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Classification
STUDENT Lecture Notes
Classification is a way of _________________________ things based on ___________________.
Plants were once classified as _________________ or ___________________. Classification is
the ______________________ of organisms.
Aristotle classified things as _____________________ or ______________________. He then
subdivided them into how each animal _________________________ or if plants had flowers.
Under his system, birds, bats, and bees were all grouped together.
Linaeus updated the system in the 1700’s and his binomial nomenclature is still used today. Each
population (species) has _______________ ________________, the Genus and the species.
Species names are never capitalized. Homo sapiens is the name for __________________.
Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinium are both in the genus Clostridium. Both are
anaerobic bacteria. Both cause muscle damage. Botulism causes muscles to be paralyzed and
tetanus causes muscles to contract, but will never un-contract.
Why do we need to have classification?
1. It is important to have the ________________name for each organism, that will be the
same anywhere
2. It is important to the __________________. Certain trees produce resin (pine tar, pine-sol)
that kills bacteria. If pine tar kills bacteria, trees in the same genus may also be antibacterial.
The pacific yew tree has taxol, which is a treatment for cancer. Similar trees could also do
the same or be even stronger.
In classification, things are grouped by more ___________________ and less ______________.
Look at the classification of three animals: black bear, polar bear and grizzly bear (pg. 450)
How do you know that they are related?
Country
Kingdom
State
Phylum
City
Class
Zip Code
Order
NeighborhoodFamily
Street
Genus
Address
Species
Grizzly
Polar
_____________
______________
_____________
______________
_____________
______________
_____________
______________
_____________
______________
_____________
______________
arctos
maritemus
(most related, most specific)
Black Bear
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
americanus
Species, the most specific, like your house number. All the individuals in your house have the
same address. All the individuals in a population have the same name.
Genus, many species are in the same genus, much like many people live on the same street.
Wolves and dogs, tigers and lions, are the same genus.
Family, like a neighborhood, many streets are grouped together. Cats, rodents, canines, are all
families.
Order, like a zip code, many neighborhoods are in a zip code. Many families are in one order. All
carnivores or all beetles are in the same order.
Class, in a city, there are many zip codes. In a class there are many orders. Insects, arachnids,
mammals, reptiles are all in the same class.
Phylum, like a state, there are many cities. In the case of animals, chordates or non-chordates
(spinal cord).
Kingdom, there are 6 all together.
1. Archaebacteria
2. ______________________
3. ______________________
4. ______________________
5. ______________________
6. ______________________
DNA and Classification
Scientists are now looking at __________________________ in DNA sequences. The closer
related an organism is, the more _______________________ it should have in common. Parents
and children have very similar DNA. Siblings have similar DNA; cousins have some DNA linked.
However, this is not always the case. The mouse and the guinea pig are both rodents, yet humans
have as many differences as a mouse does to a guinea pig. Mouse-human, 33 amino acids in
common. Mouse-guinea pig, 33 amino acids in common. Humans produce myocin, a chemical that
helps muscles contract. Yeast produce the same chemical, from the exact DNA sequence, but
yeast doesn’t have muscles.
Are the rodents not related?