(commanding)
Participle
garodar
Tense
Present
Past
Future
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
-a
-ina
-ila
-a*a
-ni*a
-li*a
garoda
garodina
garodila
garoada
garonida
garolida
Yredalan
M
K
D
V
S
SH
Q
L
T
B
F
G
H
P
TH
CH
W
J
jh
N
R
KS
DZ
TS
A
ah
AY
aye
E
eh
EY
bey
Y
iy
EE
ee
O
oh
OO
oo
U
uh (son)
EU
yu
For nouns and verbs, typically the accent goes on the last syllable and on every other
syllable.
For adjectives and adverbs, typically the accent goes on the penultimate syllable.
When 2 vowels wind up in adjacent syllables, they often compound to form a long vowel.
If one vowel is long, the short vowel is eliminated. If both vowels are long, both vowels
remain. If both vowels are short, the first vowel lengthens and the second vowel
disappears.
The exception to this rule is the y: if the y is first, the y lengthens and the second vowel
remains. If the y is second, the first vowel lengthens and repeats. The second y
disappears.
carysa (song)+ ysa (3rd person sin. stative) 
moretu (eye) + -yry (Possessive ending)

carysayasa (It’s a song!)
moreteuury (eye’s)
When a syllable repeats, the vowel from the first syllable and the consonants from the
second syllable often combine into a long vowel instead. The first part of the first syllable
and the last part of the second syllable generally say intact.
jatetha + tha (house + Clausal suffix) jatethaya
(of/ by the) house
Personal Pronouns
sin.
1st person
shu*
nd
2
tse
2nd formal
tatse
rd
3 masc
kote
3rd fem
koshe
3rd neut
kove
I
thou
Thou
he
she
it
*1st Person Possessive Pronouns
sin.
shoory
my
pl.
veu*
genshoo
todzey
kotey
koshey
kovey
we
ye
Ye
they
they
they
pl.
veuyree
our
-a Conjugation
Causal
-a
Objective
-ka
Reflexive
-pa
Clausal
-tha
Possessive
-yry
najara
najaraka
najarapa
najaratha
najarayry
gold
(to/for the) gold
gold (to itself)
(by/etc. the) gold
(the) gold’s
Subjects
(In)direct Objects
Reflexive Subjects
Prepositional Phrases
-e Conjugation
Causal
-e
Objective
-ke
Reflexive
-be
Clausal
-she
Possessive
-yre
shovane
shovaneke
shovanebe
shovaneshe
shovaneyre
helmet
(to/for the) helmet
helmet (to itself)
(by/etc. the) helmet
(the) helmet’s
Subjects
(In)direct Objects
Reflexive Subjects
Prepositional Phrases
-u Conjugation
Causal
-u
Objective
-ka
Reflexive
-pa
Clausal
-tha
Possessive
-yry
moretu
moretuka
moretupa
moretutha
moreteuury
eye
(to/for the) eye
eye (to itself)
(by/etc. the) eye
(the) eye’s
Subjects
(In)direct Objects
Reflexive Subjects
Prepositional Phrases
The –u conjugation is irregular. The possessive form, in particular, often varies. –yna and
–yvu are common variations.
The clausal form can be used without a preposition in the relative sense from Eveleem:
kyndasa najaratha

heart of gold
To form the plural, lengthen the final vowel.
Indefinite Articles
masc
fem
neut
sin
yta
ysha
yva
a
a
a
pl
ytay some
yshay some
yvay some
Definite Articles
masc
fem
neut
sin
deta the
desha the
deva the
pl
detay the
deshay the
devay the
The ending consonant for masculine nouns is usually: -t, -r, -k, -n, or -d
The ending consonant for feminine nouns is usually: -s, -sh, -th, l, or -ch
The ending consonant for neuter nouns is usually: -v, -b, -m, -g, or -p
Regular Yredalan adjectives always use the following ending consonants:
Masc. -t
Fem. -sh
Neut. -v
Stative Endings
sin.
st
1
-o
2nd
-era
nd
2 formal
-ova
3rd
-ysa
I am
thou art
Thou art
he is
pl.
-avo
-averay
-avooay
-avysay
we are
ye are
Ye are
they are
The stative endings can be added to any noun, adjective, or pronoun.