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Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue
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Re-read the section! Pg. 279-297
 Look at all of the pictures and figures and read the captions!!
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Look at the Objectives for the section (p. 279) and the Chapter Summary for the section (p. 321).
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Try to answer the following questions without looking at the book first and then go back and answer the
questions you didn’t know or weren’t sure about (that lets you know your strengths and weaknesses).
Overview of Muscle Tissues
1. What is the most distinguishing functional characteristic of muscles?
Types of Muscle Tissue
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Why are skeletal and smooth muscle cells (but not cardiac cells) called muscle fibers?
What prefixes reference muscle-related words?
What is the sarcolemma? Sarcoplasm?
Compare and contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. (Be sure to identify their specific
functions, whether they are striated or not, if they are voluntary or involuntary, and how they are
stimulated)
Functional Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
7. Identify and explain the four special functional properties of muscle tissue.
Muscle Functions
8. Identify and explain the four important functions of muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
9. Spend time on page 282 and 283 and be able to identify the following structures; muscle, epimysium,
fascicle, tendon, perimysium, muscle fiber (cell), endomysium, myofibril, sarcomere.
Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle
10. How many nerves supply each skeletal muscle?
11. True or False: cardiac and smooth muscle cells can contract in the absence of nerve stimulation.
12. Identify what each connective sheath covers and what it is made of: Endomysium, Perimysium, and
Epimysium.
13. What is the difference between a muscle’s origin and a muscle’s insertion?
14. What is the difference between a direct attachment and an indirect attachment?
15. What is the difference between a tendon and an aponeurosis?
16. Is an indirect attachment or direct attachment more common in the human body? WHY?
Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
17. True or False: Each skeletal muscle fiber only contains one nucleus.
18. What does the sarcoplasm contain that is unique to muscle cells? What is their function?
19. What causes the striped (striated) appearance of skeletal muscle fibers?
20. Spend some time on page 285 and be able to identify the following; A band, I band, H zone, M line, Z
discs, and sarcomere. Make sure you know what each structure contains.
21. Thick filaments are composed primarily of the protein _____ and thin filaments are composed chiefly of
the protein _____.
22. What do the globular heads contain that help to split ATP to generate energy for muscle contraction?
23. How do tropomyosin and troponin help regulate muscle contraction? What do they DO?
24. What is the major role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
25. Where do T tubules run between to form triads? What is a triad?
26. What is the role of T tubules?
27. What proteins make up the double zipper within triads?
Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
28. To physiologists, what does the term “contraction” really mean? When does contraction end?
29. Check out Figure 9.6 on page 289 – spend some time relating this to the “Sliding Filament Model”.
Physiology of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
30. What does an action potential ultimately cause?
1.
The Nerve Stimulus of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
31. What is the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction?
32. What is within the synaptic vesicles?
33. What happens once a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon? (Check out Fig. 9.7 p. 290 for help)
34. Why is acetylcholine (ACh) swiftly broken down after it binds to receptors? What does this breaking
down?
2.
The Nerve Stimulus of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
35. True or False: The resting membrane potential of a muscle cell is positive on the inside and negative
on the outside of the sarcolemma.
36. What does the end plate potential trigger?
3.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
37. Where does the action potential travel to?
38. What is released from the terminal cisternae of the SR?
39. How does the shape change of troponin affect tropomyosin?
40. Once Ca2+ levels drop too low, what happens?
4.
Muscle Fiber Contraction
41. What happens during cross bridge formation?
42. What happens to the myosin head during the power stroke?
43. What needs to happen in order for the cross bridge to detach?
44. Why is it important that not all of the myosin heads detach at the same time?
45. What causes rigor mortis?
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle
46. What is muscle tension?
47. Define load.
48. What is the difference between an isometric contraction and an isotonic contraction?
49. How does a motor unit differ if it is for a muscle that needs less precise movements (like the hip
muscles) rather than a muscle for fine control (like those in the fingers or eyes)?
50. Describe the latent period, period of contraction, and period of relaxation during the muscle twitch.
Developmental Aspects of Muscles
51. Which two types of muscle contain gap junctions?
52. Which type of muscle regenerates well throughout your lifetime?
53. What hormone accounts for males have more muscle mass than females?
54. What accounts for muscle’s ability to resist infection?
55. If you were a myofilament which one would you be and why?